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1 Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus Educational Establishment "Polotsk State University" BASICS OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEX for students of the specialties "Accounting, analysis and audit", "Finance and credit" Compilation and general edition by S.E. Ryasovoy Novopolotsk 2005

2 UDC 004 (075.8) LBC i 73 O 75 REVIEWERS: A.L. Labut, Deputy director of the branch 214 of the Belarusbank, Novopolotsk; A.P. Kastryuk, Ph.D. tech. Sci., Dean of the Faculty of Finance and Economics Recommended for publication by the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Finance and Economics O 75 Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering: Study Method. complex for stud. special "Accounting, analysis and audit", "Finance and credit" / Comp. and general ed. S.E. Ryasova. Novopolotsk: PSU, p. ISBN The topics of the course being studied, the volume in hours of lectures and laboratory studies are given. Guidelines and assignments for laboratory work, a collection of tests on the topics of the course, questions for the exam, recommendations for organizing rating control of the study of the discipline are presented. Designed for teachers and students of universities of economic specialties. UDC 004 (075.8) LBC i 73 ISBN Ryasova S.E., comp., 2005 UO "PGU",

3 CONTENTS Introduction... 5 Working programm... 5 Lecture notes Introduction to computer science Definition of computer science. The subject and main task of informatics Basic concepts of informatics Types and properties of information Perception, collection, transmission, processing and accumulation of information History of the development of informatics Trends and development prospects information society Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control Computer technology History of the development of computers Classification of computers Representation of information in a computer Personal computer device (basic configuration) Information carriers Peripherals personal computer Computer software Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming Concept and basic properties of an algorithm Methods for writing algorithms Varieties of algorithm structures Programming Programming languages high level Basic concepts of object-oriented programming Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control Windows operating system Purpose, classification and main functions of operating systems General characteristics operating system Windows Essential elements of the Windows GUI File system and Windows file structure windows menu Windows Help Windows Communication Standard Applications Windows Glossary Self-monitoring questions and tasks Service systems Maintenance programs

4 5.2. Archiving programs Computer viruses and anti-virus programs Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control Computer networks Purpose of computer networks Local and global networks. Basic Concepts Glossary Questions and Tasks for Self-Checking The Internet A Brief History of the Development of Internet Telnet Services Basic Concepts World Wide Web Searching for Information on the Internet Glossary Questions and Tasks for Self-Checking word processor Microsoft Word Word processor window structure Microsoft Word Technology for preparing a text document Tables Using graphic objects in Microsoft Word documents Printing a document Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel Entering and editing data Working with Microsoft Excel books Formatting data Organizing calculations Diagrams Managing data Analyzing data Glossary Questions and tasks for self-control Computer graphics. Presentation preparation tools Classification of computer graphics Software tools for working with graphics Presentation preparation tools Development of presentations Reproduction of presentations Glossary of terms Questions and tasks for self-control Laboratory workshop Tests Exam questions Literature

5 INTRODUCTION economic relations The computer market has expanded significantly, mainly due to the inclusion of medium and small enterprises in it. Currently, enterprises are actively using computer technology for accounting, monitoring the fulfillment of orders and contracts, preparing business documents, managing document management, making managerial decisions, and e-commerce. At the same time, the need for qualified economic specialists with a high level of knowledge in the field of informatics, who can easily adapt to the rapidly changing market of hardware and software for computer technology, primarily personal computers, has increased. Under these conditions, the training of a specialist whose level of knowledge meets the listed requirements becomes an important task. The educational and methodological complex (EMC) for the course "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering" is aimed at solving this problem. This EMC includes the work program of the course "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering", a lecture notes on ten topics provided for by the work program, guidelines and assignments for laboratory work (18 works in total), a collection of tests on the topics of the course, questions for the exam, and also a system for assessing students' knowledge. WORKING PROGRAM Aims and objectives of the discipline The purpose of teaching the discipline. The purpose of teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering" for the specialties "Accounting, Analysis and Audit", "Finance and Credit" is the formation of the necessary knowledge on the use of modern basic computer technology as a tool for solving practical problems in their subject area. Tasks of studying the discipline. The objectives of the course "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering" are reduced to obtaining: knowledge about basic concepts informatics; five

6 system knowledge in the field of hardware and software of personal computers in an amount sufficient for their effective operation in solving basic functional tasks of the user's subject area (formation of text, tabular and graphic documents, dynamic presentations, use of e-mail and the Internet information fund); skills of confident work on a personal computer when solving basic functional tasks of the user from the relevant subject area. Subjects, the assimilation of which is necessary for studying the discipline "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering". For the successful study of the discipline "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering", students need to master the following subjects: "Higher Mathematics": the general task of mathematical programming; geometric interpretation of linear programming problems (LPP); graphical method for solving LLP; simplex method for solving LLP; transport problem of linear programming and its solution; concept of dynamic programming method. "Foreign (English) language": basic normative phonetic, grammatical, lexical rules; types of speech activity: perception, speaking, reading, writing in a foreign language. The content of the discipline Lectures: p / n Name of the topic The content of the topic The volume of hours 1 Introduction to computer science Definition of computer science. The subject and main task of informatics. Basic concepts of computer science. Types and properties of information. History of the development of informatics. Trends and prospects for the development of the information society. 2 2 Computer technology History of development and classification of computers. Representation of information in a computer: information coding, number systems, units of measurement of information. Personal computer device. Peripherals of a personal computer. Software of computer facilities. 6 6

7 p / n Name of the topic Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming Windows operating system Service systems Computer networks Global network Internet Word processor Microsoft Word Spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel Computer graphics. Means of preparing presentations Contents of the topic The concept of the algorithm, the main properties of the algorithm, how to write it. Varieties of structures of algorithms. Programming. High level programming languages. Basic concepts of object-oriented programming. Purpose, classification and main functions of operating systems. Windows operating system, its general characteristics. Graphic Windows interface, its main elements. The file system and file structure of Windows. The main menu of Windows, its purpose. Help system Windows, its use. Data exchange in Windows: clipboard, object linking and embedding technology (OLE technology), dynamic data exchange (DDE technology). Standard Windows Applications. Maintenance programs. Archiving programs. Computer viruses and anti-virus programs. Purpose of computer networks. Local and global networks. Basic concepts. Brief history of development. Basic concepts. Internet Services. Basic concepts of the World Wide Web. Search for information on the Internet. General characteristics of the word processor MS Word. Technology for preparing a text document. Creating and editing tables. Use of graphic objects. Document printing. General characteristics of the word processor Microsoft Excel. Basic concepts of spreadsheet MS Excel: book, sheet, cell, address, range. Spreadsheet development technology: data entry, formulas, data formatting. Construction of diagrams and printing of documents. Data management: data sorting, reporting. Data analysis: parameter selection, data substitution tables. Computer graphics: by purpose (artistic, illustrative, business, etc.), classification by dimension (2D and 3D graphics), by image formation method (raster, vector). Software tools for working with graphics. The concept of presentation. Functionality of presentation development software. MS PowerPoint as a presentation tool. PowerPoint technology. Hours Volume Total:

8 p / n Theme name Computer technology Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming Windows operating system Utilities Global network Internet Microsoft Word word processor Microsoft spreadsheet processor Excel Lab Lessons: Contents of the topic Presentation of information in a computer: number systems, methods for transferring numbers from one number system to another. Introduction to basic PC configuration. Getting to know the keyboard (groups of keys, assigning individual keys, working with keyboard trainer). Volume of hours Development of algorithms of various structure. 2 Windows desktop. Windows main menu. How to control Windows with the mouse. Working with windows. Operations with file structure. Explorer program. Working with files and folders in Explorer. Creating and using shortcuts. Usage help system Windows. Acquaintance with the WinRAR archiving program. 2 Acquaintance with information retrieval systems on the Internet. Introduction to the MS Word interface. MS Word toolbars, their customization. Creating a text document: setting page, paragraph and font options. Move through the document. document viewing modes. Selection of various fragments of text; copying, moving and deleting fragments. Create lists in a document. Creating and designing a table, calculating in a table, applying an autoformat to a table. Creation of artistic titles. Creating and editing a drawing. Inserting graphic objects into a document. Data entry: Navigating a worksheet, selecting groups of cells, entering and editing data, editing data in a cell, entering data into cells using AutoComplete. Move through the workbook. Insert, delete, rename, copy, move sheets in a workbook. Compilation of formulas: autosummation of rows and columns, compilation of elementary formulas, compilation of formulas using the Wizard of functions. Data formatting: automatic data formatting, copying formats, formatting using the Formatting toolbar. Working with diagrams: building diagrams, editing diagrams. Data analysis: parameter selection, data lookup tables

9 p / n 8 Topic name Application for preparing PowerPoint presentations Topic content Printing worksheets: preview pages, configure page settings, insert headers and footers. Development of presentations. Control playback of presentations. Volume of hours Total: 36 KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT 4 Students' knowledge during the semester is assessed according to the rating system. The rating assessment of students' knowledge in the course "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering" is carried out in the following positions: control tests at lectures on the topics studied; laboratory works; final control (exam). For passing one test on a studied topic, performing one laboratory work, as well as passing an exam, a student can get from 0 to 5 points. The points scored are multiplied by the weighting coefficient of the corresponding lecture topic, or laboratory work, or exam. The values ​​of the weight coefficients for the topics of lectures and laboratory work are determined based on the amount of hours allocated to study the relevant topic or perform laboratory work. Position name Weight coefficient Topic "Introduction to computer science" 0.5 Topic "Computer engineering" 1.7 Topic "Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming" 1.1 Topic "Windows operating system" 1.1 Topic "Service systems" 0.5 Topic " Computer networks" 0.5 Theme "The global network Internet" 0.5 Theme "Text processor Microsoft Word" 1.8 Theme "Spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel" 1.8 Theme "Computer graphics. Presentation Preparation Tools 0.5 Laboratory work (for all papers) 0.56 Exam 2 The maximum number of points a student can score per semester is 100 (50 points for passing control tests in lectures and 50 points for completed tests). nine

