System of strengthening of cellular communication of the GSM standard. executive documentation

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1 OOO MegaSystems, Moscow, st. Matrosskaya Tishina, 23, building 1 INN checkpoint OGRN: Tel. (495) , OBJECT: Russia, Moscow region, Leninsky district, Bogdanikha village, Administrative and sports complex, Administrative building. Amplification system cellular communication GSM standard. Executive documentation Moscow 2013 LLC "MegaSystems" All rights reserved.

2 APPROVED BY THE CUSTOMER 2013 OBJECT: Russia, Moscow region, Leninsky district, Bogdanikha village, Administrative and sports complex, Administrative building. System of strengthening of cellular communication of the GSM standard. As-built documentation AGREED 2013 Moscow 2013

3 Primary use Composition of executive documentation Sheet Designation Note 1-1 Composition of executive documentation. 2-4 Explanatory note. 3-1 Layout plan of the GSM cellular amplification system equipment in the administrative and sports complex on the first floor. 3-2 Layout plan of the GSM cellular amplification system equipment in the administrative and sports complex on the second floor. 4-1 Structural scheme systems for amplifying cellular communications of the GSM standard for an administrative and sports complex. 5-1 Layout plan of the equipment of the GSM cellular amplification system in the administrative building on the first floor. 5-2 Layout plan of GSM cellular amplification system equipment in the administrative building on the second floor. Figure 6-1 Structural diagram of a GSM cellular amplification system for an administrative building. 7-1 Specification of equipment and materials. Applications General specifications equipment used in the project. GSM cellular amplification system Meas. Document sheet. Signed Date Designed Prov. N. contr. The composition of the executive documentation Lit. Sheet of Sheets 1 1 Approved.

4 Primary use Application The use of GSM repeaters is advisable in two cases: to obtain a stable connection in places with poor reception (for example, in countryside) and to distribute cellular coverage to premises or territories shielded from cellular communications by terrain or building structures. The use of repeaters is the main way to provide cellular communication in underground structures such as subways and lower levels. shopping centers. As a rule, repeaters are designed for only one communication band, for example, GSM-900, GSM-1800 or WCDMA. An additional feature of the use of repeaters is to reduce the radiation level of subscriber telephones, which reduces their negative impact on health, increases the duration of work without recharging and reduces interference with other electronic systems; the latter circumstance is the main reason for the use of GSM repeaters in passenger aircraft. How it works The GSM repeater is a bi-directional amplifier that connects the donor antenna to the service antenna, while amplifying the signal is corrected. In this case, the donor antenna receives signals base station, the repeater transmits them in amplified form to the service antenna, the service antenna transmits them to the subscriber's telephone set; the response signal of the subscriber's set is received by the service antenna, amplified by the repeater and transmitted by the donor antenna to the base station. GSM cellular amplification system Meas. Document sheet. Signed Developed Prov. Date Lit. Sheet of Sheets Explanatory note 2 4 N. counter. Approved

5 General instructions The object Administrative and sports complex, Administrative building is intended for installation of a GSM-900/1800 standard cellular communication amplification system. The cellular communication amplification system is being built at the location of the facility at the following address: Russia, Moscow region, Leninsky district, Bogdanikha village, Administrative and sports complex, Administrative building. The executive documentation for the creation of a cellular communication amplification system was developed on the basis of: * design assignments; * initial data issued by the Customer; * research materials carried out by specialists of "Exclusive Comfort"; This album presents technical solutions for the placement and installation of equipment for a cellular communication amplification system. The album also contains the specification of equipment, products and materials. Installation and connection of the equipment of the cellular communication amplification system must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of: * this as-built documentation; * instructions of equipment manufacturers; * regulatory and technical documents in force in Russian Federation. The as-built documentation was developed in accordance with the current norms, rules and standards. Fire and explosion safety is ensured subject to the measures provided for by the executive documentation and the rules for the operation of electrical installations. Instructions for installation and installation of equipment An outdoor antenna directed to the base station is installed on the roof or on the wall of the building in a place that provides the best "radio visibility" of the nearest base station cellular network. Change Document sheet. Signed Date Explanatory note Sheet 2

