Who 1 did. Who made the first mummy? Here is a photo taken in the hall of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Perhaps this burning topic is very interesting to many car enthusiasts. Who is it, the first car of a very popular segment today? Or you can put the question differently: which car should be considered the first crossover in the world? It is possible that you will find the answer in one of the options presented.
GAZ-M-72
Photo: GAZIf we proceed from the generally accepted definition of this type of car, then the “firstborn” of the currently very popular segment can be considered ... the domestic model Pobeda M-72. Moreover, more than half a century before the appearance of the BMW X4/X6 sports cross-coupe on the world market, it was the domestic Gorky Automobile Plant that produced crossovers, and even cars with this type of body.
Let us remind you that serial production GAZ-M-72 was carried out by the Soviet auto giant from 1955 to 1958. During this time, the company produced almost five thousand copies of the model. The “cooking recipe” is simple - the car received a reinforced body of the M-20 model and the chassis/transmission of the iconic GAZ-69 SUV. Moreover, in the engine compartment of the crossover there was a regular 2.1-liter engine capable of producing 55 forces.
Willys-Overland Jeepster
Willys-Overland Jeepster
Photo: WillysThis car, which was produced from 1948 to 1950 at production facilities in Ohio, can be classified as a crossover that does not necessarily have all-wheel drive. But the car has a rather brutal appearance, which, by the way, was later inherited by the Wrangler SUV. Add here a fairly high ground clearance, and we get a crossover.
Buy a car Willys-Overland Jeepster it was possible with 4- and 6-cylinder power units, the volume of which varied from 2.2 to 2.6 liters. It is worth saying that already in those distant years this car was often called a crossover. Note that the Willys-Overland Jeepster never became extremely popular, although it enjoyed consumer demand, especially on the west coast of the United States.
Matra-Simca Rancho
Matra-Simca Rancho
Photo: MatraThis crossover, which began production in 1977, also has an outstanding “rogue” appearance, but, in fact, uses exclusively a classic rear-axle drive and a modest four-cylinder power unit. Currently, the world market is simply flooded with such crossovers, but do not forget what time we are talking about.
In advertising campaigns Matra-Simca Rancho was positioned as a “vehicle for active recreation”, which was facilitated by the surroundings. The body of this car is made of fiberglass. Moreover, the model can be considered the “progenitor” of the current seven-seater crossovers, since a third row of seats was available as an option, which was installed in the cabin against the movement of the car.
LADA 4×4
VAZ-2121 "Niva" (LADA 4×4)
Photo: AvtoVAZStarting a conversation about this car, let's immediately draw analogies - the legendary Niva began to be produced at the same time as the Matra-Simca Rancho model. According to many experts, the domestic car “can safely be considered the first crossover.” Why? Monocoque body, all-wheel drive system, discreet exterior design! Although, the car had a transfer case, which, by definition, does not fit into crossover formats.
“Many” years have passed, and AvtoVAZ is still producing this... car. Moreover, it is no secret that LADA 4x4, also known as Niva, is being successfully sold not only in the countries of the former USSR. To be fair, try currently Find on the European market such a model with such off-road talents that its cost would be up to twenty thousand euros?! Currently buy LADA 4×4 in Russia it is possible at a minimum price of 475 thousand 900 rubles.
Jeep Wagoneer
Photo: Jeep
When adding the Jeep Wagoneer model to the list of contenders, we, frankly, very much doubted that we were right. The thing is that this particular model of the American brand was officially recognized as a car in the SUV segment (Sport Utility Vehicle). Although, there is another CUV (Crossover Utility Vehicle) segment. However, compared to its “brothers” of the brand, this car did not look so convincing, to put it mildly, off public roads, which gives reason to call it the first crossover.
Production of the Jeep Wagoneer began in 1963. Moreover, it is worth noting that this model stood on the assembly line until 1991 with virtually no significant changes (akin to our Niva). However, unlike domestic cars, Jeep Wagoneer considered the ancestor of luxury off-road vehicles such as the British Range Rover.