10 During the tenth academic week of the semester, assessment is carried out. The maximum number of points that a student can score by the time of certification is 50 points. A student who scores at least 30 points is considered certified. A student is allowed to take the exam if he scored at least 55 points for the semester. Students who score at least 80 points in a semester may qualify for a grade without taking an exam. The examination grade "8" (almost excellent) is automatically set on the day of the official examination for students who have scored at least 80 points. The examination grade "9" (excellent) is automatically set on the day of the official examination for students who score at least 90 points. The examination grade "10" (excellent) is automatically set on the day of the official examination for students who score 100 points. Students whose current rating corresponds to grades "8" (almost excellent) and "9" (excellent) are allowed to take the exam on a general basis to increase their grade if they wish. If the attempt fails, the preliminary score is saved. Students taking the exam on a general basis are graded according to the following rules: if the sum of points scored for the semester is 0 (zero), then the student receives a grade of "1" (unsatisfactory); if the sum of points scored for the semester is less than 30, then the student receives a grade of "2" (unsatisfactory); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is less than 60, then the student receives a grade of "3" (unsatisfactory); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 60, then the student receives a grade of "4" (satisfactory); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 65, then the student receives a grade of "5" (almost good); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 70, then the student receives a grade of "6" (good); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 75, then the student receives a grade of "7" (very good); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 80, then the student receives a grade of "8" (almost excellent); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is at least 90, then the student receives a grade of "9" (excellent); if the sum of points scored for the semester and in the exam is 100, then the student receives a grade of "10" (excellent). 10

11 LECTURE SUMMARY

12 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE 1.1. Definition of informatics. The subject and main task of computer science Computer science is a technical science that systematizes the methods of creating, storing, reproducing, processing and transmitting information by means of computer technology (CT), as well as the principles of functioning of these tools and methods of managing them. The word informatics comes from the French word Informatique, formed as a result of combining the terms Information (information) and Automatique (automatics), which expresses its essence as the science of automatic information processing. The subject of informatics consists of the following concepts: hardware of CT facilities; software of means of VT; means of interaction between hardware and software; means of human interaction with hardware and software. As you can see from this list, computer science pays special attention to interaction issues. There is a special interface definition for this. Methods and means of human interaction with hardware and software are called user interface. The main task of computer science is to systematize the techniques and methods of working with hardware and software of CT Basic concepts of computer science The basic concepts of computer science include the following concepts: 1. Information is a reflection of the real world with the help of signs and signals. In a narrow sense, information is understood as those phenomena that a person receives from the outside world. The concept of "information" is closely related to the concept of "information systems". 2. Information systems perform technological functions for the collection, accumulation, storage and processing of information. 3. Information technology is a purposeful process of information transformation, using a set of means and methods for collecting, processing, storing and transmitting information. 12

13 4. Information resources information used in production, technology, social management, specially organized and processed on a computer. 5. Infosphere is the total information space. 6. Informatization of society the widespread implementation of a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full and timely use of reliable information, and depends on the degree of mastering and development of new information technologies Types and properties of information All the variety of information surrounding us can be grouped according to various criteria. On the basis of "area of ​​origin" information is divided into: elementary reflects the processes and phenomena of inanimate nature; biological reflects the processes of flora and fauna; social reflects the processes of human society. According to the method of transmission and perception, information is distinguished: visual information is transmitted by visible images and symbols; auditory is transmitted by sounds; tactile is transmitted by sensations; organoleptic is transmitted by smells and taste; machine issued and perceived by means of computer technology. Information created and used by a person is divided into types for public purposes (Fig. 1.1). TYPES OF INFORMATION Mass Special Personal Socio-political Popular science Scientific Technical Economic Managerial Rice Types of information 13

14 In computer science, two forms of information representation are considered: analog (continuous) body temperature; the melody played on the violin when the bow does not come off the strings and does not stop; vehicle movement; discrete (intermittent) seasons, dot and dash in Morse code. Information has a number of properties: adequacy, i.e., the degree of compliance of the information received by the consumer with what the author has invested in its content; reliability of the correspondence of information to objective reality (both current and past) of the surrounding world; completeness, i.e., the sufficiency of information for making a decision. The concept of completeness of information is faced by everyone who has to perform official tasks. If the initial data is incomplete, it is not easy to make the right decision; redundancy - this quality allows a person to strain his attention less and get less tired; objectivity and subjectivity The concept of objectivity of information is relative. So, for example, it is generally accepted that as a result of observing a photograph of an object, more objective information is formed than as a result of observing a drawing of the same object made by a person; accessibility is a measure of the ability to obtain this or that information; relevance is the degree of correspondence of information to the current moment of time Perception, collection, transmission, processing and accumulation of information Perception of information is the process of converting information entering a technical system or a living organism from the outside world into a form suitable for further use. Thanks to the perception of information, the system is connected with the external environment (which can be a person, an observed object, a phenomenon or a process, etc.). The perception of information is necessary for any information system. Information gathering is the process of obtaining information from the outside world and bringing it to a standard for a given information system. fourteen

15 The exchange of information between the system that perceives it and the environment is carried out by means of signals. A signal can be defined as a means of carrying information in space and time. Signal carriers can be sound, light, electricity, magnetic field, etc. The collection of information, as a rule, is accompanied by its registration, i.e., the fixation of information on a material carrier (document or machine carrier). The transfer of information is carried out different ways: using a courier, forwarding by mail, delivery by vehicles, remote transmission via communication channels. Remote transmission over communication channels reduces the time of data transmission. For its implementation, special technical means. Some technical means of collection and registration, automatically collecting information from sensors installed at workplaces, transfer it to a computer. Both primary information can be transmitted remotely from the places of its occurrence, as well as resultant information in the opposite direction. In this case, the result information is displayed on various devices: displays, scoreboards, printing devices. The flow of information through communication channels to the processing center is mainly carried out in two ways: on a machine carrier and directly to a computer using special software and hardware (Fig. 1.2). Fig. General scheme of information transfer In modern developed information systems, machine processing of information involves sequentially-parallel in time solution of computational problems. This is possible if there is a certain organization of the computational process. The computational task addresses requests to the computing system as necessary. The organization of the process involves determining the sequence of solving problems and implementing calculations. The solution sequence is set based on their informational relationship, when the results of solving one problem are used as input data for solving another. 15

16 Technology of electronic information processing is a human-machine process of execution of interrelated operations occurring in a prescribed sequence in order to convert the initial (primary) information into the result. An operation is a complex of technological actions performed, as a result of which information is transformed. Technological operations are diverse in complexity, purpose, implementation technique, and are performed on various equipment by many performers. The storage and accumulation of information is caused by its repeated use, the use of constant information, the need to complete the primary data before processing them. Information is stored on machine media in the form of information arrays, where data are arranged according to the grouping feature established during the design process. History of the development of computer science The history of computer science can be divided into the following stages: Articulate speech, language has become a specific social means of storing and transmitting information. 2. The emergence of writing. Man received an artificial external memory. The later organization of postal services made it possible to use writing as a means of transmitting information. 3. Typography. Printing can be called the first information technology. This stage increased the availability of information and the accuracy of its reproduction. 4. The fourth stage is connected with the success of the exact sciences. This stage is characterized by the emergence of such means of communication as radio, telephone, telegraph, and television. In addition to means of communication, new opportunities have appeared for obtaining and storing information, photography and cinema. It is also important to add to them the development of methods for recording information on magnetic media. With the development of the first computers, the emergence of computer science as a science is associated. At present, computer science is a complex scientific and technical discipline. Informatics under its name unites a rather extensive complex of sciences, each of which is engaged in the study of one of the aspects of the concept of "information". 16

17 1.6. Trends and prospects for the development of the information society The media have accustomed us to the idea that the 21st century will "give" us an information society, in which the majority of workers will be engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information. The main milestones of its development are foreseen in the works of science fiction writers. It is interesting to know how the richest man in the world sees the prospects of the information society, the actual owner of Microsoft, Bill Gates. The rest of the presentation is based on his ideas. The personal computer (PC) revolution has come true and has affected the fate of hundreds of millions of people, but a new revolution of interpersonal communication is on the threshold. The day will come when it will be possible to conduct business, study, conquer earthly spaces, have fun, make friends, show photos to friends without getting up from the computer. And this in no way deprives us of the joy of direct knowledge of the world and pleasures, such as walking through the forest or aimlessly staying on the beach sand. But just as various mechanical devices save us from hard physical labor, so information tools will bring the human mind to a new qualitative level. Nowadays, the lion's share of working time is taken away by the search for optimal solutions and the necessary information. New tools will not only help to accumulate information, systematize it and share it, but also make any knowledge available. This will become possible because even now computers are becoming cheaper with the same rapidity with which they penetrate into all areas of human activity. They connect with each other in a single mind to communicate with us and for us. Connected together, they form a worldwide network, which has already been called the "information highway". The Internet (Internet), uniting computers, serves to exchange information at the current level of technical development and is a prototype of the information highway, a huge step forward, but will it still be when the network develops to a level where it does not matter where a person is, with whom you communicate, in the next room or on another continent. Here you will be able to chat with anyone who wants to talk to you; view books from all libraries in the world at any time of the day; be able to watch your favorite TV show whenever you want; if you wish, you can get detailed information on whether or not 17

