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Underground railroad. Underground postal railway Underground road

underground railway(English) The Underground Railroad) - the designation of a secret system used in the United States to organize the escape and transfer of Negro slaves from the slave states of the South to the North. It operated until the start of the American Civil War in 1861.

The various routes by which groups of fugitives made their way started from the borders of the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland and led to the Northern states, as well as to Canada. The "underground railway" had its own organization - it had its own "conductors" (senior escorts in groups), "stations" (housing provided by sympathizers for the fugitives on the way for rest and shelter).

The greatest participation in the organization of the "Underground Railroad" was taken by the activists of the abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulattos, Quakers and Baptists. During the period from 1830 to 1861, more than 60 thousand slaves were transported to the North along this route and given freedom. The most distinguished were Thomas Garrett, who helped more than 2,200 slaves escape, and the Negro Harriet Tubman, who made 19 "road trips" and freed about 300 slaves.

Literature

Foster W. "Negro people in the history of America", M., 1955
Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
Siebert W.H. The Unterground Railroad, N.Y. 1898
Preston E.D. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. of Negro History, 1933, vol. 18).

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Underground boat (disambiguation)

See what the "Underground Railroad" is in other dictionaries:

UNDERGROUND RAILWAY- (“Secret Railroad”, more precisely “Underground Railroad”, Underground Railroad) is the name of a secret system for organizing the escape of black slaves from the southern slave states of the USA to the North, existed before the Civil War (see CIVIL ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

UNDERGROUND RAILWAY- (Secret Railroad) the name of a secret system of organizing escapes of Negro slaves from the southern slave states of the United States to the north. In the 30 60s. 19th century with her help, approx. 60 thousand slaves ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

underground railway- (Underground Railroad), a secret organization in the United States to assist slaves who fled the South in the years leading up to the American Civil War. Although P.zh.d. could help only a small number of slaves (approx. 1 thousand per year after 1850), she fed ... ... The World History

underground railway- (“Underground Railroad”) Secret Railroad, the name of a secret system for organizing escapes of black slaves from the southern slave states of the United States; existed until the Civil War of 1861 65. “P. well. etc." had "stations" (houses of citizens, ... ...

"Underground Railroad"- (“Secret Railroad”), the name of a secret system for organizing the escape of black slaves from the southern slave states of the United States to the North. In the 30 60s. 19th century with its help, about 60 thousand slaves were freed ... encyclopedic Dictionary

"UNDERGROUND RAILWAY"- the name adopted for the secret system of the organization of escapes of black slaves from the southern slave-owners. US states; existed before the civil war 1861 65. P. j. d. had stations (houses of citizens who sympathized with the fugitives, where they stayed in ... ...

Cable railway or tram- Railway, or cable-drawn tram, (there is no established Russian term, the title of the article is chosen by analogy with the English cable car “cable car”) a type of rail transport close to the funicular ... Wikipedia

secret railway- (“Secret Railroad”), the name found in the literature of a secret system for organizing the escape of black slaves from the southern slave states; the more common name is "Underground Railroad" ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"SECRET RAILWAY"- see Underground Railroad... Soviet historical encyclopedia

City rail- Request "Stadtbahn" is redirected here; see also other meanings. This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Books

Amazing Trains Graham Yen. About the book Who Invented the First Steam Locomotive? What does a locomotive run on? How does electricity get into an electric train? Where is the longest railway in the world? Why Shanghai Express is able to...

You will not believe it, but thousands of kilometers of underground tunnels stretch under the whole of Europe, through which you can get not only to various cities, but even countries. Archaeologists have named these tunnels Erdstall, lost in speculation about who and why managed to do such a lot of work.

Housing of underground creatures

It is also interesting that the dimensions of the tunnels are not suitable for humans. The height of most ranges from one to one and a half meters, and the width does not exceed 60 centimeters. Even a thin short man could not overcome even a couple of kilometers of such a path, and yet the tunnels stretch for a much greater length.
Sudden discoveryThe first scientific work devoted to tunnels was released by the German archaeologist and doctor of sciences Heinrich Kusch. His book Secrets of the Underground Door to the Ancient World was a bombshell in the scientific community. What is there, the German was initially subjected to real persecution: it is difficult to believe in the existence of some secret underground tunnels that no one has ever heard of.

