Connecting USB devices via Windows system. How to connect a computer? Installing a computer Installing RAM

Computer users may sooner or later need to connect two or more computers to each other. You need to connect a friend's laptop to your computer, or you had one computer at home and bought another, or you need to use your computer as a means of distributing the Internet to other PCs - there can be a lot of options. In this article I will tell you how to connect a computer to a computer using a network cable connection, Wi-Fi and USB.

The easiest way to connect is to connect two computers via a network cable. Network cards are now built into almost all models of desktop computers and laptops, and if for some reason you don’t have one, you can always purchase it at the nearest computer store or order it on the Internet.

Make your own cable. Since two types of crimping network cables (twisted pair) are now used, you will need a “computer-computer” crimping, so-called “crossover” (crossover). Of course, you can crimp it yourself using special tools, but I would advise you to contact any computer company where they will do it for you in a couple of minutes at a penny price. Don't forget to say that you need a crossover, and also specify the necessary comfortable length of your cable.

When you have such a cable, then one end of it must be connected to one computer in the network card connector, the other end - in the same connector of another computer. After connecting a computer to a computer, you need to go to the settings of these computers and configure the connection between them.

How to connect PC to PC via cable:

Checking PC to PC connection. The computers should now be visible to each other.

The main part of the work is done. Now you can play computer games with each other, your cars will see each other. But if you want to send files to each other, then you need to share some directory on your PCs so that both your PCs can write to or read the necessary files from there.

Let's share the folder. When you have determined which folder on your computer will be shared, right-click on it, select properties, go to the "Access" tab, click on sharing, and in the user column, by clicking on the arrow on the right, select "All". Click on "Add" on the right, and then at the bottom on "Sharing". Your folder will become available to another computer, the user will be able to download files from there and upload their own files there.

By the way, the same mechanism is applied both to a separate directory and to the entire logical drive, which can also be made common using the above technique.

Method 2. How to connect a computer to a computer using a homegroup

It is also possible to connect our machines to each other by creating a so-called. "home group". We connect the laptop to the laptop using a network cable, specify their IP and the desired subnet mask as described above.

1. After specifying the parameters on both computers, go to the control panel, select "Network and Internet" there.
2. Next, go to the network and access control center, and click on "Homegroup" at the bottom left.
3. In the window that appears, click "Create a homegroup", click "Next".
4. Select groups of files for sharing (videos, pictures, etc.).
5. Again, click on "Next", and in the next window we get a password to access the group (it must be written down).

Now any other computer can join our group if the password is known. To do this, you need to enter the "Homegroup" component on another computer (the path is indicated above), and click "Join" there, following the wizard's prompts. That's all.

Method 3. Connect computers using Wi-Fi

Typically, this connection option is used when connecting laptops to each other, which by default (unlike stationary PCs) are equipped with built-in Wi-Fi modules.

1. For settings for connecting a computer to a computer, go to control Panel.
2. Then go to "Network and Internet", then click on the network control center, where on the left we select "Change adapter settings".
3. Right click on the icon "Wireless Network Connection", then click on "Properties".
4. There we select the Internet protocol fourth version, double-click on it and check the boxes for automatic receipt IP and DNS, then press "OK".

These operations must be carried out on both computers. After that, we need to create a wireless network.

Click Start, in the search bar we type , on the command line icon that appears, right-click and in the menu that appears, select run as administrator.

On the command line we type:

netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid= droidovtest.mcdir.ru key=458654452

Instead, you can use a different network name, and instead of 458654452 - another password of your choice.

The launch of our Wi-Fi network is carried out by the team netsh wlan start hosted network

Now we go to another computer, click on the wireless networks icon (bottom right of the screen), in the list of networks we see the network under the name specified earlier, click on it and click "Connect". The system will ask for a password, and after entering it, you will be connected to the network with the first computer.

Method 4. How to connect a computer to a computer via a USB cable

Let me state right away that connect one computer to anotherUSB-Cable directly will not work, since the USB cable itself is wired in such a way that there must be a master and slave device. To create such a connection, you will need a special USB cable with a built-in chip, which are sold on various sites.

Usually, such a cord comes with a disk with drivers that ensure the operation of this device. If there are no drivers included, they can be supplied automatically by the system itself. The cord may also come with a file manager specially designed to provide the functionality of this device. With it, you can easily share files, just run it on both computers.

1. After connecting and installing the drivers, additional network adapters will appear in network connections.
2. Let's go to Network Control Center along the path described above, we find our appeared virtual adapter and by right-clicking on it, select Properties.
3. And then double click on Internet Protocol 4 versions, and set the address IP168.3.1 on one computer (the subnet mask is standard), and on the other - 192.168.3.2 (the mask is the same).
4. We confirm and exit, now in the network environment of each computer we will see another computer.

Conclusion

As you can see, there are simple techniques for connecting a computer to a computer using a network cable, a wireless connection, or a USB connection. Usually, a crossover of an ordinary cord and a couple of settings is enough so that computers can see each other, and their users can enjoy cooperative gaming or sending various files to each other. If this seems difficult to you - just try to follow the above tips, you will definitely succeed.

The presence of all the elements of the system unit listed in the first part is already sufficient for the normal operation of the computer, without any of them the computer will not work! Those. if your computer will only have a Case, Power Supply, Motherboard (with integration of video, sound, network), Processor with cooler, RAM and Winchester, and of course Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, then your computer will already work!