18 other event. Information will become available at any moment and extremely personalized. All this, in turn, will lead to a revision of your worldview and self-awareness, you will in many ways come closer to understanding what you are. The screens will be of various sizes, but no more than two or three centimeters thick. The screen can be hung on the wall like a blackboard or a picture, and you can watch movies, "call up" masterpieces of world art, read texts, write, draw directly on it, as the computer will perfectly parse your handwriting and convert it into a standard font. What do you take with you when you leave the house today? Probably, keys, money, watches, credit cards, notepad, diary, book, camera, player or voice recorder, radiotelephone, pager, concert tickets, city map, compass, calculator, photos This and even much more will fit in a wallet computer. He will acquaint you with the mail, remind you of all scheduled meetings and calls, help you send notes to children, colleagues, send faxes, tell you about the weather, and give a report on the latest stock quotes. At a business meeting, you will make notes in it, and at a boring meeting, you will read a detective story or review thousands of pictures of your children. Your wallet will accept electronic money for storage, which is not afraid of any fake. At any time, he will contact the computer of any store. And if your son urgently needs pocket money, you will immediately transfer the five from your electronic wallet to his. When such wallets become ubiquitous, people will forever get rid of the queues that often appear at airports, ticket offices and other public places. It will look like this: as soon as you approach a train car or a cinema, the PC-wallet will automatically signal that your ticket has been paid for. You won't even need keys to get into your home or office: the mini-computer will confirm electronic lock that the owner came. For complete security, you can get a password. Let it be a voice or a fingerprint. As soon as you give the order to transfer money, the wallet will ask you to say the cherished word or put your finger on it. The control system will be simplified to the limit. The user can select the desired operations and commands from the menu, or will simply give orders to his wallet out loud. eighteen

19 There will be many stations on the highway created exclusively for entertainment. Access to pleasure will be as easy as a game of bridge or chess with your best friend, even if he is far away from you. You will be able to watch TV reports on sporting events from anywhere in the field or even through the eyes of a microcamera attached to the uniform of a football player or hockey player. You yourself will scroll through replays of sharp or controversial moments of the game and even choose your favorite commentator. You can listen to any song at any time of the day anywhere in the world by selecting it from the music library, which has EVERYTHING. Other network features will have purely practical functions. When you go on vacation, don't forget to launch the Home Manager program on your PC. She will take over the functions of the heating regulator, notify the mail so that you do not receive correspondence and newspapers, turn the lights on and off, creating the appearance of habitation of the home, pay the bills for electricity and telephone. The navigation capabilities of the highway will allow you to move from one information place to another instantly. Let's say you're watching a newscast, but you can't seem to recognize the person at the prime minister's right hand. You place the cursor on his face, and text will immediately appear in the corner of the screen with his biography and the latest events in which he was involved. If you want to see the new exposition of an art museum or gallery, you can do it without leaving your home, without any hustle and bustle. Moreover, you can examine any fragment of a canvas or sculpture with the most in detail while listening to the comments of prominent art historians. And if someone at this time makes the same excursion, you have the right to exchange impressions with him, of course, if he wishes to make contact with you. The possibilities of the highway will even allow you to assemble your own gallery of your favorite exhibits. You will also place them on the "walls". Moreover, you will have the opportunity to experiment with world masterpieces. For example, combine fragments of different paintings in one or put together all the still lifes. And finally, the last version of the "navigation" mode, in my opinion, the most useful of all. It's called "agent". This mode will, so to speak, filter your thoughts. Based on the experience of your life and the accumulated knowledge, he will pay attention to the fact that, according to 19

20 his opinion is useful to you. For example, how great it will be if I get a computer that is aware of all the cases and new projects that appear in the minds and machines of my employees. Even now I try to keep abreast of everything that happens in my company, but I pay attention to something, I miss something. And if the appearance of everything original and new will be followed by a machine that will immediately inform about it. Some people think that it is extremely dangerous to endow the machine with such functions: what if it gets out of control? But it seems to me that sooner or later it will inevitably happen. We are also moving towards a cashless society (cash will be withdrawn from circulation). First, a credit card will be used, and later, subcutaneous implantation of the number. The European Society has already developed a plan for this. The Society officially began its existence on January 1, 1993. It includes 12 European countries. This is the future center of world control. There are 23 satellites that can read any information, even from objects that are minimal in size, for example, from a postage stamp. There are also satellites of a new series called LUO, which control everything from a low altitude. It is impossible to hide from them anywhere, to any height or depth. Summarizing what has been said, one can single out the characteristic features of the information society and the dangerous tendencies of informatization. Characteristic features of the information society: the problem of the information crisis has been solved, i.e., the contradiction between the information avalanche and information hunger has been resolved; the priority of information in comparison with other resources is provided; the main form of development is the information economy; society is based on automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge with the help of the latest information technology and technology; information technologies have acquired a global character, covering all spheres of human social activity; the unity of all human civilization has been formed. Dangerous tendencies of informatization: growing influence of mass media on the society; increasing violation (or even destruction) of the privacy of people or organizations through information technology; twenty

21 increasingly difficult problems of selecting high-quality and reliable information; an increase in the gap between developers and consumers of information technology to a strategically dangerous size; strengthening the problem of adaptation of some people to the environment of the information society. Glossary of terms Perception of information is the process of converting information entering a technical system or a living organism from the outside world into a form suitable for further use. Informatics is a technical science that systematizes the methods of creating, storing, reproducing, processing and transmitting information by means of computer technology (CT), as well as the principles of operation of these tools and methods for managing them. Information is a reflection of the real world with the help of signs and signals. In a narrow sense, information is understood as those phenomena that a person receives from the outside world. The transfer of information is carried out in various ways: using a courier, sending by mail, delivery by vehicles, remote transmission via communication channels. Information gathering is the process of obtaining information from the outside world and bringing it to a standard for a given information system. A signal is a means of transferring information in space and time. The technology of electronic information processing is a human-machine process of executing interconnected operations occurring in a set sequence with the aim of converting the initial (primary) information into the final one. The storage and accumulation of information is caused by its repeated use, the use of constant information, the need to complete the primary data before processing them. Questions and tasks for self-control 1. What is informatics? What is the origin of the word "computer science"? 2. What is the subject of computer science? 3. What is the main task of informatics? 21

22 4. List and describe the basic concepts of computer science. 5. Types of information, their characteristics. 6. Describe the properties of information. 7. What is the process of perception of information? 8. What is the information gathering process? 9. How is information transmitted? 10. What is machine information processing? 11. What is the technology of electronic information processing? 12. What is the reason for the need to store and accumulate information? 13. Describe the main stages in the development of informatics. 14. What are the trends and prospects in the development of information technology? 15. What are the characteristic features of the information society and the dangerous trends of informatization? 22

23 2. COMPUTING EQUIPMENT 2.1. The history of the development of computers In the development of computer technology, several generations of computers are usually distinguished: on vacuum tubes (40s - early 50s), discrete semiconductor devices (mid-1990s), integrated circuits (in the mid-1960s). The history of the computer is associated with human attempts to automate large amounts of computation. Simple arithmetic operations with large numbers are difficult for the human brain. Therefore, already in antiquity, the simplest counting device, the abacus, appeared. In the 17th century The slide rule was invented to facilitate complex mathematical calculations. In 1642, Blaise Pascal designed an eight-bit summing mechanism. Two centuries later, in 1820, the Frenchman Charles de Colmar created an adding machine capable of multiplication and division. All the basic ideas that underlie the operation of computers were outlined as early as 1833 by the English mathematician Charles Babbage. He developed a project for a machine for performing scientific and technical calculations, where he predicted the device of a modern computer. For input and output of data, Babbage suggested using punched cards sheets of thick paper with information applied through holes. At that time, punched cards were used in the textile industry. The control of such a machine was to be carried out by software. Babbage's ideas began to be embodied at the end of the 19th century. In 1888, the American engineer Herman Hollerith designed the first electromechanical calculating machine. This machine, called a tabulator, could read and sort statistical records encoded on punched cards. In 1890, Hollerith's invention was used in the 11th US Census. The work that 500 employees did for seven years, Hollerith, with 43 assistants on 43 tabulators, completed in one month. Further development of science and technology made it possible in the 1940s. build the first computers. In February 1944, at one of the IBC enterprises, in collaboration with scientists from Harvard University, by order of the US Navy, the Mark-1 machine weighing 35 tons was created. 23

24 "Mark-1" was based on the use of electromechanical relays and operated with decimal numbers encoded on punched tape. The machine could manipulate numbers up to 23 digits long. It took her 4 seconds to multiply two 23-bit numbers, which wasn't fast enough. In 1943, the Americans began to develop an alternative version of a computer based on vacuum tubes. In 1946, the first electronic computer ENIAC was built. Its weight was 30 tons, it required 170 m 2 of space for placement. Instead of thousands of electromechanical parts, ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The machine counted in binary and performed 5,000 additions or 300 multiplications per second. Vacuum tube machines ran faster, but the vacuum tubes themselves often failed. To replace them in 1947, the Americans John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Bradford Shockley proposed using the stable switching semiconductor elements invented by them transistors. The improvement of the first models of computers led to the creation in 1951 of the UNIVAC computer, which became the first mass-produced computer, and its first copy was transferred to the US Census Bureau. In 1959, integrated circuits (chips) were invented, in which all electronic components, together with conductors, were placed inside a silicon wafer. The use of chips in computers makes it possible to shorten the current paths during switching, and the calculation speed increases tenfold. Reduced size of cars. The appearance of the chip marked the birth of the third generation of computers. In 1970, Intel employee Edward Hoff created the first microprocessor by placing several integrated circuits on a single silicon chip. This revolutionary invention radically changed the idea of ​​computers as bulky, heavy monsters. With the microprocessor, fourth-generation microcomputers appear, capable of being placed on the user's desk. In the mid 1970s. attempts are being made to create a personal computer for a computer intended for a private user. In the second half of the 1970s. the most successful samples of microcomputers of the American company Apple appear, but on 24