Primal mysteries

However, one cannot argue with the facts: the tunnels were discovered and partly investigated by independent expert teams. Radiocarbon analysis showed that the first underground roads appeared during the Neolithic, that is, about 5,000 years ago. The most "fresh" tunnels pass under the Czech Republic and presumably lead to Austria itself - they were built already in the Middle Ages.

goblin land

What is most surprising, the anthropological study showed the complete awareness of the German villagers about these tunnels. Moreover, in the common people they are called Schrazelloch, "Goblin Hole." Did the underground people, unknown to science, build them? Sounds funny, but it's very real.

under the cross

During the study, it suddenly became clear that many European churches and monasteries were built right at the entrances to the catacombs. It can hardly be called a coincidence. Most likely, the ministers of the church were well aware of the strange underground paths.

To organize the escape and transfer of Negro slaves from the slave states of the South to the North. It operated until the start of the American Civil War in 1861.

The greatest participation in the organization of the "Underground Railroad" was taken by the activists of the abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulattoes, Quakers and Baptists. During the period from 1830 to 1861, more than 60 thousand slaves were transported to the North along this route and given freedom. The most distinguished were Levi Coffin, Thomas Garrett, who helped more than 2,200 escaped slaves, and Harriet Tubman, a black woman, who made 19 "road trips" and freed about 300 slaves.

About the name and about the translation of the name into Russian

The world's first real underground railway appeared only in the 1860s, but the projects known today as urban subways have been actively discussed on both sides of the ocean since the 1830s, and, without any doubt, made a big impression on the progressive public, were everyone is hearing. In addition, at the time of the most active activity of the abolitionist "underground", in London the construction of the first underground - London Underground - was already in full swing. Apparently, the echoes of these conversations gave rise to a legend among the black slaves of the South that abolitionists dug a tunnel under the ground, in which they laid rails and launched "freedom trains" that took slaves to the North. It is hardly possible to establish the author of this beautiful myth - whether the abolitionists themselves launched this bike for the purpose of conspiracy, or whether they adopted the details of this legend to designate the details of their slave transport network (“stations”, “conductors”, etc.). Today, speaking about this page of the American history of the fight against slavery, it would be more correct to use the exact translation, The Underground Railroad - “Underground Railroad”, as the name of the underground abolitionist organization.

In culture

"Underground Railway" in the painting by C. Webber

In literature, the underground road described by Harriet Beecher Stowe in her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852, is best known. There, the main mulatto characters Eliza, George and their son Harry decide to flee to Canada, to freedom. Their path starts from the Ohio River (the border between slave-owning Kentucky and free Ohio). Throughout the journey, they stop in villages, mostly Quakers, who, despite the law prohibiting in every possible way to facilitate the escape of slaves, give them shelter and food, and also transport them from “station” to “station”. The path of the heroes lay through the state of Ohio to the shores of Lake Erie, from where they were transported by steamer to Canada. Already in Canada there were people who were ready to help Negroes adapt.

The English term Underground fully corresponds in meaning to the Russian word "underground", today it refers to any hidden, secret, illegal phenomenon. The Underground is sometimes referred to as the resistance movement during World War II.

The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad is mentioned in the animated series Family Guy in the episode Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater.

In Percy Jackson and the Labyrinth of Death, Rick Riordan mentions Harriet Tubman as the daughter of the god of commerce Hermes for her contributions to the Underground Railroad.

Also, the work of the underground railway is described in the story of Konstantin Sergienko "Take us away, Pegasus!" Its main characters, white teenagers, help the slaves, whom the master prepared for sale, escape to the North.

Notes

Literature

Foster W. "Negro people in the history of America", M., 1955
Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
Siebert W.H. The Unterground Railroad, N.Y. 1898
Preston E.D. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. of Negro History, 1933, vol. 18).

If the metro is so convenient for moving around the city, why not transport goods and correspondence underground?

Beginning in 1927, there was an underground postal railway under London for 76 years. Built by the British Post Office, it was used to transport mail between post offices in the capital.

Photo 1.

The idea of an alternative method of transporting letters and parcels was born in Great Britain in the second half of the 19th century.

Photo 2.

Construction began in 1915. After the tunnels were laid, the construction of stations began. However, in 1917, construction work was suspended due to the participation of Great Britain in the First World War. By this time, the system of tunnels and stations was completely ready, which was used to shelter the funds of some London museums.

Photo 3.