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD). For 2010 it is no longer relevant, but nevertheless ... The drive is designed to read information from a floppy disk - a magnetic storage device with a volume of 720KB - 1.44 MB. Disk drives are distinguished by size - 3.5 "and 5.25" inches. 5.25" drives have already gone down in history, but 3.5" drives are still in use.

Optical drive (CD/DWD). An optical drive is designed to read or write information from/to optical discs. Drives are distinguished by the type and speed of reading / writing information, and optical discs by type and volume.
* The CD-ROM drive is designed to read information from a CD-ROM or CD-R disc. CD-ROMs with a capacity of 700 MB are written once in production and nothing can be written to or erased from such a disk.
* CD-RW drive is designed to read information from CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW disks with a capacity of 700MB, as well as write information to CD-R and CD-RW disks, and CD-RW disks are rewritable, i.e. e. You can repeatedly record and erase information.
* DWD-R/RW drive is designed to read information from CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW discs with a capacity of 700MB, DWD-R and DWD-RW discs with a capacity of 4.7 - 9.4GB, as well as write information to CD-R, CD-RW, DWD-R, DWD-RW discs.

There are two more types of drives HD-DWD and DVD Blu-Ray, more precisely one is already - DVD Blu-ray, it won the war of formats and the future is behind it. DVD Blu-ray Disc can be up to 100GB!

Video card. The video card is designed to speed up work with graphics and reduce the load on the central processor. The video card can be either built into the motherboard or external, as a separate board. What is good about an external video card is that it can be replaced in case of a breakdown, but with a built-in one it is more difficult.

The video card has its own graphics processor with a cooler and memory, which can significantly reduce the load on the central processor in applications that use complex graphics (games, graphics editors ...).

Sound card. The sound card is designed to work with sound. The sound card can also be either built-in or external.

LAN card. A network card is designed to connect a computer to a network, and it does not matter whether it is local or global (Internet). It can also be built-in or external. Sometimes you have to insert two network cards, for example, in order to connect two computers at home or in the office. To connect more than two computers to a network, you will already need a SWITCH, we will talk about this in a separate article.

Monitor. The monitor is designed to display information. What can be said about the monitor, the monitor is the face of the computer, which should please your eyes! Therefore, when choosing a monitor, you need to pay attention to the following parameters:
For CRT:
- screen size in inches (15” – 22”) - the bigger the better;
- dot size (0.32 - 0.20 mm) - for CRT monitors, the smaller the better;
- maximum refresh rate, or frame rate - the more, the better;
- maximum resolution - the more, the better;
For LCD (LCD or TFT):
- screen size in inches (10” – 30”) - the bigger the better;
- point size - the distance between the centers of adjacent pixels, the smaller the better;
- format (regular and widescreen) - the ratio of width to height, for example: 4:3, 16:9, 16:10, 5:4;
- contrast - the ratio of the brightness of the lightest and darkest points. Some monitors use an adaptive backlight level, the contrast figure given for them does not refer to the image contrast, the higher the figure, the better;
- brightness - the amount of light emitted by the display, usually measured in candela per square meter, the higher this indicator, the better;
- response time - the minimum time required for a pixel to change its brightness, the smaller this indicator, the better;
- viewing angle - the larger this indicator, the better;
- type of matrix - the technology by which the LCD is made.

Keyboard. The keyboard is designed to enter text information into the computer using alphanumeric keys, to control processes using control keys (Enter, Backspace, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Pause, Print Screen ), to control the cursor (->,<-, Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Delete, Insert). Кроме того, на клавиатуре есть ещё функциональные (F1-F12) и
number keys (like on a calculator).

Keyboards are now available for every taste - hard, soft, large, small, special (convenient for fast typing), with various additional function keys for more convenient work on the Internet, for more convenient work with music and graphic applications, etc.

Mouse. The main purpose of a mouse is to control the cursor. Mice, like keyboards, there are a great many, and they differ in such characteristics:
- in appearance - two-button, three-button, with two buttons and a wheel, with three buttons and a wheel (the third button is one press instead of two);
- by connection type - wired, wireless;
- by size - small, medium, large;
- according to the method of digitizing the surface - mechanical (ball), optical;
- according to the method of connection to the motherboard - COM, PS / 2, USB.

A printer. The printer is designed to print text or graphic information. Printers are dot matrix, inkjet and laser. Printers differ in the method of image formation: dot-matrix printers knock, inkjet printers drip, laser printers bake.

Scanner. The scanner is designed to digitize and transfer information from paper to a computer. It can be both text and any graphic information. Now MFPs are more relevant - multifunctional devices. These are devices that have both a printer and a scanner in the same housing. Accordingly, such a device can be used as a copier. Those. The MFP is 3 in 1: printer, scanner, copier.

Modem. A modem is a device for receiving and transmitting data over the telephone network.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS). If you have power outages, then you just need a UPS - it keeps the power supply for the computer for some time after the power is turned off. During this time, you may well have time to save the data and shut down the computer correctly.

Acoustic speakers, headphones. Here, I think, everything is clear.

Webcam. This miracle of technology allows you to make a video phone out of a computer, i.e. using a webcam, you can see and hear each other, while being on different continents. Due to its size and low cost, the webcam is a very convenient device for creating various kinds of video conferences, and it can also be used to organize video surveillance.