25 Personal computers became widespread with the creation in August 1981 by IBM of the IBM PC computer model. The application of the principle of open architecture, the standardization of basic computer devices and their connection methods led to the mass production of IBM PC clones, the spread of microcomputers throughout the world. Over the last decades of the XX century. Microcomputers have made a significant evolutionary path, have greatly increased the speed and volume of information processed. In the modern sense, a computer is a universal electronic device, designed to automate the creation, storage, processing, transportation and playback of data. A set of devices designed for automatic or automated data processing is called computer technology. A specific set of interacting devices and programs designed to serve one work area is called a computing system. The central unit of most computing systems is a computer Computer classification Classification by purpose The method of classification by purpose is related to how the computer is used. According to this principle, large computers (electronic computers), minicomputers, microcomputers and personal computers are distinguished. Large computers. These are the most powerful computers. They are used to serve very large organizations and entire sectors of the national economy. Abroad, computers of this class are called mainframes. In Russia, the term large computers has been assigned to them. The maintenance staff of a mainframe computer is up to many tens of people. On the basis of such supercomputers, computing centers are created, which include several departments or groups. minicomputer. Computers of this group differ from large computers in their reduced size and, accordingly, lower performance and cost. Such computers are used by large enterprises, scientific institutions, banks and some higher educational institutions that combine educational activities with scientific ones. To organize work with minicomputers, a special computing center is also required, although not as numerous as for large computers. 25

26 Microcomputer. Computers of this class are available to many enterprises. Organizations using microcomputers usually do not create data centers. To service such a computer, a small computing laboratory consisting of several people is enough for them. Despite the relatively low performance compared to large computers, microcomputers are also used in large computing centers. There they are entrusted with auxiliary operations for which it makes no sense to use expensive supercomputers. Personal computers (PC). This category of computers has received particularly rapid development over the past twenty years. From the name it is clear that such a computer is designed to serve one workplace. Despite their small size and relatively low cost, modern personal computers have considerable performance. Many modern personal models outperform the mainframe computers of the 70s, the minicomputers of the 80s, and the microcomputers of the first half of the 90s. The Personal Computer (PC) is quite capable of meeting most of the needs of small businesses and individuals. Personal computers became especially popular after 1995 due to the rapid development of the Internet. Starting from 1999, the international certification standard specification RS99 began to operate in the field of personal computers. It regulates the principles for classifying personal computers and stipulates the minimum and recommended requirements for each of the categories. new standard established the following categories of personal computers: Consumer PC (mass PC); Office PC (business PC); Mobile PC (portable PC); Workstation PC ( work station); Entertainment PC (entertainment PC). According to the PC99 specification, most personal computers currently on the market fall into the mainstream PC category. For business PCs, the requirements for graphics playback tools are minimized, and there are no requirements for working with sound data at all. For portable PCs, it is mandatory to have tools for creating remote access connections, that is, computer communication tools. In the category of workstations, the requirements for 26

27 data storage devices, and in the category of entertainment PCs to graphics and sound playback devices. Classification by the level of specialization By the level of specialization, computers are divided into universal and specialized. On the basis of universal computers, it is possible to assemble computing systems of arbitrary composition (the composition of a computer system is called a configuration). So, for example, the same Personal Computer can be used to work with texts, music, graphics, photo and video materials. Specialized computers are designed to solve a specific range of tasks. Such computers include, for example, on-board computers cars, ships, aircraft, spacecraft. In many cases, the tasks of specialized computer systems can be handled by ordinary mainframe computers, but it is believed that the use of specialized systems is still more efficient. The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness is the ratio of equipment performance to its cost. Classification by standard sizes By standard sizes, personal computers can be classified as follows: desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (palmtop). Desktop models most widely distributed. They are part of the workplace. These models are easy to change the configuration due to the simple connection of additional external devices or installing additional internal components. Sufficient dimensions of the desktop case allow you to perform most of these tasks without the involvement of specialists, and this allows you to configure the computer system optimally for solving exactly the tasks for which it was purchased. Portable models are often used by businessmen, merchants, heads of enterprises and organizations who spend a lot of time on business trips and travels. You can work with a laptop computer in the absence of a workplace. Pocket models perform the functions of "intelligent notebooks". They allow you to store operational data and get to them fast access. 27

28 Classification by Compatibility There are many different kinds and types of computers in the world. They are issued by different manufacturers, are assembled from different parts, work with different software. In this case, the compatibility of various computers with each other becomes a very important problem. Compatibility depends on the interchangeability of components and devices intended for different computers, the ability to transfer programs from one computer to another and the ability to work together different types of computers with the same data. hardware compatibility. In the field of personal computers, two hardware platforms are most widely used today: IBM PC and Apple McIntosh. In addition to them, there are other platforms, the prevalence of which is limited to certain regions or certain industries. The belonging of computers to the same hardware platform increases the compatibility between them, and belonging to different platforms lowers it. In addition to hardware compatibility, there are other types of compatibility: compatibility at the operating system level, software compatibility, compatibility at the data level Representation of information in a computer Encoding information To automate work with data related to different types, it is very important to unify their form of representation; for this, the coding technique is usually used, i.e., the expression of data of one type through data of another type. There are the following ways of encoding information: symbolic, linguistic, tabular, graphic. Any coding method is characterized by the presence of a base (alphabet, thesaurus, color spectrum, coordinate system, base of the number system, etc.) and rules for constructing information images on this basis. Natural human languages ​​are nothing more than concept coding systems for expressing thoughts through speech. Languages ​​are closely related to alphabets (systems for encoding language components using graphic symbols). History knows interesting, albeit unsuccessful attempts to create "universal" languages ​​and alphabets. The same problem of a universal coding tool is quite successfully implemented in certain branches of technology, science and culture. As examples, we can cite a system for writing mathematical expressions.

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Remote education

A.I. , L.I. Kroshinskaya, O.L. Sapun

BASICS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AND COMPUTING EQUIPMENT

Introduction to the discipline

Minsk

2004

BELARUSIAN INSTITUTE OF LAW

Remote education

A.I. Borodina, L.I. Kroshinskaya, O.L. Sapun

BASICS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AND COMPUTING EQUIPMENT

Introduction to the discipline

"Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering"

Minsk

NO LLC "-S"

2004

"Fundamentals of Computer Science and Computer Engineering"

THEME PLAN

1. The subject and content of the discipline.
   

Basic concepts of informatics: information, data, knowledge. Economic information and its features.


2.1. The concept of "information".


2.2. Economic information.


2.3 Features of economic information.


2.4. Requirements for economic information.


2. Informatization and computerization of society.
   

Legal aspects of informatization in Belarus.


Literature.


Glossary.


Tests.


Skill training.


BRIEF SUMMARY


The content of the discipline and its historical roots are given. Various approaches to the definition of the concept of "information" are considered. An explanation of informatization and computerization of society is given. The attention is focused on the legal aspects of informatization in Belarus.


3. Subject and content of the Discipline
   

   How science arose in the second half of the 20th century with the advent of the first computers. Initially, she was engaged in the study of flows of only scientific and technical information and methods for its collection, analysis, generalization and distribution among specialists. The encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definition of infomatics: “ Informatics
   is a branch of science that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, as well as issues related to its collection, storage, search, processing, transformation, distribution and use in various fields of activity"(TSB. M., 1972. T.Kh).
   

   At present, informatics studies the methods of representation, transmission and processing of information in any information systems. a certain object is associated with the need to obtain information about its state, analyze the information received, make decisions and promptly issue commands to . Success in development at the present stage depends on the information service. Therefore, at present, the definition of informatics given by A.P. Ershov, one of the founders of this field of science, can be considered more acceptable: Informatics – this is a science that studies the laws and methods of accumulation, transmission and processing of information using computers, and it is also a field of human activity associated with the use of computers.
   

   What are the origins, historical roots and content of informatics? The emergence of informatics is due to a number of circumstances. It has social prerequisites and its own background. The prehistory of computer science is as old as the history of the development of human society. Prehistory is characterized by the main milestones of information processing and storage. The source of information is primarily natural objects: planets, stars, animals, plants, people. With the development of technology, devices, machines, technological processes, scientific experiments.
   

   The initial stage of storing and processing information is associated with the natural physiological capabilities of primitive man, his ability to record information in the form of signs and transmit it using gestures and inarticulate speech. As the complexity of production, social relations and the development of consciousness appear articulate speech and language as a means of transmitting information. Then there is writing, the concept of number, counting. Count first on fingers, then on pebbles and plum stones. Then there are abacuses and other devices that make counting easier; printing press logging information; telegraph and telephone communications, radio, television and other means of information transmission, as well as computers for its processing. These are adding machines - in the mechanical period, computers - in the electronic one. In this way, information and various
   means for its processing – is the foundation of computer science as a science. Like any applied science, computer science to a large extent depends on the engineering and technical capabilities of its time, and its development goes in parallel with the development of communication technology, automatic regulation and control technology (mechanical, electrical, electronic), as well as memory technology.
   