AMC Eagle
Photo: AMC
In reviews of this crossover, you can repeatedly notice that its comfort was maintained both on asphalt and off-road. The car was equipped with all-wheel drive. The design is a monocoque body. Here it is certainly worth recalling that the American car was produced from 1979 to 1987 in coupe, sedan, hatchback, station wagon and convertible body styles. You can say that the car “says hello” modern models Range Rover Evoque Convertible and Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet.
Extensive "passable" family AMC Eagle It could be purchased with both gasoline engines and a diesel power plant, which developed 150 horsepower. This model was supposed to help the AMC brand “stay afloat,” but ultimately the company went bankrupt.
Toyota RAV4
Photo: Toyota
The Japanese crossover, let's call it the Toyota RAV4, can easily be called the world's first modern crossover. Although, you immediately catch yourself thinking that the car has been produced for over twenty years. However, this is one of the youngest representatives of the segment, which is now in great consumer demand all over the world.
Let us remind you that the model name stands for recreational vehicle (RAV – Recreation Active Vehicle). In this case, the digital designation is the number of driving wheels. Over the entire period of production, the Japanese company has released three generations Toyota RAV4. Needless to say about the popularity of the “Japanese”, which is rightfully considered one of the best-selling and recognizable crossovers on the planet.
Price current version Toyota RAV4 in Russia starts at 1 million 415 thousand rubles. In the engine compartment of the most affordable car there is a 2.0-liter inline-four paired with a 6-speed manual transmission and front-wheel drive.
Give a clear answer to the question “Who invented the computer?” it's actually not that simple. As is the case with many other inventions, many people who worked in the computer contributed to the advent of the computer. different countries, and to the question of what device, in fact, is worthy of being called the first computer, you can give different answers. So, this post is about the inventors of the computer.
What is a computer? On the one hand, a computer is considered a type of computer technology, but its important feature should be the ability not only to perform calculations, albeit complex ones, but to perform some arbitrary given program. That is, devices designed to solve only certain tasks do not fit the definition of a computer; a computer is universal device for calculations that can be programmed.
The history of computers begins in the 19th century. In 1808, the French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard (or Jacquard) invents a loom that can not only produce fabric, but also produce fabric with arbitrary patterns. In fact, it was a programmable machine. The pattern was set using plates with holes drilled in a certain order - punch cards.
Punch cards for the Jacquard machine
In 1832, Russian inventor Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov published a design for special machines for processing information using punched cards. In fact, these were database machines. However, the invention did not receive official support; the commission that reviewed the project expressed the opinion that “Mr. Korsakov spent too much intelligence on teaching others to do without intelligence.”
Who came up with the design of the first programmable computing device, i.e., a computer? This man was an Englishman Charles Babbage. Babbage was an extremely versatile person, but is best known for his designs for computers. In 1822, he built a machine for calculating logarithmic tables, this machine later became known as the small difference machine. Babbage then decided to build a full-scale version of the difference engine, received a subsidy from the government, but did not meet either the deadline or the amount of funding. Instead of the initial three years and £1,500, Babbage spent 11 years and £17,000, but never completed the machine. Only in 1991, for Babbage’s bicentenary, a working version of this difference engine was built in London.
Babbage's difference engine
The difference engine is quite complex, but still highly specialized computing device. You can't call it a computer. However, in the process of working on the difference engine, Babbage developed a project for an even more complex and universal analytical engine, which was, in fact, a mechanical computer. This machine had a block for storing numbers, and it itself could perform calculations according to a program written on punched cards. Alas, the car was too complex and even today enthusiasts have not dared to reproduce it.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the development of computing technology continued, but it was still intended for highly specialized computing. In 1936, English mathematician Alan Turing described an abstract machine suitable for arbitrary calculations. The described machine was called a Turing machine. In fact, Turing defined the criteria by which one could determine whether a computing machine was universal.