Flash drive. Finally, we have lived up to the time when you don't have to carry a whole bunch of floppy disks or disks with you, but you can just take one small but remote flash drive!
A flash drive is a device for storing information. Its volume can reach up to 64GB!

Now you know what a computer consists of and what other devices you can connect to it.

Left - VGA, middle - DVI, right - HDMI.

It often happens that both the monitor and the video card support all three interfaces. In this case, we recommend using DVI or HDMI interface, at your discretion.

Well, you say, they began to express themselves in all sorts of incomprehensible terms. But don't get scared ahead of time. Computer language is replete with such terms that you will need to gradually learn. Nothing without this.

An interface is, simply put, interaction, conjugation.

Let's move on ... The video card can be either built into the motherboard ( integrated), and external (discrete), that is, it is a separate device connected to the corresponding connector on the computer motherboard.

In the figure in the rectangle numbered 1 video card slot plugged in built into the motherboard. In this example, this connector is VGA. Rectangle number 2 shows external video card connectors. And here, as we can see, all three video interfaces described above.

If your computer Both video cards are present, then it would be better and more correct to use an external one. Why? The integrated video card does not have its own RAM, so it will use the system's memory, which is not the case with an external video card. The external "vidyuhi" has not only its own "RAM", but also its own processor. But now we will not delve into the wilds, we have another task ...

So let's see what interfaces supports your video card and monitor, take the appropriate cable (as a rule, they come with the monitor) and connect them to each other.

Connecting the power cable to the monitor

Plug the network cable into connector on the monitor, other end to the network filter. The surge protector is such an extension cord to connect multiple(usually at least five) devices and a power button. There is also a fuse, so if there is a strong voltage drop in the mains, then the fuse will trip, and your PC will not be affected.

Connecting the network cable to the power supply

Connecting a keyboard and mouse to a computer

Keyboard and mouse connected to the system unit via a PS / 2 connector or via regular USB. Green for the mouse, green for the keyboard purple.

Do not confuse with USB 3.0. These connectors differ in color, USB 3.0 has blue connectors.

Connecting speakers

Connecting audio speakers. Almost all motherboards have a built-in sound card. On the back panel of the system unit, you can see from three to six multi-colored inputs.

Green input for speakers, pink - for microphone. All the rest are not needed if you have regular speakers.

Checking connections and turning on the computer

Everything! Your computer is ready to be turned on. Check all connections again. We connect the surge protector to the power supply and press the red button on it. Same way check switch position on the power supply. Naturally, it must be enabled. Keep in mind that not all power supplies have such a switch.

Workplace organization

Well, in conclusion, a few words about choosing the location of your PC and organizing the workplace. When choosing a location for your computer, take care so that the system unit is not near heating appliances. Otherwise, the system may overheat and cause an emergency shutdown if the overheating protection system is triggered. But it's better not to experiment.

Recommended distance from monitor to eyes should not be less than 70 cm. More is possible, less is not. It is desirable that the center of the monitor is at eye level. What is it for? For convenience of perception of information from the monitor screen.

Take care of good lighting your workplace. It should not be too bright, but not dull either. If your computer is installed in a poorly lit area, install an additional light.

Peripheral (external) devices of a personal computer connected to its interfaces and designed to perform auxiliary operations. Thanks to these devices, the computer system acquires flexibility and versatility.

By purpose, peripheral devices can be divided into:

• input devices;
• data output devices;
• data storage devices;
• communication devices.

Input devices

Keyboard

Keyboard- keyboard control device for a personal computer. Serves for input alphanumeric (sign) data and control commands.

Keyboard Composition
The standard keyboard has more than 100 keys, functionally divided into several groups.

Rice. 1. General view of a standard keyboard

Group alphanumeric keys is designed to enter character information and commands typed by letter. Each key can work in several modes (registers) and, accordingly, can be used to enter multiple characters. Switch between lower case (for entering lowercase characters) and upper case (for entering uppercase characters) is performed by holding the key SHIFT(non-fixed switching). If you need to hard-switch the case, use the key CAPS LOCK(fixed switching). If the keyboard is used for data entry, the paragraph is closed by pressing the key ENTER, This automatically starts text entry on a new line. If the keyboard is used to enter commands, the key ENTER complete the input of the command and begin its execution.

Rice. 2. Group of alphanumeric keys

For different languages, there are different schemes for assigning symbols of national alphabets to specific alphanumeric keys. Such schemes are called keyboard layouts. Switching between different layouts is performed programmatically - this is one of the functions of the operating system. Accordingly, the switching method depends on which operating system the computer is running. For example, in Windows 2000, the following combinations can be used for this purpose: left key ALT+SHIFT or CTRL+SHIFT. When working with another operating system, the switching method can be set from the help system of the program that performs the switching.

Common keyboard layouts have their roots in typewriter keyboard layouts. For personal computers IBM PC QWERTY (English) and YTSUKENG (Russian) layouts are considered typical. Layouts are usually named according to the symbols assigned to the first keys of the upper line of the alphabetic group.

Group function keys includes twelve keys (from F1 before F12) located at the top of the keyboard. The functions assigned to these keys depend on the properties of the particular program currently running, and in some cases, on the properties of the operating system. It is a common convention in most programs that the key F1 calls the help system, where you can find help about the operation of other keys.