   However, already in ancient times, information came to the aid of a person in processing information. maths: at the initial stage of counting, number systems appeared. And now we have an arsenal mathematical methods for information processing.
   

   But any mathematical method determines what needs to be done with information, but does not indicate in what sequence all actions must be performed when processing it according to this method. And life leads human thought to the concept algorithm, which determines the actions for processing information and the sequence of their execution. This direction is developing, and at present we have a science called "Theory of Algorithms", which is also integral part informatics.
   

   The advent of electronic computers led the scientific idea that the process of executing algorithms can be entrusted to a machine by writing it in a language understandable to a computer. So they entered computer science programming And programs. Hence the definition of informatics given by A.A. Dorodnitsyn and A.A. Samara: Informatics is a trinity "model - algorithm - program", where a model is a system that displays or reproduces an object in such a way that examining the model gives us new information about the object . The possibility of creating systems similar to each other is due to the material unity of the processes occurring in systems with different physical nature. Formally, this similarity is expressed in the identity of many mathematical relationships used in various fields of science.
   

   On the whole, it can be considered that Informatics is the unity of five components: information, mathematical methods, algorithms, computer technology, programs and programming. It is on these five "pillars" that informatics as a science has been formed and is maintained (Fig. 1).
   

   INFORMATICS
   Information	Mathematical Methods	Algorithms	Computer Engineering	Programs

   Fig.1. Historical roots and content of informatics
   

   In this way, under computer science is understood as a complex discipline that studies all aspects of the development, design, creation, evaluation of the functioning of automated information processing systems, their application and impact on various areas of human activity.
   

   In recent years, economic informatics has been separated from informatics. Economic informatics studies the structure and properties of economic information, as well as methods of its processing with the help of computer technology. Among the tasks of economic informatics at present, special attention deserves: ensuring the mass introduction of computer technology and the widespread automation of workplaces for specialists of various professions and different qualification levels from a research scientist to a worker, storekeeper, store clerk. The implementation of this task is carried out on the basis of mass production and the introduction of automated workstations (AWP) created on the basis of personal computers.
   

   Questions for self-control
   

What is informatics?


What is the subject of computer science?


What is the content of the discipline of computer science?


What are the historical roots of computer science?


What is economic informatics?


2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION SCIENCE:


INFORMATION, DATA, KNOWLEDGE.


ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND ITS FEATURES


2.1. The concept of "information"


The 20th century has become the age of information. By the end of it, the amount of knowledge of mankind had doubled, and the flow of information more than 30 times. Information becomes the main value of earthly civilization. Information resources are formed in technically developed countries. Gradually, there is a transition from an industrial economy to an information-based economy.


Information (from the Latin information - explanation, presentation, awareness of any fact or event) - is information, representations, messages. Each letter, word, thing, wind or sun carries its own information. For example, reading a newspaper, we learn the news; solve the problem, apply the formula and find the answer. There is no generally accepted definition of the concept of information yet. Some scientists define information through various properties of matter, others single out its content aspect, and others - a holistic (pragmatic) aspect. Recently, information is more often referred to as a section of general scientific concepts, since it goes beyond the scope of any one branch of knowledge and uses many sciences. Therefore, under information – understand the totality of facts, phenomena, events of interest and subject to registration and processing. This concept unites two partners: a source and a receiver (consumer) of information. The role of each of them can be an object of science and technology, society and nature, animals and people. It is during their interaction that information is born.


The process of understanding the concept of "information" in human life and activity continues. Currently, there are several views on the concept of "information".


In terms of philosophy
information- this is a philosophical category, which is a reflection of the objective world, its causal and investigative relationships. The universality of the informational approach follows from the philosophical interpretation of information. Information exists in the form of messages, speech, text, tables, graphs.


People have understood the value of information since ancient times. Therefore, a desire naturally arose to accumulate information, store it and somehow organize it in order to facilitate access to it and be able to use all or the necessary part of it through certain time. Among the traditional ways of orderly storage of the necessary information, one can name a notebook, a dictionary, any card index, a library catalog.


In information theory the term information is understood as a message that contains facts previously unknown to the consumer and supplementing his understanding of the studied and analyzed object (process, phenomenon). In this case, the information
- this is information that should remove, to one degree or another, the uncertainty that their consumer has, expand his understanding of the object with useful (for the consumer) information. According to the American scientist, engineer and mathematician K.E. Shannon, information
is the removed uncertainty.


In information theory information – it is a measure of eliminating the uncertainty of the state of the system, a measure of its ordering. Information is opposed to the concept of "entropy", which is a measure of the uncertainty of the system. That is, from the point of view of information theory, a simple set of information does not constitute information. Information can only be information that allows you to eliminate the measure of uncertainty in the system. And only the recipient of this information can determine whether it is information.


The amount of information in a particular case depends on the probability of its receipt: the more likely the message is, the less information it contains. This approach, although it does not take into account the semantic side of information, turned out to be very useful in communication technology and computer technology. It served as the basis for information measurement and optimal message coding. In addition, it is convenient for illustrating such an important property of information as novelty, unexpectedness of messages. With this understanding, information - this
the result of a choice from a set of possible alternatives. Based on the ideas of K.E. Shannon, originally related to communication technology, applications of information theory to the problems of radar, control, biology, medicine, experiment planning, etc. arose, a new direction was formed - applied information theory.


In information theory, the terms "information" and "data" are used. Under the data
understand information about the state of any object. Data are, for example, statistical indicators of the work of enterprises, personal information about a person. In the course of their work, management workers operate with various data (numbers, words), collect and process them. Data
- these are facts, concepts and commands presented in a form convenient for transmission, interpretation and processing. Data processing
- this is some systematized sequence of operations that brings data to a form convenient for obtaining information from them.


Data can be characterized by a life cycle, including storage (on a material carrier), transformation (into some form more convenient for subsequent processing), transfer (from source to consumer), direct processing (sorting, synthesis, etc.), use ( for decision-making), evaluation (for need, relevance, etc.), destruction (in case of obsolescence).


For different tasks, the data may look different. For problems of a mathematical nature, for example, these are the coefficients of the system of equations (input data for the program) and the found values ​​of the unknowns (output data after the program is executed). For the tasks of machine or rocket control, they can be information about the coordinates and velocities of some points of objects (input data) and the calculated values ​​of a number of control actions (output data). For the tasks of information and reference services, queries in the form of natural language text can be used as input data, and certificates, tables, etc. can be used as output data. In this case information refers to the value a person puts into data based on predetermined conventions. So, the smoke of a fire on the tower of the fortress wall in the Middle Ages could indicate that the city was surrounded by enemies. The number of fires could contain information about the number of attacking troops. In daily practice data it is customary to call information presented in a form convenient for processing, and the result of cognition of reality, verified by practice, its correct reflection in the human mind, is called knowledge. Knowledge is considered as a statement of facts and their description. Scientific knowledge consists in understanding reality in its past, present and future, in a reliable generalization of facts, in the fact that behind the random it finds the necessary, regular, behind the individual - the general, and on the basis of this it makes a prediction. In data processing systems under knowledge understand complex data that simultaneously contains both factual
(registration of some fact), and semantic
(semantic description of a registered fact) information that a user may need when working with data. In the theory and practice of machine processing systems, the concepts of "information" and "data" are sometimes identified.


Also known technological (applied) approach to the concept of information. In this case, during any processing, the information at the input of the processing procedure is not yet information, it is only the information obtained at the output of the procedure (provided that the goal is achieved as a result of processing). Here, information at the input of the processing procedure plays the role of information "raw material", and at the output - the role of "finished product". The essence of processing is that from the "raw information resource" the information necessary for the recipient is extracted - information. Obviously, for information to be extracted, it must potentially be contained in the raw material.

There are also other concepts for defining information, each of which explains its essence in its own way.


A concept that considers information as a property (attribute) of matter. Its appearance is associated with the development of cybernetics and is based on the assertion that information contains any messages perceived by a person or devices. This concept of information is most vividly expressed by Academician V. M. Glushkov. He wrote that " information
carry not only the sheets of a book covered with letters or human speech, but also sunlight, the folds of a mountain range, the sound of a waterfall, the rustle of grass. In other words, information as a property of matter creates an idea of ​​its nature and structure, orderliness, diversity, etc. It can exist forever, it can be accumulated, stored, processed.


A concept that is based on a logical-semantic approach(semantics is the study of a text from the point of view of meaning), in which information is treated as knowledge. Moreover, not any knowledge, but that part of it that is used for active action, for management and self-government. In other words, information - it is an active, useful, “working” part of knowledge. The representative of this concept, V. G. Afanasiev, developing a logical-semantic approach, defines social information: « Information circulating in society, used in the management of social processes, is social information. It represents knowledge, messages, information about the social form of the movement of matter and about all other forms to the extent that it is used by society ... ”Social information is a multilevel knowledge. It characterizes: social processes, economic, political, social, demographic, cultural and spiritual, etc. In the most general sense, social information is understood as knowledge, messages, information about the social form of the movement of matter and about all its other forms to the extent that they are used by society. In other words, information
there is the content of logical thinking, which, being perceived with the help of an audible or visible word, can be used by people in their activities.


The existence of many definitions of information is due to the complexity, specificity and variety of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of this concept. The approaches considered to a certain extent complement each other, illuminate various aspects of the essence of information and thereby facilitate the systematization of its main properties. Of the many definitions of information, in our opinion, the following can be generalizing: information- this is information that removes the uncertainty of ideas about the world around us, which are the object of storage, transformation, transfer and use. Intelligence
- this is knowledge expressed in signals, messages, news, notifications, etc.