Alan Turing
By the end of the 30s, there were two possibilities for building computers. More common were electromechanical machines that combined electrical and mechanical elements. They counted very slowly - one operation could take several seconds. But at this time another concept appeared - to use vacuum lamps as elements. Vacuum tube machines - electronic ones - could count much faster, but the tubes were expensive and not very reliable and often burned out.
The first computers appeared between the late thirties and the late forties. The only question is, which device is considered the first real computer? Let's consider the candidates.
1) Konrad Zuse's cars
Konrad Zuse was a German engineer who, on his own initiative, began developing computers. In 1938, with his own money, he developed and built the first electromechanical machine, called Z1, and implemented programming capabilities in it, but it did not work reliably. In 1939, the Second World War began and Zuse was called to the front, from where he managed to return and create the second version of his car - Z2, and at the beginning of 1941 - Z3. These machines were probably the first actually working electromechanical computers. In 1941, Zuse was again called to the front. No matter how he proved to the Wehrmacht leadership the importance of his computers, they did not want to listen to him. Only after the intervention of the Henschel aircraft manufacturing company, where Zuse had previously worked as an engineer, was he finally allowed to return to work on his computers. It was assumed that they would be used to calculate the aerodynamic parameters of aircraft. The Wehrmacht leadership, however, was not enthusiastic about the developments and, not seeing any particular value in them, was very reluctant to finance them. The next model, the Z4, was completed by Zuse only after the war. In 1950 he sold this model to Switzerland.
Z3 (restored copy) in a German museum
The Z3 could read a program from a punched tape and perform calculations according to it. However, this machine was electromechanical, so it worked very slowly and could not explicitly execute conditional jump instructions, which are considered an important component computer program. Can the Z3 be considered the world's first computer, and Konrad Zuse its inventor? Some think yes, some think no.
2) Atanasov-Berry computer
In 1942, an American mathematician of Bulgarian origin John Atanasov and the engineer Clifford Berry, who helped him, built the first 100% electronic computer without mechanical parts. This machine was not universal and was intended mainly to solve linear equations However, in 1973, the US Federal District Court recognized it as the “first computer.” Perhaps something more would have come out of this machine if Atanasov had not been drafted into the American army.
Atanasov-Berry computer
3) British “Bombs” and “Colossi”
During the Second World War, the British were faced with the task of deciphering German messages. It was impossible to break German codes manually. Then the British resorted to the help of computers.
In 1940 in Great Britain according to the project Alan Turing The first electromechanical computer was built to decipher the German Enigma code. It was called "Bomb". One such machine weighed 2.5 tons, and in order to decipher as many messages as possible, by 1944 the British had built 210 of these machines.
"Bomb"
But to transmit important messages, the Germans used another, even more complex Lorenz code. To decipher it, a powerful electronic computer called “Colossus” was designed and built (in the amount of 10 pieces). It was programmable and quite powerful for its time, but still not a universal, but a highly specialized machine. An English engineer designed the Colossi and supervised its construction. Tommy Flowers.
4) ENIAC
Let's move to the USA. In 1943, scientists from the University of Pennsylvania John Mauchly And John Eckert They decided to build a powerful electronic computer. It was supposed to be used mainly for calculating artillery tables - a tedious and painstaking job that was entrusted to the university by the American army. Previously, tables were calculated by people with adding machines, and this took them a lot of time. The device was called ENIAC. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, and it could perform calculations 2,400 times faster than a human with an adding machine.
ENIAC
ENIAC was built by the fall of 1945. It contained more than 10 thousand. vacuum tubes, weighed about 27 tons and consumed 150 kW of electricity. By this time, the urgent need for calculating artillery tables had disappeared, and the computer began to be used for other purposes, for example, to calculate the explosion of a hydrogen bomb, the aerodynamics of supersonic aircraft, and weather forecasts.