Rice. 3. Function key group

Service keys are located next to the keys of the alphanumeric group. Due to the fact that they have to be used especially often, they have an increased size. These include the keys discussed above. SHIFT and ENTER, register keys ALT and CTRL(they are used in combination with other keys to form commands), the key TAB(for entering tab stops when typing), key ESC(from the English word escape) to cancel the execution of the last entered command and the key BACKSPACE to delete the characters just entered (it is located above the key ENTER and is often marked with an arrow pointing to the left).

Rice. 4. Group of service keys

Service keys PRINT SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK and PAUSE/BREAK are located to the right of the group of function keys and perform specific functions depending on the current operating system. The following actions are generally accepted:

PRINT SCREEN- print the current screen state on the printer (for MS DOS) or storing it in a special area of ​​RAM called clipboard (for Windows).

SCROLL LOCK- switching the operating mode in some (usually outdated) programs.

PAUSE/BREAK- suspend/interrupt the current process.

Two groups cursor keys located to the right of the alphanumeric pad.

Cursor is called a screen element indicating the place of input of sign information. The cursor is used when working with programs that perform data and command input from the keyboard.

The cursor keys allow you to control the input position.

^ Rice. 5. Groups of cursor keys

The four arrow keys move the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow. The operation of other keys is described below.

PAGE UP/ PAGE DOWN- move the cursor one page up or down. The concept of "page" usually refers to a fragment of the document, visible on the screen. On graphical operating systems (such as Windows), these keys scroll through the content in the current window. The action of these keys in many programs can be modified using the service register keys, first of all SHIFT and CTRL. The specific result of the modification depends on the specific program and/or operating system.

Keys HOME and END move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line, respectively. Their action is also modified by register keys.

Traditional key assignment INSERT consists in switching the data input mode (switching between modes inserts and substitutions). If the text cursor is inside the existing text, then in the insert mode, new characters are entered without replacing existing characters (the text seems to be moved apart). In replace mode, new characters replace the text that was previously in the input position.

In modern programs, the key action INSERT may be different. For specific information, refer to the program's help system. It is possible that the action of this key is customizable - it also depends on the properties of a particular program.

Key DELETE is designed to delete characters located to the right of the current cursor position. The position of the input position remains unchanged.

^ Group additional panel keys duplicates the action of the numeric and some symbolic keys of the main panel. In many cases, to use this group of keys, you must first turn on the toggle key NUM LOCK(about the state of the switches NUM LOCK, CAPS LOCK and ^ SCROLL LOCK can be judged by the LED indicators, usually located in the upper right corner of the keyboard).

Rice. 6. Additional panel key group

The appearance of an additional keyboard panel dates back to the early 80s. At the time, keyboards were relatively expensive devices. The initial purpose of the additional panel was to reduce the wear and tear of the main panel when performing settlement and cash calculations, as well as when controlling computer games (with the switch turned off). NUM LOCK additional panel keys can be used as cursor keys).

How the keyboard works
The keyboard belongs to the standard means of a personal computer. Its main functions do not need to be supported by special system programs (drivers). The necessary software to get started with the computer is already on the ROM chip as part of the basic I/O system (BIOS) and therefore the computer responds to keystrokes immediately after being turned on.

The principle of operation of the keyboard is as follows.

1. When you press a key (or a combination of keys), a special microcircuit built into the keyboard issues a so-called scop code.
2. The scan code enters the microcircuit that performs the functions port keyboards. (Ports are special hardware-logical devices responsible for communicating the processor with other devices.) This microcircuit is located on the computer's main board inside the system unit.
3. The keyboard port issues a fixed interrupt number to the processor. For keyboard interrupt number - 9 (Interrupt 9, Int 9).
4. Having received an interrupt, the processor postpones the current work and, according to the interrupt number, accesses a special area of ​​RAM, which contains the so-called interrupt vector. The interrupt vector is a list of address data with a fixed record length. Each entry contains the address of the program that must service the interrupt number that matches the entry number.
5. Having determined the address of the beginning of the program that processes the interrupt, the processor proceeds to its execution. The simplest keyboard interrupt handler is “hardwired” into the ROM chip, but programmers can “substitute” their own program for it if they change the data in the interrupt vector.
6. The interrupt handler program directs the processor to the keyboard port, where it finds the scan code, loads it into its registers, then, under the control of the handler, determines which character code corresponds to this scan code.
7. The interrupt handler then sends the received character code to a small area of ​​memory known as keyboard Buffer, and stops its work, notifying the processor about it.
8. The processor stops processing the interrupt and returns to the pending task.
9. The entered character is stored in the keyboard buffer until it is taken from there by the program for which it was intended, for example, a text editor or word processor. If characters enter the buffer more often than they are taken out, the buffer overflow effect occurs. In this case, the input of new characters stops for a while. In practice, at this point, when we press a key, we hear a warning sound and do not observe data entry.

The keyboard is the main input device. Special keyboards are designed to increase the efficiency of the data entry process. This is achieved by changing the shape of the keyboard, its key layout, or the method of connecting to the system unit.

Keyboards that have a special shape, designed to meet the requirements of ergonomics, are called ergonomic keyboards. It is advisable to use them at workplaces intended for entering a large amount of sign information. Ergonomic keyboards not only increase typing productivity and reduce overall fatigue during the working day, but also reduce the likelihood and severity of a number of diseases, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and osteochondrosis of the upper spine.