Information
– this is the only non-decreasing resource of life support, moreover, its volume increases over time. In the 70s. 20th century the amount of information doubled every 5-7 years, and in the 90s - every year. Such an avalanche-like flow seriously complicates its processing. The flow of information is becoming increasingly difficult to navigate. Sometimes it is more profitable to create a new intellectual product than to look for analogues created before. That is why today information has become a commodity of prime necessity, and the truth has become commonplace: who owns the information, he owns the world. Unlike trade in ordinary goods, information systems, information technologies, licenses, patents, know-how and other types of information resources act as an object of sale or exchange in the information products market.


The amount of information is not the only "information barrier" in the way of a person. The most significant of them also include:

communicative, i.e. distortion, and often loss of information during its processing;


interlingual and intralingual, i.e. presentation of information in different national languages, inconsistency of terminology;


geographical, i.e. remoteness of recipients and consumers from each other;


departmental, i.e. delay and sometimes concealment of information by various organizations;


scattering of information, i.e. publication of materials in non-core for the researched branch of knowledge journals, collections.

Depending on the field of knowledge, scientific, technical, industrial, legal and other information is distinguished. Each type of information has its own special meaning and value, requirements for accuracy and reliability, processing technologies, presentation forms and media (paper, magnetic, etc.).

Any information is usually carefully studied when creating automatic processing systems in the process of its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis.

parsing establishes the main parameters of information flows, includes the necessary quantitative characteristics for the selection of technical means for collecting, registering, processing, accumulating and storing information.

Semantic analysis allows you to study information from the point of view of the semantic content of its individual elements, to find ways of linguistic correspondence with unambiguous recognition of messages entered into the system.

Pragmatic Analysis is carried out in order to determine the usefulness of the information used for management, to identify the practical significance of messages used to develop management actions.

2.2. Economic Information

Economic Information reflects acts of production and economic activity using a system of natural and cost indicators.
In all cases, quantitative values ​​are used, numerical values, i.e. economic
information - this and information used in the implementation of the functions of managing the national economy and its individual links. Economic information reflects the state of production, economic and financial activities of management objects: the national economy, industries, enterprises, workshops, etc. or shows what that state should be. However, economic information not only reproduces the state and direction of development of the economy, but also reveals the mechanism of interrelations between the links of the national economy and its individual objects. Thus, economic information – this is a set of information used for planning, accounting, control, regulation in the management of the national economy.

Economic information circulates both in the sphere of material production and in the non-production sphere, characterizing the activities of various institutions and industries in this sphere, being an important tool for managing the economy. It is also used by public authorities. In our time, economic information has become one of the most important resources for socio-economic development. The information impact in the economy acts as a "brain effort", replacing the "power" costs - the excessive consumption of labor, raw materials, energy and other resources. Information network - it is a kind of nervous system penetrating material and energy flows. And if it is not thought out organizationally and is not supported technically, it is impossible to ensure the management of technical progress. Improving economic mechanism, inevitably have to solve the problems of information technology.

2.3. Features of economic information

Among the classes of problems solved on a computer, there are two large and essentially different classes. The first class is the tasks of a scientific and technical nature, which are also related to the tasks of engineering calculations: solving equations and systems of equations, calculating engineering structures, technological processes, etc. The second class is the tasks of data processing or, as they are also called, the tasks of processing economic information . The introduction of computers began with a class of scientific and technical problems, but at present, the proportion of computer time used for data processing tasks far exceeds that for scientific and technical calculations. Moreover, there is a tendency to expand the class of economic information processing problems.

The phrase "economic information" came into use in the 60s. 20th century with the introduction of computer technology in the sphere of national economy management. Its study made it possible to identify a number of features that affect the organization of its automated processing.

When solving data processing problems the form of input and output documents is usually predetermined and it is required to organize the output of data strictly following this form. The input data is usually pre-existing documents, and it is necessary to adapt to their form. When solving scientific and technical problems, the form is more often adjusted to the needs of the program. Economic information is specific in its form of presentation. It is reflected on tangible media in the form of primary and consolidated documents. Processing results are presented in the form of tables, diagrams, graphs and text documents. The main place for storing files in solving the problem is external memory on magnetic media. The duration of information storage requires special storage media. In tasks of a scientific and technical nature, the use of magnetic carriers is relatively small.


With regard to the process of solving problems on a computer, each of these classes has its own significant specifics. It is expressed, first of all, in the fact that in scientific and technical problems, as a rule, the volume of input and output information is small, but the volume of calculations is large. In data processing tasks, the picture is opposite - they are characterized by a large amount of input and output information, and the calculation process itself occupies a much smaller share in comparison with the tasks of a scientific and technical nature. As you can see, economic information is voluminous. The improvement of management, the increase in production volumes are accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows. In data processing tasks, the main information set is a file (a specially organized set of data on an external medium), and the task itself is a file processing task.


Economic Information cyclical. Most production and economic processes are characterized by the repetition of their constituent stages, reflecting these processes. Data processing tasks have a given frequency of solution, and often have a limited processing time.


Economic information is specific in terms of processing methods. Processing is dominated by such operations as search, sorting, grouping. When processing economic information, the same source data are repeatedly used for different purposes.


Economic information reflects the results of production and economic activities with the help of natural and cost indicators.


Thus, the class of data processing tasks is characterized by a large proportion of operations for inputting source documents and issuing output documents for printing; a large proportion of operations with information storage devices on magnetic media; given form of input and output data; certain periodicity of the decision; the need to perceive, process and issue not only numerical, but also textual information, etc. Therefore, the tasks of data processing by their nature and structure of machine algorithms are quite complex.


2.4. Requirements for economic information


The most important requirements for economic information are: correctness, usefulness, efficiency, reliability, accuracy, sufficiency.


The correctness of information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers.


Utility
(or value) of information is manifested in the event that it contributes to the achievement of the goal facing the consumer. The value of information is a relative property: the same information has a different value for different consumers. It should be borne in mind that it is not time that ages information, but the emergence of new information that rejects the existing information in whole or in part, clarifies it, supplements it, gives a new combination of information, leading to an additional effect.


Efficiency
reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in the changed conditions.


Reliability implies that the information given can be trusted, i.e. there are no intentional or unintentional distortions in it.


Accuracy
determines the permissible level of distortion of both initial and result information, at which the efficiency of the system functioning is preserved.

Sufficiency is the presence of such an optimal amount of information that provides reliable results of its processing. An excess of information is no less harmful than a lack, because it can mislead the user and slow down the process of its processing.


Questions for self-control


What is information in terms of philosophy?


What does information mean in information theory?


Describe the technological approach to the concept of information.


Define the concept of data.


Define the concept of knowledge.


What is economic information?


Name the features of economic information.


List the requirements for economic information.


3. INFORMATIZATION AND COMPUTERIZATION OF SOCIETY

In the old days, the power of the state was determined by the number and training of soldiers, the presence of a gold fund, millions of tons of steel or billions of kilowatt-hours of electricity produced. Now the most important indicator of the level of scientific development, economic and defense power of the state is information. The more it is produced in the national economy, the higher the standard of living of the population, the economic and political weight of the country. Informatization of society - this
widespread introduction of a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full and timely use of reliable information, generalized knowledge in all socially significant types of human activity. At present, in terms of its social significance, the informatization of society is comparable to its industrialization. This new industry determines the technical level of the economy.

Informatization is a reaction of society to a significant increase in information resources and to the need to increase labor productivity in the information sector of social production. Informatization ensures not only the growth of economic indicators, the development of the national economy, but also the receipt of new scientific achievements in fundamental and applied sciences aimed at developing production, creating new jobs, and raising living standards. This is possible if there is a program for creating an information infrastructure.

Under information infrastructure
refers to the structure of the information support system for all consumers of information, which provides them with the opportunity to use new information technologies based on the widespread use of information and computing resources and an automated communication system.

The exchange of information, its processing and storage is one of the most important tasks that humanity solves. Mail, telephone and radio, computer networks shorten distances, reduce the time of information transfer.
The informatization of society has led to fundamental changes in employment, organizational structures and people's lifestyles. The era of the information society has come, replacing the former agrarian and industrial societies. Information society
– this
a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge.

The characteristic features of the information society can be distinguished:

1. Information technologies have acquired a global character, covering all spheres of human social activity, humanistic principles of social management and environmental impact have been implemented.
   

   The priority of information in comparison with other resources is provided.
   

   The society is based on automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge, the unity of the entire human civilization has been formed.
   

   The contradiction between information avalanche and information hunger is resolved.
   

   The listed features of the information society give rise to the following problems:
   

adaptation of some people to the new information environment;


selection of high-quality and reliable information;


the gap between developers and consumers of information technology;


the growing influence of the media on society;


intrusion into the privacy of organizations and individuals.

The reverse side of the coin of the growth in the volume of information was the information hunger, i.e. the impossibility to find and receive the required information in science, management, economics in time and in the required volume.

According to the law of A.A. Kharkevich, information grows in proportion to the square of the national income of the country. And an information barrier inevitably sets in, when the complexity of the tasks of processing information flows exceeds human capabilities, since a person per year with an 8-hour working day can perform no more than 1 million operations. This means that to perform this number of operations manually, such a number of people is required that exceeds the population of one country. The growth rate of the number of employees in the management sector is 2-3 times higher than the growth rate of the number of production workers.

