Ais operations. Automated Information System (AIS)

Along with the concepts of "management system", "management information system", which were discussed above, there are also the concepts of "automated system, AS" and "automated information system, AIS". Specified systems belong to the class of complex systems, as a rule, not so much due to the large physical dimension, but due to the ambiguity of the structural relationships between their components. Within the framework of systems analysis, complex systems are studied by breaking down into elements: it is assumed that a complex system is a whole, consisting of interrelated parts that cannot be determined a priori, but are built or selected in the process of decomposition (physical or conceptual) of the original system. Therefore, before proceeding to the study of AIS, in particular economic information systems, we will consider the terminology and approaches to the classification of information systems (IS) in the general case.

It should be noted that IP, depending on the level of consideration, can be:

• analysts or informants;
• information and analytical divisions of organizations;
• information services or information institutions;
• world information systems and networks of information exchange .

Stages of development of information systems. The history of the development of IS and the purpose of their use at different stages are presented in Table. 3.1.

Table 3.1. Changing the approach to the use of information systems

Properties of information systems(fundamental principles of construction and operation):

• the principle of the first person - determines the right to make a decision and the order of responsibility at various levels of management;
• the principle of a systematic approach - in the process of designing an IS, an analysis of the control object as a whole and its control system is carried out. It provides for a single input of information into the system and its repeated use; unity information base;
• complex software;
• the principle of reliability - is provided in various ways, for example, by duplicating system elements or their redundancy;
• the principle of continuous development - it is envisaged to expand the system without major organizational changes;
• the principle of economy - the benefits of a new IP should exceed the costs of it;
• the principle of compatibility - taking into account the organizational structure of the enterprise, as well as the interests and qualifications of people.

Any IS can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;

The following classification of IS is based on a number of essential features that determine the functionality and features of the construction of modern systems; the volume of tasks to be solved, the technical means used, the organization of functioning, etc. were also taken into account (Fig. 3.6).

Rice. 3.6.

By stored data type IS are divided into factual and documentary. Fact systems designed to store and process structured data in the form of numbers and texts. Various operations can be performed on such data.

V documentary systems information is presented in the form of documents consisting of titles, descriptions, abstracts and texts. Search in unstructured data is carried out using semantic features. The selected documents are provided to the user, and data processing in such systems is practically not performed.

Based on degree of automation information processes in the management system of a firm (organization), IS is divided into manual, automatic and automated.

Manual IS are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and the performance of all operations by a person.

V automatic And C, all information processing operations are performed without human intervention.

automated And C assume participation in the process of information processing of both a person and technical means, and the computer plays the main role in performing routine data processing operations. It is this class of systems that corresponds to the modern concept of "information system" and the modern concept of "automated system".

GOST 34.003-90 provides the following definition.

Automated system (AS) - this is a system consisting of personnel and a set of means for automating its activities, which implements the information technology of the established functions.

Complex of automation means (KSA)- the totality of all components of the AU, with the exception of people. AC User - a person participating in the functioning of the AS or using the results of its functioning.

In turn, automated information system (AIS) can be defined as a set of automated information technologies, which is part of the IS intended for information service - organized continuous technological process preparation and issuance of scientific, managerial and other information to consumers used for decision-making, in accordance with their needs to maintain effective activities.

Processes in AIS, components and structures. Figure 3.7 shows the structure of a typical cumulative AIS workflow, or a view of AIS as a collection functional subsystems - collection, input, processing, storage, search, distribution information.

Obviously, many elements of the circuit are alternative:

object model may be absent or identified with a database (DB), which is often interpreted as information-

Rice.

rational model of the subject area, structural (for the case tabular, factual databases) or meaningful (for the case documentary databases). V expert systems(ES) as a model of an object (subject area) appears knowledge base(BZ), which is procedural development concepts of the database (in its essence, the database is a non-procedural object);

• object model and database may be absent (and, accordingly, the processes of storing and searching for data) if the system performs dynamic conversion information and the formation of output documents without saving the original, intermediate, resulting information. If there is also no data conversion, then such an object is not an information system (it does not information activity), and should be assigned to other classes of systems (for example, an information transmission channel, etc.);
• data entry and collection processes are optional because all necessary and sufficient for the functioning of the AIS, the information may already be in the database and the composition of the model, etc.

Depending on the nature of data processing AIS are divided into information retrieval and information decision.

Information retrieval systems produce input, systematization, storage, issuance of information at the request of the user without complex data transformations. For example, IS for library services, reservation and sale of tickets on transport, hotel reservations, etc.

Information-decisive systems carry out, in addition, operations of information processing according to a certain algorithm. By the nature of the use of the output information such systems are usually divided into managers and advisers. Result Information managers AIS is directly transformed into human-made decisions. These systems are characterized by computational tasks and processing of large amounts of data. For example, AIS planning of production or orders, accounting. Advisers AIS generate information that is taken into account by a person and taken into account in the formation of management decisions, and does not initiate specific actions. These systems imitate intellectual processes of knowledge processing, not data (for example, expert systems).

Depending on the scope of application distinguish the following classes of AIS.

Organizational management systems - designed to automate the functions of managerial personnel of both industrial enterprises and non-industrial facilities (hotels, banks, shops, etc.). Main Functions similar systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control systems(TP) - serve to automate the functions of production personnel for the control and management of production operations. Such systems usually provide for the presence of advanced means for measuring the parameters of technological processes (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, etc.), procedures for monitoring the acceptability of parameter values ​​and regulating technological processes.

Computer-Aided Design Systems(CAD) - designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment, structures or technologies. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of project documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) AIS - are used to automate all the functions of a company (corporation) and cover the entire cycle of work from activity planning to product sales. They include a number of modules (subsystems) operating in a single information space and performing the functions of supporting the relevant areas of activity.

An analysis of the current state of the IP market shows a steady upward trend in demand for organizational management information systems. Moreover, the demand continues to grow for integrated systems. Automation of a single function, such as accounting or sales of finished products, is considered a milestone for many enterprises.

In integrated AIS allocate functional and providing subsystems. Functional subsystems provide information services for certain types of activities that are characteristic of structural divisions of an enterprise or management functions. The integration of functional subsystems into a single system is achieved through the creation and operation of supporting subsystems.

Functional subsystem is a complex of tasks with a high degree of information exchanges (links) between tasks. In this case, a task is understood as a certain information processing process with a well-defined set of input and output information. The composition of the functional subsystems is determined by the nature and characteristics of the automated activity, industry affiliation, form of ownership, and the size of the enterprise. The division of IS into functional subsystems can be based on various principles: subject; functional; problematic; mixed (subject-functional).

Table 3.2. Functional subsystems allocated according to the subject principle

Rice. 3.8.

Using subject principle allocate subsystems responsible for managing individual resources: sales management, production management, financial management, personnel management, etc. At the same time, subsystems consider solving problems at all levels of management, ensuring the integration of information flows along the vertical (Table 3.2).

Application functional principle }