6 Often at the installation site there is no direct line of sight of the base station antennas, so the orientation outdoor antenna does not always coincide with the direction to the base station: the repeater operates on a signal reflected from the nearest buildings, metal structures and roofs of houses. Pre-selection of the installation site is carried out using a spectrum analyzer connected to an external antenna. In the case of operation in an open area, the antenna directed towards the subscribers is installed on the roof, wall of the building or in another convenient place and is oriented towards the service area. In the case of work inside the building, subscriber antennas are installed on the walls or on the ceilings of the premises in places that provide the shortest length of the RF signal wiring cables and the remoteness of subscriber phones from the antennas at a distance of at least 1 m to avoid overloading the repeater. Antennas are oriented to the target best coverage premises. The best location for panel antennas is horizontal near the baseboard or ceiling, for ceiling antennas in the center of the ceiling. For the normal operation of the repeater, the maximum possible electromagnetic shielding between the antennas should be provided, taking into account the attenuation in the supply cables. The shielding level must be at least 20dB higher than the repeater's gain setting. The length of the cable between the output of the repeater and the antenna should be kept to a minimum to obtain the largest radius of the coverage area. In cases where a large cable length is unavoidably obtained, for example, due to the peculiarities of the layout of the premises or due to the requirements for the facade of the building, one should choose a brand of cable with lower losses, at least for its largest (backbone) part. Change Document sheet. Signed Date Explanatory note Sheet 3

7 When mounting the repeater, ensure free passage of cooling air between the radiator fins. Do not install the repeater in a closed space (for example, inside cabinets or in closed niches with a small amount of air), as well as near heating appliances, because. this can lead to overheating and failure. Air conditioning in the control room In the control room, meteorological conditions must be maintained within acceptable limits, this requires the installation of an air conditioner operating in automatic mode. Measures for occupational health and safety Work on the installation of equipment to start only after a detailed study of the as-built documentation, regulatory and guidance documents. It is strictly forbidden to: 1. Connect the repeater to the network without connected external and internal antennas. 2. Connect the repeater to the network without surge protection. 3. Install the internal antenna at a distance closer than 2 meters from the repeater. 4. Mount the external antenna so that it can be seen by the internal antenna. 5. Extend, solder the cable. 6. Disassemble the repeater, power supply. 7. Use third-party repeater accessories. (Power supply, antennas, dividers, cable) Meas. Document sheet. Signed Date Explanatory note Sheet 4

10 Stage Sheet Sheet Roofing. 2nd FLOOR. U U U U L MARKING SYMBOLS Marking of GSM equipment A.0.1 Serial number Floor number Element type 1st. FLOOR. Agreed Inv. mean Signed and date Wem. inv. Change Number of accounts List document signature Date Completed Projector N.contr. N.contr. Approved. Administrative and sports complex Russia, Moscow region, Leninsky district, Bogdanikha village, Administrative and sports complex Location plan for the equipment of the GSM cellular amplification system. And 4 1 Structural diagram "Exclusive comfort" Copied Format A1

13 Stage Sheet Sheets Roofing. 2nd FLOOR. MARKING SYMBOLS Marking of GSM equipment A.0.1 Serial number Floor number Element type 1st. FLOOR. Agreed Inv. mean Signed and date Wem. inv. Change Number of accounts List document signature Date Completed Projector N.contr. N.contr. Approved. Administrative and sports complex Russia, Moscow region, Leninsky district, Bogdanikha village, Administrative and sports complex Location plan for the equipment of the GSM cellular amplification system. And 4 1 Structural diagram "Exclusive comfort" Copied Format A1

14 Primary use Specification of Equipment and Materials Equipment for GSM900/1800 cellular amplification system. No. Name Quantity Picocell 900 SXL GSM repeater 1 Picocell 900 SXV GSM repeater 1 Picocell 900 BST GSM repeater 1 Picocell 1800 SXL GSM repeater 1 Picocell 1800 BST GSM repeater 1 Picocell 1800 SXV GSM repeater 1 GSM - repeater Picocell 900/1800 BST 4 External antenna ANT-900-LY 2 External antenna AL Internal antenna AP-800/ID (wall) 106 8D-FB cable (meter) 2500 N-111/8D connector 744 DirectionalCoupler (5, 7, 10, 15 dbm) 133 Ancoupler 800/2500 for 2 antennas 6 Combiner 900/ Lightning arrester 12 Attenuator AT Telescopic mast 6 m high with fasteners 3 Meas. Document sheet. Signed Developed Prov. N. contr. Approved Date GSM cellular amplification system Specification of equipment and materials Ref. Sheet Sheet Sheets 7 1 2

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If you decide to amplify the cellular signal in the country, or in the apartment on your own, then to get positive result We recommend avoiding mistakes that are often made by people with insufficient experience or knowledge in this area. SotSignal specialists have prepared an article for you that will help you minimize the risk of negative consequences when installing and connecting equipment.