ENIAC can be considered a real computer without any special reservations. It was an all-electronic general purpose computing machine that demonstrated the full potential of computers. In addition, ENIAC became the first widely known computer, information about Zuse and Atanasov's machines surfaced later, and British decryption computers were classified (and almost all destroyed) on Churchill's orders. So ENIAC probably deserved the title of the world's first computer.
Still, working with ENIAC was still not very convenient. Programming the computer was done by changing the position of cables and switches, and preparation for calculations often took much longer than the calculations themselves. Even before finishing his work, the American mathematician John von Neumann proposed to use an architecture for future computers that involved storing instructions and data in memory. This architecture became the basis for the development of subsequent computers.
Let's sum it up and finally answer who invented the computer. One way or another involved in the invention and creation of the first computers:
- Charles Babbage - author of the first design of a (mechanical) computer;
- Alan Turing - described the design of a universal computer, designer of the British decryption electromechanical computer "Bomb";
- Konrad Zuse - creator of the first electromechanical programmable computer;
- John Atanasov - creator of the first electronic non-programmable computer;
- Tommy Flowers - designer of the British decryption electronic computer "Colossus";
- John Mauchly and John Eckert - designers of the first universal electronic computer ENIAC;
- John von Neumann, one of the participants in the development of the first American computers, proposed the architecture that underlies the design of all modern computers.
Who is who in the world of discoveries and inventions Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich
Who made the first mummy?
Who made the first mummy?
The ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife. They believed that the soul is like a bird with a human face, which can fly all day, but by night must return to the grave, fearing evil spirits. The body must be kept the same as the soul left it, so that it can recognize it upon its return and fly into the grave it left. This is where the word “mummy” came from. It is Arabic and means “a body preserved with resin and wax.”
Most mummies were made without the use of resin or wax. The body was treated with salt. Salt placed inside the body, interacting with dry air, took away moisture. When the body was dry, it was washed, rubbed with the resin of pine trees and wrapped in hundreds of meters of fabric.
Before 3000 BC, the Egyptians dried the bodies of the dead in the desert sands. The sand preserved the bodies. Later, important people were buried in tombs carved in stone or in magnificent pyramids. But pyramids and stone tombs are not as dry as desert sands. Therefore, it became necessary to improve the art of creating mummies.
Around 1500 BC, mummies began to be covered with a shell that was shaped like the body and carefully painted. Then sarcophagi appeared, which also had the shape of a body and were beautifully decorated. Sometimes mummies were given beards. In Ancient Egypt, a beard belonged only to a god or a king. Such beards showed that the person hoped to spend time in very respectable company in the afterlife.
In addition, the Egyptians considered some animals sacred. These animals were also made into mummies and buried in animal cemeteries.
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Today's personal computers are very different from the massive, clunky devices that emerged during World War II, and the difference isn't just their size. The “fathers” and “grandfathers” of modern desktops and laptops could not do much of what modern machines can easily handle. However The very first computer in the world was a breakthrough in the field of science and technology. Sit back in front of your monitor and we'll tell you how the PC era began.
Who created the very first computer in the world
In the 40s of the last century, there were several devices that could lay claim to the title of the first computer.
Z3
Konrad Zuse
An early computer created by German engineer Konrad Zuse, who worked in complete isolation from the developments of other scientists. It had a separate memory block and a separate console for data entry. And their carrier was an eight-track punched card made by Zuse from 35 mm film.
The machine had 2,600 telephone relays and could be freely programmed in binary floating point code. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations, but was destroyed during the bombing of Berlin at the end of 1943. Zuse oversaw the reconstruction of his brainchild in the 1960s, and the programmable machine is now on display in a museum in Munich.
The Mark 1, conceived by Professor Howard Aiken and released by IBM in 1941, was America's first programmable computer. The machine cost half a million dollars, and was used to develop equipment for the US Navy, such as torpedoes and underwater detection. Mark 1 was also used in the development of implosion devices for the atomic bomb.