The key layout of standard keyboards is far from optimal. It has been preserved from the time of early examples of mechanical typewriters. Currently, it is technically possible to manufacture keyboards with an optimized layout, and there are samples of such devices (in particular, they include Dvorak keyboard). However, the practical implementation of keyboards with a non-standard layout is questionable due to the fact that you need to learn how to work with them specially. In practice, only specialized workstations are equipped with such keyboards.

According to the method of connection to the system unit, they distinguish wired and wireless keyboards. The transmission of information in wireless systems is carried out by an infrared beam. The typical range of such keyboards is several meters. The signal source is the keyboard.

Examples of different types of keyboards

The selected replacement panel is installed on the keyboard base, the latch closes, the corresponding indicator lights up, and a completely new keyboard is ready to work.

The device driver will automatically recognize which plug-in module is placed in the base and quickly redefine the location of each key, update shortcuts and connect the appropriate macros used for the required game or business application.

The most convenient unusual and individual keyboard layout is in games. This is achieved by a well-thought-out arrangement, shape and designations of the control keys, which significantly speeds up learning the game and facilitates its successful completion.

Now many of the features that were hidden somewhere in the depths of the menu can be implemented with a single keystroke. In addition, there is no need to remember the special control keys of this game, which, as a rule, are not too similar to similar symbol combinations in another game program.

Keyboard layout for different games

Keyboard layout for Adobe Photoshop

Entering graphical information

• scanners
• graphics tablets (digitizers)
• digital cameras.

Scanners

With the help of scanners, you can also enter symbolic information. In this case, the source material is entered in a graphical form, after which it is processed by special software. (pattern recognition programs).

Flatbed scanners
Are intended for input of graphic information from a transparent or opaque sheet material. The principle of operation of these devices is that a beam of light reflected from the surface of a material (or passing through a transparent material) is fixed by special elements called charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Typically, CCD elements are structurally designed in the form of a ruler located along the width of the source material. The movement of the ruler relative to the sheet of paper is performed by mechanically pulling the ruler while the sheet is stationary or by pulling the sheet while the ruler is stationary.

Hand scanners
The principle of operation of hand-held scanners is basically the same as flatbed scanners. The difference lies in the fact that the pulling of the CCD line in this case is done manually. Uniformity and accuracy of scanning are provided unsatisfactorily, and the resolution of a handheld scanner is 150-300 dpi.

Drum Scanners
In scanners of this type, the source material is fixed on the cylindrical surface of the drum, which rotates at high speed. Devices of this type provide the highest resolution (2400-5000 dpi) due to the use of photomultipliers rather than CCDs. They are used to scan original images of high quality but insufficient linear dimensions (photo negatives, slides, etc.)

Photo scanners
Serves for receiving the image from slides or photographic films. The scanner has removable cartridges for refilling slides or films.

Barcode Scanners
This type of handheld scanner is designed to enter data encoded in the form of a barcode. Such devices are used in the retail trade network.

Form Scanners
Designed for data entry from standard forms filled out mechanically or
Form scanners do not require high scanning accuracy, but speed plays an increased role and is the main consumer parameter.

Digitizers

Digitizer - a device for digitizing drawings and other images. The digitizer allows you to convert images into digital form for processing in a computer.

Digital cameras

The image from the iconoscope is digitized and stored in the camera's memory. Depending on the memory media used, the camera can store anywhere from a few frames to tens of frames. After shooting, the camera is connected to the computer and the frames are transferred to the computer as files.

light pencil

Data output devices

Monitor

Monitor size measured between opposite corners of the kinescope tube diagonally. The unit of measure is inches. Standard sizes: 14" (symbol " means inch) ; 15"; 17"; 19"; 20"; 21".

The image on the monitor screen is obtained as a result of irradiation of the phosphor coating with a highly directed beam of electrons dispersed in a vacuum flask. To obtain a color image, the phosphor coating has dots or stripes of three types, glowing in red, green and blue. In order for all three beams to converge strictly to one point on the screen and the image to be clear, a mask is placed in front of the phosphor - a panel with regularly spaced holes or slots. Some monitors are equipped with a vertical wire mask, which enhances the brightness and saturation of the image. The smaller the pitch between holes or slots (mask step), the sharper and more accurate the resulting image. The pitch of the mask is measured in fractions of a millimeter. Currently, the most common monitors with a mask pitch of 0.25-0.27 mm. Outdated monitors can have a pitch of up to 0.43 mm, which negatively affects the organs of vision when working with a computer. High value models may have a value of less than 0.25 mm.

Refresh rate (updates) image shows how many times within a second the monitor can completely change the image (which is why it is also called frame rate). This parameter depends not only on the monitor, but also on the properties and settings video adapter , although the limiting possibilities are still determined by the monitor.

The image refresh rate is measured in hertz (Hz). The higher it is, the clearer and more stable the image, the less eye fatigue, the more time you can work with the computer continuously. At a refresh rate of about 60 Hz, a slight flickering of the image is noticeable to the naked eye. Today, this value is considered invalid. The minimum value is 75 Hz, normative - 85 Hz and comfortable - 100 Hz or more.

Protection class monitor is determined by the standard that the monitor complies with in terms of safety requirements. Currently, the following international standards are considered generally recognized: ^ MPR-II, TCO-92, GSO-95, GSO-99 (listed in chronological order). Standard MPR II limited the levels of electromagnetic radiation to levels that are safe for humans. In the standard TCO-92 these norms were retained, and in the GSO-95 and GSO-99 standards they were tightened. Ergonomic and environmental standards first appeared in the GSO-95 standard, and the GSO-99 standard set the most stringent standards for parameters that determine image quality (brightness, contrast, flicker, anti-reflective properties of the coating).