Postmen load mail.

Photo 4.

In 1925, work in the tunnels resumed, the laying of tracks began and the installation of all the necessary equipment: elevators, mail conveyors and other things, and in 1927 the line was put into operation.

Photo 5.

The depth of tunnels underground is 15-25 meters. For the most part, the line passes through a double-track tunnel with a diameter of 2.75 meters. A pillow and a thirty-centimeter layer of concrete were laid at the bottom of the tunnel, and tracks and a contact rail were laid on the concrete.

Photo 6.

The underground mail train is small. But it's fun in it.

Photo 7.

In the best of times, the line passed 30,000 bags of mail (about 45 thousand kilograms) daily, up to 30 trains worked on the line.

Photo 8.

The train travel time was 26 minutes from end to end with all stops, with the passage of all intermediate stations in transit - 15 minutes. The creation of the postal subway contributed to the accelerated exchange of mail within the city and unloaded traffic.

Photo 9.

The underground railway functioned from 1927 to 2003.

Photo 10.

The reason for the closure of such an unusual railway was simple: transportation of mail by road along the same route costs, according to various sources, 3-5 times cheaper.

sources

underground road

noun, number of synonyms: 3

Metro (7)

Metropolitan (3)

Underground (3)

- a part of the earth's crust in which, according to thermodynamic conditions, natural waters can exist. G. p. develops together with the earth's crust and is directly connected with the terrestrial hydrosphere ...
Dictionary of hydrogeology and engineering geology
- underground gasification is a method of developing mineral deposits containing combustible components ...
Encyclopedia of technology
- the name adopted to refer to the secret system of org-tion of escapes of black slaves from the southern slave-owners. US states; existed before the civil wars 1861-65. "P. w. d." had "stations", "conductors" ...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- is found in soils and g. p. of the earth's crust in any physical. states, including chemically bound ...
Geological Encyclopedia
- - borehole extraction method by transferring them into a liquid state at the place of occurrence by means of a coolant ...
Geological Encyclopedia
- see Underground fluid dynamics...
Geological Encyclopedia
- gravimetric survey, in which the measurement of the acceleration of gravity and the second derivatives of the gravitational potential are made in mines, tunnels, adits and other mine workings ...
Geological Encyclopedia
- - underground horn. a working, which, with relatively large transverse dimensions, has a short length; designed to accommodate functional te...
Geological Encyclopedia
- minerals - a method of developing mineral deposits directly in the bowels of the Earth, based on the transfer of minerals from the solid phase to the gas ...
Geological Encyclopedia
- Minerals - a method of developing deposits of minerals, based on the physical.-chemical. transformation of minerals into gaseous and liquid products using air, water vapor, oxygen ...
Geological Encyclopedia
- "... 7) underground water - water contained in the bowels;..." Source: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.03 ...
Official terminology
- oil reservoir, see Art. Thermal oil production...
- The Secret Railroad, the name of a secret system for organizing the escapes of Negro slaves from the southern slave states of the United States; existed until the Civil War of 1861-65...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- a method of extracting minerals by transferring them to a molten state. It is mainly used for the extraction of sulfur...
- "" - the name of a secret system for organizing the escapes of black slaves from the southern slave states of the USA to the north ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- earth tremors...
Synonym dictionary

"underground road" in books

UNDERGROUND ROAD

From the book Hundredth Chance author Sturikov Nikolai Andreevich

UNDERGROUND ROAD Planks were cut under the bunks of Arkady Tsoun with an iron bracket. They were cut obliquely so that the hole in the underground could be closed with the same floorboards. It was incredible work, but it opened the way to freedom, and there is no such burden that

UNDERGROUND MUSIC

From the book Voices of the Silver Age. Poet about poets author Mochalova Olga Alekseevna

UNDERGROUND MUSIC All living things are mad Or fearful and plaintive. They look with one glance - The sea, the dog, the apple tree. We are all descendants of the Moors, Hidden volcanoes, herbs. The breath fires in the run, The sleeve is inflated by the wind. Reflection of a stone steep In the outlines of large vagabonds. burnt

UNDERGROUND PSYCHOLOGY

From the book Contrary to the absurd. How I conquered Russia, and she conquered me author Dahlgren Lennart

Underground War

From the book Call Sign - "Cobra" (Notes of a Special Forces Intelligence Officer) author Abdulaev Erkebek

The Underground War Before my second trip to Afghanistan, "grandfather" Starinov showed me a Yugoslav magazine with an article about the underground war in Vietnam. The thought immediately flashed: but something similar exists in Afghanistan! The fact is that even, perhaps, since the time of Alexander

SHALIKO MARGIANI: “I SAY: THE ROAD, BUT IS IT THE ROAD!..”