It is “Mark 1” that can be called the very first computer in the world. Its characteristics, unlike the German Z3, made it possible to perform calculations automatically, without requiring human intervention in the work process.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
In 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff received funds to create a machine called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). It was designed and assembled by Atanasov and graduate student Clifford Berry in 1942. However, the ABC device was not widely known until the patent dispute surrounding the invention of the computer. It was only resolved in 1973, when it was proven that ENIAC co-author John Mauchly had seen the ABC computer shortly after it became functional.
The legal outcome of the litigation was landmark: Atanasov was declared the originator of several major computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared non-patentable and therefore freely open to all developers. A full-scale working copy of ABC was completed in 1997, proving that the ABC machine functioned as Atanasov claimed.
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC was developed by two scientists from the University of Pennsylvania - John Eckert and John Mauchly. He could solve "a wide range of numerical problems" by reprogramming. Although the machine was introduced to the public after the war, in 1946, it was important for calculations during subsequent conflicts such as the Cold War and the Korean War. It was used for calculations in the creation of the hydrogen bomb, engineering calculations and the creation of firing tables. She also made weather forecasts in the USSR so that Americans knew where radioactive fallout might fall in the event of a nuclear war.
Unlike the Mark 1 with its electromechanical relays, the ENIAC had vacuum tubes. It is believed that ENIAC performed more calculations during its ten years of operation than all of humanity up to that time.
EDSAC
EDSAC
The first computer with stored memory software called EDSAC. It was collected in 1949 at the University of Cambridge. The project to create it was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computational Research Laboratory Maurice Wilkes.
One of the major advances in programming was Wilkes's use of the library short programs called "subroutines". It was stored on punch cards and used to perform general repetitive calculations within the lager program.
What did the first computer in the world look like?
The American Mark 1 was huge, measuring over 17 meters in length and over 2.5 meters in height. The machine, encased in glass and stainless steel, weighed 4.5 tons, and the total length of its connecting wires almost reached 800 km. A fifteen-meter shaft, which drove a 4 kW electric motor, was responsible for synchronizing the main computing modules.
Mark 1 at the IBM Museum
Even heavier than the Mark 1 was the ENIAC. It weighed 27 tons and required 174 kW of electricity. When it was turned on, the city lights dimmed. The machine had neither a keyboard nor a monitor, occupied an area of 135 square meters and was entwined with kilometers of wires. To get an idea about appearance“ENIAKA” imagine a long row of metal cabinets, which are filled from top to bottom with light bulbs. Since the computer did not yet have high-quality cooling, it was very hot in the room where it was located, and ENIAC malfunctioned.
ENIAC
The USSR did not want to lag behind the West and carried out its own developments to create computers. The result of the efforts of Soviet scientists was (MESM). Its first launch took place in 1950. The MESM used 6 thousand lamps and occupied an area of 60 square meters. m and required power up to 25 kW for operation.
MESM
The device could perform up to 3 thousand operations per second. MESM was used for complex scientific calculations, then it was used as tutorial, and in 1959 the car was dismantled.
In 1952, MESM had an older sister - (BESM). The number of electronic tubes in it increased to 5 thousand, and the number of operations per second also increased - from 8 to 10 thousand.
BESM
The world's first commercial computer
Introduced in the United States in 1951, it can be called the first computer intended for commercial use.
He became famous after using polling data from the 1% of the voting population to correctly predict that General Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 election. When people realized the capabilities of computer data processing, many businesses began to purchase this machine for their needs.
The very first personal computer in the world
For the first time, the term “personal computer” was applied to the creation of the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto called Program 101. It was released by Olivetti.
Program 101
The device cost $3,200 and sold about 44,000 copies. NASA bought ten of them to use in calculations for the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. The ABC (American Broadcasting Company) network used Programma 101 to predict the 1968 presidential election. The US military used it to plan their operations during the Vietnam War. It was also purchased for schools, hospitals and government agencies and marked the beginning of an era of rapid PC development and sales.