At this point in time, the most common monitors are monitors equipped with cathode ray tubes, however, liquid crystal monitors (LCD - Liquid Crystal Display) have become more and more often used.

Rice. 8. Different types of monitors

Touch screen- Used to control the computer by touching the screen with your fingers. Typically, the touch screen is used in reference computers in museums, exhibitions, train stations and airports.

The touch screen can be built into a conventional monitor or placed on top of the monitor screen, in which case it is connected to one of the computer's ports. The resolution of the touch screen is low. The smallest touch screen element is 1/256th of the screen.

There are two technologies for creating touch screens:

1. Capacitive touch screen - fixing the change in electrical capacitance when a finger touches the screen (have a wider application).
2. On two perpendicular sides of the touch screen are emitters of infrared or ultraviolet light, and on two opposite sides are receivers of this radiation. When a finger blocks invisible beams, it is fixed by receivers.

speakers

Printers

Printer (Printer), or printing device, designed to display information on paper. All modern printers can output textual information, as well as drawings and other images.

There are several thousand printer models that can be used with personal computers, all of which can be divided into four main types - dot matrix, inkjet, laser and photodiode.

Dot matrix printers
Previously, they were the most common, but at present they are being replaced by inkjet and laser ones.

The printing principle of these printers is as follows: the print head of the printer contains a vertical row of thin metal rods (they are called needles). The head moves along the printed line, and the needles at the right time hit the paper through the ink ribbon. This ensures the formation of symbols and images on paper. The movement of the needles is controlled by miniature electromagnets. Inexpensive printer models use a print head with 9 pins. The print quality of these printers is poor. Higher quality printing is provided by printers with 18 and 24 needles.

Inkjet printers
In these printers, the image is formed by microscopic drops of ink flying onto the paper through small holes. Piezocrystals are used as elements that push out the ink jets. Piezocrystals tend to expand when electricity is applied to them. The piezocrystals are mounted in the print head in such a way that they expand in the direction in which the ink droplets are to fly out. This printing method provides better print quality than dot matrix printers and is very suitable for color printing.

Resolution inkjet printers - 300 dpi, i.e. on one inch (1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm) 300 well-distinguished dots are placed. This characteristic shows the size of the point. The higher the resolution, the smaller the point, and the better the image.

Laser printers
Provides currently the best (often better than printed) print quality. These printers use a computer-controlled laser beam to print.

A laser printer has a roller coated with a semiconductor substance that is electrified by laser light. The beam is directed with the help of a rotary mirror to the place of the roller where the image should be. This place is electrified and the smallest particles of dry paint "stick" to it, which is located in a container under the roller. After that, the roller rolls over a sheet of paper and the ink transfers to the paper. In order for the coloring powder to be fixed, a special mechanism guides the paper through the heating element and the paint is sintered.

Photo printers
With the advent of digital cameras, it became necessary to use them not only to create digital photo images, but also to print ordinary paper photographs. Sublimation printers have been developed for this purpose. Sublimation printing technology was previously used in color copiers.

In sublimation printers, the coloring powder is applied in the same way as in photodiode printers, but then, with the help of heating elements, each particle of the powder melts and sinters very quickly. It produces a clear, bright image. Printing is carried out on paper, similar in composition to ordinary photographic paper, but without the gelatin layer. Paper for photo printers is matte and glossy.

The image file is fed into the photo printer from a computer or directly from a flash memory card. For flash memory cards, printers have corresponding ports, for example, on the HP Photosmart 7550 photo printer shown below, you can see the ports for flash cards and the card inserted into one of the four ports in the upper right.

Plotter

Command control devices

Mouse

Mouse movement on a flat surface is synchronized with the movement of a graphic object (mouse pointer) on the monitor screen.

In addition to the usual mouse, there are other types of manipulators, for example: trackballs, pen mice, infrared mice.

trackball Unlike a mouse, it is stationary, and its ball is driven by the palm of the hand. The advantage of a trackball is that it does not require a smooth work surface, which is why trackballs are widely used in portable personal computers.

Penmaus is an analogue of a ballpoint pen, at the end of which, instead of a writing knot, a knot is installed that registers the amount of movement.

infrared mouse differs from the usual one by the presence of a wireless communication device with the system unit.

For computer games and in some specialized simulators, lever-push type manipulators are also used. (joysticks) and similar joypads, gamepads and steering-pedal devices. Devices of this type are connected to a special port on the sound card, or to the port USB.

Key features of the mouse

Functionality

The simplest mice have only two buttons, but there may be models with five buttons or two scroll wheels.

Additional buttons require special support from the driver - by default, Windows "understands" only three buttons, and the third (middle) one is not used very effectively. Service functions are usually assigned to additional buttons - minimizing windows, launching favorite programs, etc.

Another popular control is the scroll wheel. It is usually located between the main mouse buttons. If you scroll this wheel, the current document in the editor or web browser will move within the window in the same direction. This eliminates the need to continually "travel" the cursor to the scroll bar and back. For those who mainly work with office documents and web pages, the scroll wheel is a good help in their work. As a rule, the wheel can not only be scrolled, but also pressed, that is, it is also the third button.

Sometimes, instead of a wheel, you can see a small lever, a rocker key, or a trackball (navigation ball). However, most users still find the wheel more comfortable.