Information flows are growing exponentially. Man, being the main carrier of progress, holds back its movement, being no longer able to perceive and process the entire amount of information necessary to make a timely decision. Computers came to the aid of him, the method of application of which is constantly being improved. And only computerization allows to carry out the processing of information in the required volume. Computerization is the mass use of computers and software. To do this, communication with a computer is constantly simplified and its fields of application are expanding: science, material production (from measuring instruments to robots), flexible automated systems, scales, telephones, game consoles, etc.

However, the success of computerization can be ensured under three conditions: high quality hardware, software and well-organized service. From year to year, the requirements for high technical culture and computer literacy of people are growing. A specialist who does not have computer skills may soon find himself in such a position as a person who does not know the multiplication tables, who cannot read and write. Therefore, in addition to historical and cultural knowledge, computer literacy is also included in the complex of the most necessary knowledge.

With the accumulation of experience in the use of computer technology, the main directions of its application are crystallized: information systems, control automation and mathematical modeling. Currently, an important indicator of the level of information development are publicly available computer databases and knowledge. Anyone who needs this or that information can connect to such a database and get the information of interest to him. The presence of databases and knowledge allows you to actively use latest information in the area of ​​its activity.

In the current situation, the main areas of informatization and computerization of society are defined:

Organization of economic information in enterprises. The company constantly needs reliable and up-to-date information about the range, prices and manufacturers of the product, about labor markets and sales, about supply and demand in the country and abroad, etc.


System creation information services for the population using computers, which significantly saves time and frees people for self-education and creative work.


Organization of a health care and social security system with the use of computers, which makes it possible to establish the work of computer consulting centers, create diagnostic computer expert systems, establish records and services for the disabled, lonely, sick and elderly people.


Computerization of the education and science system, which will speed up and ensure the process of obtaining knowledge through the creation of training systems and accessible knowledge bases; the appearance in operation of audio video cassettes with educational video courses, systems of electronic books and magazines.


Technologies focused on receiving, processing, storing and disseminating (transferring) information are called information technologies .


Like any technology, information technology includes a certain set of material means (information carriers, technical means for measuring its states, processing, etc.) and ways of their interaction, specialists and a set of certain methods of organizing work. But unlike any engineering technology, information technology allows you to integrate different kinds technologies, and the information that they process in various fields of activity is synthesized for the accumulation of experience and implementation in practice in accordance with social needs.


Questions for self-control


1. What is informatization of society?
   
2. What is an information infrastructure?
   
3. What is the information society?
   
4. Specify the characteristic features of the information society.
   
5. Name the main problems of the information society.
   
6. A.A.Kharkevich about the growth of information in society.
   
7. What is the computerization of society?
   

What is information technology?


4. LEGAL ASPECTS OF INFORMATIZATION


IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS


In technically developed countries, information resources are being formed and there is a transition from an industrial economy to an economy based on information. Our age is called the information age. Information has become the main value of earthly civilization.


The Republic of Belarus strives to create a civilized information market. This is evidenced adopted laws, decrees, resolutions:

About informatization


About scientific and technical information


About patents for inventions


About design patents


About the national archival fund and archives in the Republic of Belarus


About the press and other media


On the introduction of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Republic of Belarus, etc.


Law "On Informatization", adopted on September 6, 1995, paved the way for the adoption of additional normative legislative acts for the successful development of the information society. The law regulates legal relations arising in the process of formation and use of documented information and information resources; creation of information technologies for automated or automatic information systems and networks; determines the procedure for protecting an information resource, as well as the rights and obligations of subjects participating in informatization processes.


The law consists of 30 articles grouped in seven chapters:

General provisions


Documented information and information resources


Information technologies, software and hardware complexes, information systems and networks


Access to information resources


Protection of information resources and rights of informatization subjects


International relationships


Final provisions


Important in the law on informatization is Article 1, which defines the main terms used in information technology, namely:

information - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes;


documented information (document) - information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow it to be identified;


information resource - an organized set of documented information, including databases and knowledge bases, other information arrays in information systems;


information technology - a set of methods, methods, techniques and means of processing documented information, including applied software, and the regulated procedure for their application;


information network – a set of software and hardware tools for transmitting and processing data via communication channels;


information products - the material result of information processes, designed to meet the information needs of public authorities, legal entities and individuals;


information Services – information activity on bringing information products to the user, carried out in a certain form;


data - documented information circulating in the process of its processing on a computer;


database - a set of interrelated data organized according to certain rules on machine media;


database - organizational and technical system, including one or more databases and their management system;


knowledge base - a set of formalized knowledge about a particular subject area, presented in the form of facts and rules;


owner of information resources , information systems, technologies, means of their support - a subject that fully exercises the powers of possession, use, disposal of these objects;


owner of information resources , information systems, technologies, means of their support - the subject that owns and uses the specified objects and exercises powers, orders within the limits established by law;


user (consumer) of information - a subject applying to an information system or an intermediary to obtain the necessary documented information.


This article gives "legalized" definitions of the basic concepts.


Another important law is Law on Scientific and Technical
information , adopted on May 5, 1999. It establishes the legal framework for regulating legal relations related to the creation, accumulation, search, receipt, storage, processing, dissemination and use of scientific and technical information in the Republic of Belarus.


The law consists of 20 articles grouped into the following chapters:


General provisions


State policy in the field of scientific and technical information


Legal regime of scientific and technical information


Bodies of scientific and technical information in the Republic of Belarus


Market of objects of scientific and technical information


International relations in the field of scientific and technical information


Final provisions


In 1997 published Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus "On the establishment
center of legal information of the Republic of Belarus". Its main functions are as follows:


Establish that the National Center for Legal Information (NCLI) of the Republic of Belarus is the central state scientific and practical institution in the field of computer accumulation, storage, systematization and provision for use of reference legal information (on paper and electronic (magnetic) media), the creation of international state system exchange of legal information


The main tasks of the NCPI of the Republic of Belarus are: formation and maintenance of a single standard data bank of legal information; creation and development of the state system of legal information, coordination of activities in the field of implementation of computer systems and data banks of legal information, as well as dissemination of legal information; participation in the preparation of draft laws and other legal acts in the Republic of Belarus; conducting scientific research in the field of legal information; ensuring interstate exchange of legal information; participation in the preparation and implementation of work on legal informatization of the Republic of Belarus.


In the field of information technology in the Republic of Belarus, a number of decrees:


"On the placement of official information in the Republic of Belarus"(February 17, 1997).


Form a commission for posting official information about the Republic of Belarus on the Internet, consisting of representatives of the Ministry of Statistics and Analysis, the Ministry of Foreign economic ties, the Ministry of Communications, the State Security Committee, the State Committee for Science and Technology, the State Press Committee and other republican government bodies.


On the development in the republic of work on the creation of a unified scientific and information computer network(October 22, 1998).


To begin in 1998 the formation of information resources of the unified scientific and information computer network of the republic, the development of promising network applications and telecommunication technologies that provide high-speed access to leading scientific organizations and educational institutions to international scientific and technical information bases being created in the republic.


Questions for self-control

1. Name the main laws, decrees and resolutions on the informatization of society adopted in the Republic of Belarus.
   
2. Describe the essence and content of the Law on Informatization.
   
3. Describe the essence and content of the Law on scientific and technical information.
   
4. Describe the essence and content of the Decree on the establishment of a legal information center in the Republic of Belarus.
   

Describe the essence and content of the Decree on the placement of official information in the Republic of Belarus.


Morozevich A.N., Govyadinova N.N., Zhelezko B.A.
and etc. Fundamentals of Informatics: Proc. allowance. / Ed. A.N. Morozevich. Mn., 2001.


Levin A. Computer tutorial. M., 1998.


Automated systems for processing economic information. / Ed. prof. V.S. Rozhnova. M., 1986.


Fedorova G.S., Chubasova Z.S., Ponomarenko B.F.. Design and organization of machine processing of economic information. M., 1986.


Rozhnov V.S., Kosarev V.P. Machine processing economic information (general questions). 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. M., 1983.


Informatics. New in life, science, technology.//Radioelectronics and communication, 1988, No. 12, p.34.


Scientific bases of the organization of management and construction of ACS / Ed. V.L. Broido, V.S. Krylova. M., 1981.


GLOSSARY


No. pp	concept	The meaning of the concept
	Informatics	The science that studies the laws and methods of accumulation, transmission and processing of information using computers, as well as the field of human activity associated with the use of computers
	Information	Information that removes uncertainty about the world around, which is the object of storage, transformation, transfer and use
	Economic Information	It reflects acts of production and economic activity using a system of natural and cost indicators. This is information used in the implementation of the functions of managing the national economy and its individual links.
	Data	Information presented in a form convenient for processing
	Knowledge	Practice-proven result of cognition of reality, its correct reflection in the human mind
	Informatization of society	Widespread implementation of a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full and timely use of reliable information, generalized knowledge in all socially significant types of human activity
	Information infrastructure	The structure of the information support system for all consumers of information, which provides them with the opportunity to use new information technologies based on the widespread use of information and computing resources and an automated communication system
	Information society	A society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge
	Computerization	Massive use of computers and software
	Information Technology	Technologies focused on receiving, processing, storing and disseminating (transferring) information

TESTS


5. Continue the sentence:
   

   Computer science is
   

   1. a branch of science that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, as well as issues related to its collection, storage, search, processing, transformation, distribution and use in various fields of activity;
      

      a science that studies the laws and methods of accumulation, transmission and processing of information with the help of computers, and this is also the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman activity associated with the use of computers;
      

      trinity "model - algorithm - program";
      

      the unity of the five components: information, mathematical methods, algorithms, computer technology, programs and programming;
      

      a complex discipline that studies all aspects of the development, design, creation, evaluation of the functioning of automated information processing systems, their application and impact on various areas of human activity.
      