From the book Tiger of Rocks author Khergiani Miron Budzhaevich

SHALIKO MARGIANI: “I SAY: THE ROAD, BUT IS IT THE ROAD!..” Site No. 1. 15.VIII.64 We leave the main camp at exactly one in the morning. In this area, that is, from a block, like a wart, sticking out in the very middle of the Ushba-Chatini couloir, to the immediate approaches to the Mirror, during

UNDERGROUND ODYSSEY

From the author's book

UNDERGROUND ODYSSEY 1Thirty kilometers from Lugansk, at the mine named after the XIX Congress of the CPSU of the trust "Leningugol", in the lava of a steep drop in the fourth section, a rock collapse occurred. All the people who were in the disaster zone jumped out to the drifts and quickly rose to the surface.

Transport: underground railway

From the book Baker Street and Vicinity author Chernov Svetozar

Transport: underground railway And, finally, the last vehicle that I intend to talk about is the underground railway, also known as the subway. By 1877, when Sherlock Holmes moved to London and settled on Montague Street, the underground railway

underground country

From the book Lost Worlds author Nosov Nikolay Vladimirovich

Underground country And the boat sailed with me to a high mountain, under which a river flowed; and seeing this, I was frightened ... and wanted to stop the boat and get out of it onto the mountain, but the water overpowered me and pulled the boat, and the boat went downhill, and seeing this, I was convinced that I would die. a thousand and one

Path of Sorrow. Any road is a road of loss

From the book Island of God by Ner Benjamin

Path of Sorrow. Any road is a road of loss "Only those who are truly dead are those who are completely forgotten." Why am I writing about these places, this is, as it was stated at the beginning of my writings, “not a guide”? That is why I am writing that this is a road from one world, from one familiar life, to

Underground Russia

From the book Kind Eye author Roerich Nicholas Konstantinovich

Underground Russia Let our North seem poorer than other lands. Let his ancient face be closed. Let people know little of the truth about him. The fairy tale of the North is deep and captivating. The northern winds are cheerful and cheerful. Northern lakes are thoughtful. Northern rivers are silvery. darkened woods

2.26. Brasheva = Borovitskaya road on the Kulikovo field and the old Borovskaya road to the center of Moscow

From the book Book 1. New Chronology of Russia [Russian Chronicles. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Kulikovo battle. Ivan groznyj. Razin. Pugachev. Defeat of Tobolsk and author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.26. Brasheva = Borovitskaya road on the Kulikovo field and the old Borovskaya road to the center of Moscow

III. Entrance to the Perm province. - Okhansk and Kama. - Road to Perm. - Beginning of Perm. - Pier. - Monastery and monuments. - Ermakov's weapon. - The road to the mouth of Chusovaya. - Chusovaya. - Polazna

From the book Travel notes (On the way from the Tambov province to Siberia) author Pechersky Andrey

III. Entrance to the Perm province. - Okhansk and Kama. - Road to Perm. - Beginning of Perm. - Pier. - Monastery and monuments. - Ermakov's weapon. - The road to the mouth of Chusovaya. - Chusovaya. - Polazna ... Finally, we left the land of the Votyaks: here is a stone pillar with a bear and a bow, - we are in

"Underground Railroad"

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) of the author TSB

OLD ROADS A shortcut is a familiar road.

From the book Guide to the Ozersky District of the author

OLD ROADS A shortcut is a familiar road. I remember in my childhood, when I was 10 years old, my father and I were picking mushrooms in the forest, of which there were “at least a scythe” at that time. We went out to some rather straight clearing, already overgrown with large frequent lindens and birches, but still

Chapter 9 Underground Dream Road

From the book The Secret History of Dreams [The meaning of dreams in various cultures and the lives of famous personalities] author Moss Robert

Chapter 9 The Underground Dream Road She had a rich imagination and an amazing inner world, which sometimes made itself felt in a completely unusual way. Dreams and visions, fears and forebodings accompanied her throughout her life. Franklin Sanborn