Wireless mice stand apart. Some workplaces do not allow the connection of the system unit and the mouse with a wire, even a two-meter “tail” (and more often there are cables 150 cm long) is not long enough. In this case, manipulators connected to the system unit via radio or infrared rays will come to the rescue. The scheme of their work is always the same - a receiver is connected to the "mouse" connector of the system unit, and there is a transmitter inside the mouse. True, a wireless mouse needs power, so batteries or accumulators are usually installed in its case.

There are manipulators with an unusual set of functions, for example, with a built-in fingerprint scanner or with a speaker that plays music when a new e-mail arrives on the computer.

Design

The classic design is a symmetrical light gray body with heavily rounded edges. Today you can easily buy both a classic mouse and a completely unusual one. In search of the most ergonomic forms, designers sometimes create manipulators that are very far from any symmetry. Blue, silver mice are popular and common, and after a little searching, it is easy to buy a device of any color, translucent and even painted like a ladybug

Ergonomics

The mouse must be comfortable. Ergonomically shaped manipulators are better adapted to the human hand than symmetrical ones, but they are mainly intended for right-handers. Putting your left hand on it just won't work. Check - when your palm rests on the case, your fingers should be comfortably located on the buttons. It is unacceptable if you have to arch your wrist or tighten your fingers in order to press a key or reach for the scroll wheel.

In addition, the mouse must lie securely in your hand. This is facilitated by rubber inserts at the ends, a special shape (narrowing at the bottom), the use of ribbed surfaces.

Check out the keystrokes too. It should not be too hard so that the fingers do not get tired. Pay attention to your feelings. When it is not clear whether a click has already occurred or not, this is wrong. When evaluating the scroll wheel, remember that a large stiffness (resistance) will quickly tire your hand, and a small one will lead to too much scrolling on the screen. The first option is worse, but the second is not very attractive either.

Interface

The mouse is connected to a personal computer using RS-232 (COM), PS/2 and USB interfaces. The first is in every computer, the second - in any produced over the past 4-5 years, the third - in almost any, released in 1999 and later. The PS/2 interface is the most popular today - a special mouse driver is usually not required, the manipulator works stably in most programs and operating systems. You can also connect a mouse via USB, but this connection method has a number of disadvantages. First, there may be compatibility issues, a USB mouse does not always behave perfectly; under Windows NT such a manipulator will not work at all. Secondly, there are a lot of peripherals for the USB bus, but the vast majority of PCs have only 2 USB ports. If you occupy one port with a mouse, then you will have problems connecting, for example, a scanner and a digital player. Therefore, for most users, PS / 2 is still the most convenient. Understanding this, most manufacturers of USB mice are equipped with a special adapter that allows you to connect their products to both a USB port and a PS / 2 port.

Storage and communication devices

ZIP drives

Modem

streamers

The streamer is used for archiving information from the hard drive.

A streamer is a tape recorder that records information at a very high speed - from units to tens of Mb per second. For example, streamers manufactured by IBM in 2003 have a speed of 30 Mb / s.

Media for streamers are cassettes and tape cartridges. Cassettes have a capacity of up to 60 GB, cartridges up to 160 GB. These volumes allow you to store information from the entire hard disk on a cassette or cartridge.

Like many other devices, streamers are internal and external. Internal streamers are inserted into the same slots of the system unit as the CD-ROM, external ones are made in a separate case and are connected to the computer through an external port.

Owners of 2-3 PCs and/or laptops are common. For many users, the main computer performs the duties of a workstation, the second PC is busy with other tasks, and the laptop is dedicated to the Internet or watching videos. This is a convenient way to distribute tasks, but when combining two PCs, many users experience connection difficulties. This article will help you understand this, which contains information with popular connection methods and step-by-step instructions.

Purpose and methods of connecting a computer to a computer

The connection of two PCs is used to provide the Internet to the second PC using the first one. Also for online play. But more often, pairing is necessary to transfer large amounts of data.

There are 5 ways to connect two PCs:

• With a LAN cable.
• WiFi networks
• Using the USB connector.
• Through the Internet - cloud storage.
• Connecting a wireless drive.

The LAN cable option is suitable for pairing a PC and a laptop, two PCs or two laptops. The connection requires a twisted-pair cable that is crimped for data return. The straight cable used when connecting the PC and the router will not work, due to the different location of the last pair of wires. Therefore, when buying a cable of the required length or compression, you should clarify the purpose - for connecting computers.

Pairing via Wi Fi is designed to connect two or more laptops with built-in modules. To connect a PC, you need a Wi-Fi adapter built into the motherboard or connected via a USB interface.

The connection via the USB connector is similar to the LAN cable method, only it is not performed through the network connector of the motherboard. This method is fraught with connection difficulties, since a regular USB cable will not work. Requires cord with optional controller to allow control.

The method using the Internet involves connecting a cloud drive on two or more computers. It is enough to install a cloud service client, enable automatic synchronization and send files, after which the information will appear on other PCs. This is the easiest and most affordable option if you only want to transfer files.

A disk with a wireless connection is similar to a cloud service, but instead of virtual media, a physical one connected to the router is used. The data is transferred to the drive, after which it is available for download and viewing on other PCs. This method allows you to exchange information at high speed and without the presence of the Internet. In this case, you need to purchase additional equipment and a memory drive.