Continue the sentence:


Sources of information are


1. first of all, natural objects: planets, stars, animals, plants, people. With the development of technology, devices, machines, technological processes, and scientific experiments became sources of information.
   

Continue the sentence:


Information is


1. a set of facts, phenomena, events of interest and subject to registration and processing;
   

   such a message that contains facts previously unknown to the consumer and supplementing his understanding of the studied and analyzed object (process, phenomenon);
   

   information that should remove, to one degree or another, the uncertainty that their consumer has, expand his understanding of the object with useful (for the consumer) information;
   

So, the impetus for the development of specific organizational and methodological measures in the field of computerization of the school was "The main directions of the reform of the general education and vocational school" (1984, ). One of the main provisions of the school reform of that time was the first explicitly declared task of introducing informatics and computer technology into the educational process of the school and ensuring universal computer literacy of young people. At the end of 1984, under the joint supervision of the Computing Center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (A.P. Ershov) and the Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods (NII SiMO) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (V.M. Monakhov), with the involvement of a group of computer scientists from various regions In the country, work began on the creation of a program for a new general education subject for a general education school, called "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering". By the middle of 1985, such work had been completed and approved by the USSR Ministry of Education. Subsequent government decisions also approved the main strategic way to quickly solve the problem of forming computer literacy of young people - the introduction of the subject "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering" as a compulsory subject in secondary school, as well as the specific date for the introduction of a new subject in secondary school - September 1, 1985. In a short time, following the program, trial study guides for students , books for teachers . Evidence of the state's great attention to the problem of school computerization was the establishment of a new scientific and methodological journal "Computer Science and Education" (INFO), the first of which was published by the beginning of the 1986/87 academic year. Despite the economic difficulties of the current period of Russia's development, INFO to this day remains extremely important for modern system education as a special scientific and methodological journal covering methodological, didactic, technical, organizational, socio-economic, psychological and pedagogical issues of the introduction of informatics and information technologies in the field of education.

To teach a new subject during the summer period 1985 and 1986. Intensive course training was carried out for teachers, mainly from among the working teachers of mathematics and physics, as well as organizers of education /. This contingent was replenished through accelerated in-depth training in the field of informatics and computer technology for future young teachers - graduates of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in 1985-1986. At the same time, the Ministry of Education of the USSR took prompt organizational and methodological measures to organize regular training of teachers of informatics and computer technology on the basis of the physics and mathematics departments of pedagogical institutes.

In order to more accurately understand the nature and level of complexity of the problems that needed to be solved in a short time in the field of staffing the introduction of the subject of JIHT to the school or, more broadly, in the field of computerization of the school as a whole, it should be recalled what the actual level of training in the field of computer science was and computers of teachers who worked in the mid-1980s. in the schools of the USSR.

For the first time, a very short introductory course on computer programming with the exotic name "Mathematical Machines and Programming with Computing Practice" appeared in the curricula of the physics and mathematics departments of pedagogical universities in 1964. In 1970, an updated course "Computing Machines" was introduced into the curricula of these educational institutions. and programming” (about 50 hours), and the content of the program of this course clearly does not correspond to the promising areas of development of programming.

The next official version of the program of the synthetic course "Computational Mathematics and Programming" (1976) already took about 70 hours for programming and assumed, in particular, familiarization with the high-level language Algol-60. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the highest level of technical support for that time, and for a very small pedagogical university in the country, was the presence of one or two small computers such as Nairi, Promin, Mir, etc. By the end of the 1970s. only four departments of programming and computational mathematics were opened in the pedagogical universities of Russia (Moscow, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Omsk), and the first personal computers (domestic personal computers of the Iskra, DVK, Elektronika series) began to appear in very limited quantities and in a very limited number of pedagogical universities, practically only by the mid-1980s.

From the above, it clearly follows that by the time computer science was introduced into secondary school (1985), the level of computer training of the graduates of the physics and mathematics faculties of pedagogical universities working at the school at that time, for the most part, did not in any way meet the requirements for teaching the new course of OEHT.

The reasons are obvious:

· Pedagogical education did not provide education in the field of computer science, but was focused only on familiarization with the beginnings of programming, and at a much more backward ideological level than the one at which the course of computer science began to be introduced into the school;

· Pedagogical training in programming was exclusively educational in nature, it was not focused on teaching this subject to schoolchildren (there was no such task).

Obviously, undertaken in the second half of the 1980s. State and regional educational authorities, the most decisive and prompt organizational and methodological measures to ensure urgent additional training of teachers for teaching computer science and computer technology from among the working teachers of mathematics and physics were only suitable as urgent measures for the first stage of introducing JIHT into the school. As for the establishment of regular training of computer science teachers and school computerization organizers on the basis of the physics and mathematics faculties of pedagogical institutes, as well as the implementation of subsequent measures to bring the computer education of teachers of other school disciplines into line, these measures should have been based on sound scientific and methodological justifications and developments. .

Literature for Chapter 1

1. Abramov S.A., Antipov I.I. Programming in Simplified Algol - M.: Nauka, 1978.
2. Algebra-8: Proc. allowance for Wednesdays. school - M .: Education, 1974, 1979, 1982.
3. Antipov I.N. Abstract computer model for machine-free learning of programming elements // New research in pedagogical sciences. - 1975. - No. 12 (XXVI).
4. Antipov I.N. Algorithmic language ALGOL-60. - M .: Education, 1975.
5. Antipov I.N. Programming: Proc. allowance for an optional course for students VIII - IX class. – M.: Enlightenment, 1976.
6. Antipov I.N. Educational computer model // Mathematics at school. - 1977. - No. 6.
7. Antipov I.N., Shvartsburd L. S. About the symbolism of the school course of mathematics from the point of view of programming // Mathematics at school. - 1975. - No. 6.
8. Velikhov E.P. New information technology at school // INFO. - 1986. - No. 1.
9. Vilenkin N.Ya., Bloch A.Ya. Learning discrete mathematics at school. // Mathematics at school. - 1977. - No. 6.
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A very similar impression of the unique practice of children communicating with a computer (although this refers to a later period) was left by the future head of the corporation Microsa Bill Gates, who had such an opportunity at the age of 13: “Letting schoolchildren work with a computer in the late sixties is Seattle it was something! This is not forgotten!

Work program of the discipline (module)

Name of discipline (module) Informatics

____on the profile "Jurisprudence" ______

(codes and names of the direction (s) of training (specialty (s)) are indicated

Graduate qualifications (degrees) Bachelor

(the qualification (degree) of the graduate is indicated in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard)

Protocol No. from ""20__ G.

Head department

(FULL NAME.)

Perm 2012

1... Goals and objectives of the discipline.. 3

2... Place of discipline in the structure of OOP: 3

3... Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline.. 4

4... Volume of discipline and types of educational work.. 5

5.2. Sections of the discipline and interdisciplinary links with the provided (subsequent) disciplines. 15

5.3. Sections (modules) and topics of disciplines and types of classes. 16

6... List of seminars, workshops or laboratory work 18

7... Approximate topics of course projects (works) 23

8... Educational and methodical and Information Support disciplines 24

9... Logistical support of discipline.. 27

10. Educational technologies: 31

11. Evaluation tools. 32

11.1. Evaluation tools for input control. 32

11.2. Estimated means of current control. 32

11.3. Evaluation tools for self-control of students. 39

11.4. Evaluation tools for intermediate certification. 39

Goals and objectives of the discipline

The purpose of the discipline "Informatics" is the formation of students' modern worldview in information sphere and mastering the basics of information culture, acquiring the skills, as well as the competencies necessary for a bachelor's graduate in the direction of "Jurisprudence".

When studying the course "Informatics" the following tasks are solved:

1. Mastering the basic concepts in the field of computer science.

2. Mastering the basics of the analysis of information processes, their verbal description, formalization and algorithmization. Mastering the practical calculations of the relevant indicators of information processes.

3. The acquisition by students of the skills of qualified work on modern computers, skills of their maintenance, programming.

4. Preparation of students for subsequent educational and professional activities:

Formation of logical thinking;

Formation of students' professional competencies in typical operating environments with application software packages and service software.

2. The place of discipline in the structure of the OOP:

The discipline "Informatics" refers to the basic part of the mathematical and natural science cycle (B.2) of the OOP undergraduate and is taught in the 1st semester in the first year.

The discipline "Informatics" is based on the input knowledge, skills and competencies obtained by students in the process of mastering the school program of secondary (complete) general education in the following subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Informatics and information and communication technologies.

Of the disciplines of the professional cycle, Informatics has logical and content-methodological follow-up links with the disciplines: Mathematics, Logistics, as well as educational practice.

3. Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline

The process of studying the discipline is aimed at the formation of the following competencies:

Able to understand the essence and significance of information in the development of the modern information society, to recognize the danger and threats arising in this process, to comply with the basic requirements of information security, including the protection of state secrets (OK-10).

Owns the basic methods, ways and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, has the skills to work with a computer as information management (OK-11).

Able to work with information in global computer networks (OK-12).

As a result of studying the discipline, the student must:

Know:

· theoretical basis informatics and computer technology;

· spheres of use of a personal computer and represent the prospects for their development;

a general description of the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing and accumulating information;

Appointment and classification of system and application software;

means of their implementation, software and programming technologies.

· Fundamentals of state policy in the field of informatics.

Be able to:

Use a personal computer to solve economic, managerial and other problems

· carry out the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing and accumulating information.

· apply modern information technologies for search and processing of legal information.

Own:

means of implementing information processes.

Have an idea about the prospects for the development of information technology.

4. Volume of discipline and types of educational work