The first mass-produced home computer abroad
In 1975, an article about a new computer kit, the Altair 8800, appeared in an issue of Popular Electronics magazine. Within weeks of the device's introduction, customers flooded its manufacturer, MITS, with orders. The machine was equipped with 256-byte memory (expandable to 64 KB) and a universal interface bus, which evolved into the "S-100" standard, widely used in amateur and personal computers that era.
Altair 8800 could be purchased for $397. After the purchase, the radio amateur owner had to independently solder and check the functionality of the assembled components. The difficulties did not end there; we still had to master writing programs using zeros and ones. The Altair 8800 did not have a keyboard or monitor, hard drive and a disk drive. To enter the desired program the user clicked the toggle switches on the front panel of the device. And checking the results was carried out by observing the lights flashing on the front panel.
A in 1976 the first apple computer , designed and handcrafted by Steve Wozniak and promoted by his friend as the first product of the Apple Computer Company. The Apple 1 is considered to be the first PC to ship off the shelf.
Apple 1
In fact, the device had neither a monitor nor a keyboard (the possibility of connecting them was provided). But there was a fully equipped circuit board, which contained 30 microcircuits. The Altair 8800 and other devices that entered the market did not have this; they had to be assembled from a kit. The Apple 1 originally had a near-hell price of $666.66, but was reduced to $475 a year later. Later, an additional board was released that allowed data to be written to cassette recorder. It cost 75 dollars.
The first mass-produced home computer in the USSR
Since the 80s of the 20th century, a computer called “Pravets” began to be produced in Bulgaria. It was the second clone Apple versions. Another clone included in the Pravets line was the “Soviet” IBM PC, based on Intel processors 8088 and 8086. A later clone of Oric Atmos was the “home” model “Pravets 8D” in a small case and with a built-in keyboard. It was produced from 1985 to 1992. Pravets computers were installed in many schools in the Soviet Union.
Those who want to collect home computer could use the instructions in the magazine "Radio" 1982-83. and reproduce a model called "Micro-80". It was based on the KR580VM80 microprocessor, similar to the Intel i8080.
In 1984, the Agat computer appeared in the Soviet Union, quite powerful compared to Western models. The amount of RAM was 128 KB, which was twice the amount random access memory for Apple models from the early 80s of the twentieth century. The computer was produced in several modifications, had external keyboard with 74 keys and a black and white or color screen.
Production of "Agates" continued until 1993.
Computers of our time
These days modern Computer techologies change very quickly. modern people are billions of times greater than their ancestors. Every company wants to surprise already jaded users, and so far many have succeeded in doing so. Here are just some of the main topics in recent years:
- The laptop that had an important impact on the development of the industry: Apple Macbook(2006).
- A smartphone that had an important impact on the development of the industry: Apple iPhone(2007).
- The tablet that had an important influence on the development of the industry: Apple iPad(2010).
- The first " smart watch": Pulsar Time Computer (1972). They can be seen on James Bond's hand in the 1973 action film Live and Let Die.
And, of course, various game consoles: Playstation, Xbox, Nintendo, etc.
We live in interesting times (even if it sounds like a Chinese curse). And who knows what awaits in the near future. Neural computers? Quantum computers? Wait and see.
Just 100 years ago, humanity had no idea what a TV was. Society managed to get along without this device. A lot has changed since then. Today, TV technology is the basis of everyday leisure.
Who invented television? A very difficult question. There are several points of view regarding the creator of the world's first TV. Foreign sources indicate that the idea of the invention belongs to the German technician Paul Nipkow. Domestic publications refute this position. Because they insist that the first TV device appeared in the USSR.
Now let’s try to understand this situation in order to understand whose side is right. We will also analyze when the first televisions appeared, as well as what they were like.
Perhaps the key prerequisite is the radio, which was invented shortly before the advent of the first television. Who invented radio? There is also no clarity on this issue. Some believe that this device was invented by A.S. Popov. Foreign sources defend the position that the idea of the invention belonged to several researchers at once. Tesla, Marconi, Branly - you've probably heard these names before.