Instructions for connecting two computers using a LAN cable

We connect both PCs with a cable.

On the first machine, go to the "Network Control Center".

In the properties of the local connection, we are looking for a line with TCP / IPv4, where we set the address - 192.168.1.1 and the mask 255.255.255.0.

We perform similar actions on the second PC, but change the address to 192.168.1.2, the mask remains unchanged.

After that, one and the second device is available in the network environment.

Advantages:

• Ease of setup.
• No additional hardware required.
• Internet is not needed.

Flaws:

• Reverse crimped cable required.
• The connection distance is affected by the length of the cable.
• The network port is busy.
• Only two computers are connected at the same time.

Instructions for connecting two computers using Wi Fi

Go to the "Network Control Center".

In the next window, set up a new connection.

After the setup wizard appears, from the options offered, select "Setting up a computer-to-computer wireless network".

In the item "Change advanced sharing settings", activate the parameters indicated in the image.

Advantages:

• Possibility to connect more than one PC/laptop.
• No network cable required.
• Free LAN port.
• Not a difficult setup.

Flaws:

• To interface with a PC, you need a Wi-Fi module built into the motherboard or connected via a USB port.

Instructions on how to connect a computer to a computer via USB

You need to purchase the appropriate cable. On Chinese trading floors, there are offers from 7 USD and above. Cable length - 1.5 meters. At the same time, you should not count on the speed of 480 MB / s indicated in the description. The maximum value is 13-15 MB, in offers with a higher cost, the speed may be higher.

If you have a disk with drivers, you need to perform a manual installation. More often, the drivers are located in the cable adapter, and the installation is done automatically the first time you connect.

After connecting the two PCs and installing the drivers, a new removable disk will appear in the "My Computer" section. It is required to open one by one on each computer. Move files in the appeared file manager.

Advantages:

• Automatic driver installation and file transfer utility.

Flaws:

• The need to purchase a specific cable.
• It is required to wait 2-5 weeks if buying from a foreign store.
• Low data transfer rate - 13-15 MB.
• Ability to connect only two computers.

Instructions on how to connect a computer to a computer via the Internet

1. Sign up for one or more cloud services. Opportunities, advantages and disadvantages of popular cloud storage are described in several collections.
2. Download and install the client on each PC.
3. Enter your account username and password.
4. Set the sync folder.
5. Make sure automatic synchronization is active.
6. After placing the files in the synchronization folder, the information will appear on other PCs. The download time is affected by internet bandwidth. With high speed, it takes less time.

Advantages:

1. Ability to share information with multiple computers and mobile devices.
2. No additional hardware purchase required.
3. Easy registration, installation and configuration of the cloud service client.

Flaws:

1. The speed of synchronization is affected by the bandwidth of the Internet.
2. Free cloud storage is 15 GB on average.
3. Mandatory presence of the Internet.

Instructions on how to connect a computer to a computer using a wireless drive

To organize a wireless connection, you must purchase additional equipment. Below are three options, with different capabilities and connection type:

1. A router with a USB port and an HDD type drive.
2. Hard drive - HDD, with built-in battery and Wi Fi module.
3. Wireless card reader with Wi Fi module and USB port.

The option with a router is preferable if the computers are at a distance that is not reachable by a Wi-Fi network. In this case, the connection is made through the LAN port. Also, a fixed connection allows the user to determine the type and format of the connected drive: USB flash drives, HDD and SSD; 2.5 or 3.5 inches.

A wireless drive, such as the Seagate Wireless Plus, contains only a 2.5-inch HDD drive and a Wi-Fi module inside. When external power is connected, it works as an access point with a disk array. The Silicon Power Sky Share H10 version also includes a 2600 mAh battery, which allows you to work up to 5 hours offline. The best option, with frequent movement, or if the computers are located at close range. The type and model of the drive is determined solely by the manufacturer.

A wireless card reader such as the Kingston MobileLite Wireless series contains a USB port and an internal battery. This allows you to work autonomously for 8-13 hours, as well as connect drives of various types and sizes. The battery is sufficient to operate a 2.5” HDD/SSD, for a 3.5” HDD an additional power supply is required. A rational choice when moving frequently, or if you want to combine several computers located in the same room.

Advantages:

• Internet is not required.
• Consolidation of several computers.
• High data transmission range - stationary router.
• The ability to determine the type and format of the drive - a stationary router and a wireless card reader.
• Autonomous mode of operation, in the presence of a built-in battery - a wireless disk and a card reader.

Flaws:

• Weak coverage area - wireless drive and card reader.
• You cannot select another media type and format - wireless disk.
• Some wireless drives do not have a battery.

To configure the router, you need to open the parameters and set the connection settings. In the case of a wireless hard drive and card reader, you need to use a proprietary utility. In the program, you must specify: the name of the access point and the password. Actions are performed step by step and do not cause difficulties.

Once configured, the equipment will appear as a Wi-Fi hotspot. Viewing, downloading and uploading files is performed using the file manager.

Conclusion

The preferred type of connection is affected by the number of PCs in the group, distance and tasks. LAN cable connection is suitable for two remote computers. A Wi-Fi network will help out if there are several cars, and the location does not exceed 10 meters. The USB connector is only optimal if the network port is not working or is being used for another connection. To combine several remote computers, cloud storage is suitable. And the organization of a wireless data storage will prevent the dependence of the Internet, as well as allow you to overtake large amounts of data.

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