The invention of the television has an identical problem. It is very difficult to say who exactly is the “founding father”. Despite all the disputes and contradictions between the USSR and the West, Paul Nipkow should definitely be noted. A German technician came up with a disk that was named after him. This unusual device was invented in the second half of the 19th century. Radio signal and mechanical scanning are the catalysts for the creation of the first mechanical TV in 1928.
Few people know that using the Nipkow disk, the picture was read line by line and then transmitted to the receiver screen. The ambitious Scottish researcher John Baird showed the world the first TV device that worked on this principle in the late 20s of the 20th century. This project attracted public attention. So Baird tried to implement it.
The Scottish company Baird has long held a leading position in the manufacture of mechanical television receivers. The trend continued until the early 1930s. There was no sound, but the picture was quite clear.
The history of the development of television shows that the very concept of the receiver was invented in Germany, but it was the Scottish researcher John Baird who was able to implement this idea.
Who created the first electronic TV
The era of technical revolution has begun. World-renowned scientists were part of a team of specialists to accelerate this progress. This applied to all spheres of human life. The television sphere was no exception to the rule. Mechanical TVs quickly became a relic of the past. Researchers began working on creating a device capable of transmitting not only images, but also sound.
Who invented the first cathode ray tube TV? There is no clear answer to this question. Conducted in different countries active work to create such a device. The contribution of scientists from socialist countries should be highlighted separately. In 1907, B. Rosing received a patent for the creation of the very first CRT television. However, the idea itself was not invented by him.
The one who invented the first electronic TV took old discoveries as a basis. Back in the 19th century, the German researcher Heinrich Hertz discovered the effect of light on electricity. This is how the photoelectric effect was invented.
The German deserves credit for making such a discovery. However, he was never able to justify why the photoelectric effect was needed and in what capacity it should be used. Literally a year later, Alexander Stoletov gave all the explanations. The researcher tried to create something like modern solar cells. This is how the “electric eye” appeared. Many scientists have tried to explain the specifics of this phenomenon. Among them is Albert Einstein.
Other discoveries also had a colossal impact. In 1879, physicist William Crookes from Great Britain invented phosphors - substances that begin to glow when exposed to a cathode ray. Karl Brown tried to create a prototype of the kinescope. It was thanks to the concept of the kinescope, invented by Brown, that B. Rosing, whom we mentioned earlier, was subsequently able to prove the theory of image acquisition. In 1933, TV with a kinescope appeared. V. Zvorykin invented the first TV, he is Rosing’s protégé.
It is Zvorykin who is considered by everyone to be the creator of TV with a cathode ray tube. First sample of this device was collected at a laboratory center in the USA, owned by Zvorykin. He himself was an emigrant who left his homeland after the Socialist Revolution. Already in 1939, mass production of TV equipment was launched.
The discoveries listed above led to the active popularization of televisions around the world. At first they began to be sold in Western Europe, but soon the devices appeared in the USSR. At first, image transmission was carried out in optical-mechanical scanning. Progress was not long in coming. Image quality was soon improved, leading to the transition to CRT technology.
When did television appear in the USSR?
Serial production started in 1939. The technology began to appear in the countries that are part of Soviet Union. The production of TV equipment was carried out by the Comintern plant, located in Leningrad. The devices worked on the principle of a Nipkow disk. The console was equipped with a three-centimeter screen. This entire structure was connected to a radio receiver. By changing radio frequencies it was possible to tune programs that were broadcast in Europe.
When was TV was invented, a consultation of the editorial board of the magazine “Radiofront” was held in the Soviet Union. Journalists actively worked with the technicians. As a result, instructions appeared on the pages of the magazine, following which each user could independently assemble a TV.
Regular television broadcasts in Russia, then the USSR, were launched only in 1938. The scientists of the Leningrad Center had experience in this field, so it was they who were entrusted with the implementation of such a difficult project. In Moscow, television programs began to air after 6 months. The television centers in these cities used different decomposition standards. Therefore, special equipment was used.
To receive a television signal broadcast by the Leningrad Center, it was necessary to use a special device “VRK” - the abbreviation stands for All-Union Radio Committee. The device was equipped with a special screen - 130x175 millimeters. The kinescope operated due to the operation of 24 lamps.
The operation was based on the fact that there was decomposition into 240 lines. In the 30s of the 20th century, 20 copies of the VRK devices were produced. The equipment was installed in pioneer houses and palaces of culture. The devices were intended for collective viewing.
Television broadcasting from the Moscow center was carried out with a breakdown into 343 lines. Such a signal could be received by TK-1 devices. This is a more complex technique, equipped with 33 lamps. During 1938, over 200 televisions were produced. By 1941, production turnover increased 10 times.
All these achievements did not stop the development of engineering. Experts tried to create a device with a simplified operating principle. At the Radist plant, which was located in Leningrad, the launch of the 17TN-1 series of televisions began in 1940. main feature This model is all about versatility. The devices reproduced signals from Moscow and Leningrad television stations. The production process has been started. However, the war soon began. A total of 2000 copies were produced.
“ATP-1” is a clear example of a simplified TV model. The abbreviation stands for Subscriber Television Receiver No. 1. This is the prototype of modern cable TV. The Aleksandrovsky plant was engaged in the production of such devices.
How the first TVs worked
Previously, we established that the basis for the creation of the first television was the Nipkow disk. We determined in which country TV devices first appeared, and also found out who initiated the launch of mass production of the invented device. Only the operating principle of mechanical televisions remained unattended. This is exactly what we will talk about now.
To understand how a mechanical TV looked and worked, you need to understand the operating principle of a Nipkow disk. This is a rotating opaque disk. The diameter of the figure is no more than 50 centimeters. There are holes along the Archimedes spiral. Sometimes this disk is also called an electric telescope.
The light beam scanned the image. Subsequently, the television signal was transmitted to a special converter. One photocell was sufficient for scanning. How many holes were there? There are devices with different numbers of holes. Sometimes their number reached 200 pieces.
The whole process was carried out in reverse order. To display the image on the screen, engineers used a Nipkow disk. Behind the holes was a neon lamp. Thus, the image was projected onto a television screen. The speed was sufficient, but the picture was transmitted line by line. The person could see the image.
The first mechanical televisions can also be called projection televisions. The picture quality was poor. Only silhouettes could be seen on the screen. The Nipkow disk became the basis of these devices. Used before the advent of the first CRT televisions.
Who invented color television
All the TV models examined assumed the display of a black and white image on the screen. Experts continued to work on improving the device.
Under what circumstances and when did color TV appear? The idea of creating such a device first appeared during the period of popularity of projection receivers. Hovhannes Adamyan is considered one of the inventors of color television. The technician managed to make two-color TV back in 1908.
John Logie Baird made a significant contribution to the development of color TV. The creator of mechanical TV in the 20s of the XX century collected color device, capable of transmitting a picture in three shades: blue, red, green. John equipped the TV with three filters.
However, all this is nothing more than attempts. A real breakthrough in the development of the TV industry occurred after the end of World War 2. All efforts and financial resources were directed towards production. This became a catalyst for progress.
The discovery took place in the USA. The researchers resorted to using decimeter wave technology to broadcast the picture. In 1940, American scientists presented new equipment called Triniscope. The device used 3 kinescopes with different colors from the glow of the phosphor. Each kinescope was responsible for reproducing a specific color.
As for the USSR, similar developments began to appear here in the 50s of the last century. Already in 1952, one of the central television channels conducted a color broadcast.
Since about 1970, televisions began to appear not only in cultural centers, but also in the homes of ordinary people. However, this applies to a greater extent to the USA and Europe. In socialist countries, color television sets remained in short supply for quite a long time. Only in the early 80s could anyone afford to purchase such devices.
As you can see, TV technology is very complicated and interesting story. It started back in the 19th century. Scientists all over the world worked on the development of televisions.
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