1. Error when choosing an amplifier

"Amplifier" refers to the main unit of the system, which is also called a repeater or repeater. It is in the case of this equipment that the key process takes place, providing signal amplification. Also, the system requires the appropriate periphery equipment, namely:

External (donor) antenna;
- internal (service) antenna;
- conductive cable.

In order to correctly select all the elements of the system, it is very important to determine the frequency range of your operator, as well as take into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room and its configuration.

You will receive a set of numerical values ​​that must be correctly interpreted. Speaking plain language, the value -65...-75 dB will mean a good signal level in this range. Readings from -95 to 110 dB indicate poor reception up to total absence signal. The basic idea is this: the worse the signal level, the more powerful amplifier you will need.

But there are many nuances here:

• different operators on the same frequency bands can have completely different results. In practice, this is easily detected when one operator is stable and the other is not.
• measurement results at different points on the same object, as well as inside and outside the room, can vary significantly.
• a good signal on GSM900 or GSM1800 frequencies does not guarantee communication without interference and interruptions in the presence of 3G and 4G LTE frequencies with unsatisfactory readings. Radio protocols modern smartphones automatically switch to frequencies of a higher order without analyzing their stability. In this case, when choosing equipment, you will have to “work” with 3G and LTE bands.
• the power of the amplifier should be comparable to the number of internal antennas, the length of the cable and the total signal amplification area. The more antennas, the more scattered and weaker the signal will propagate indoors.

The number and type of indoor antennas will depend on the size of the room you need to cover.

Depending on the initial reception conditions, the presence of ceilings and the area of ​​​​the room, the choice in favor of a particular model of equipment can differ fundamentally! That is why before compiling commercial offer SotSignal specialists always go to the site with special measuring equipment, conduct an inspection and assume the remoteness of the system parts from each other during installation.

2. Incorrect installation of the external antenna

In order for the amplification of the cellular signal in the apartment and in the country to work as efficiently as possible, it is important to correctly determine the installation location of the external antenna, where the signal from the operator's base station will be the best and most confident, with minimal natural obstacles in its path. When amplifying the signal of two or three operators at once, it is necessary to select a point from which access to several corresponding communication towers is opened at once.

You can diagnose the direction of the signal using your mobile phone: In the place and direction where the signal strength on the phone will be the strongest and most stable, install and securely fix the external antenna.

Some donor antennas steer comfortably through almost 360 degrees when mounted on a bracket. In the long term, this helps to quickly redirect the antenna when the network configuration changes in the field.

3. Incorrect installation of internal antennas

If you are installing a cellular signal booster system yourself, you need to provide isolation between the internal antennas and the external antenna. Otherwise, the so-called loopback will occur when the external antenna receives a signal from the internal, and not from the base station of the cellular operator. That is, the same signal is repeatedly amplified in a circle and the system stops working.

Do not install antennas in close proximity to each other, in metal and mirror boxes that shield the signal.

4. Using the wrong cable

Choose a high-quality high-frequency cable based on the input impedance of the antennas and amplifier (50 ohms is standard). Thus, you will get the least signal attenuation from the base station.

It should be noted that the shorter the cable length, the lower the potential loss of signal power. If you need to run a long cable length, then you will need an additional linear amplifier to provide optimal performance systems.

5. Incorrect connection of system devices

At this stage, you need to carefully check the connection sequence of all devices, as well as the reliability of the connections in order to avoid breakage or failure of the cellular repeater. In addition, an incorrect connection can cause interference and interruptions in communication not only in your premises, but also negatively affect the quality of communication of other users. If the system is installed and connected by you incorrectly, and other subscribers decide to find the culprit, then with the help of special equipment it will not be difficult to do this. After that, the guilty party will incur penalties and compensation for damages.

1. Installing an external antenna.

The first step is to install external antenna. Antenna with fasteners (swivel bracket or mast) is installed on the outer wall of the building or on the roof, depending on the location.
The specialist determines the direction in which the antenna will be directed, since the incoming signal from different telecom operators should be the same, or the signal of any particular operator should prevail if the task was to improve the quality of the cellular signal of only one operator.

2. Cable preparation and crimping.

At the ends of the prepared cable, it is necessary to put on N-type connectors and crimp (or prepare the cable in advance and solder the connector if it does not imply crimping). We advise you to protect the connector with heat shrink or tape, as over time it can oxidize, which can cause erratic operation and noise. Next, we connect our cable to an external antenna and proceed to the next step.

3. Cable laying.

Everyone knows that when laying a cable it is very important that the distance from the repeater to the external antenna should be minimal, since with a long cable there will be large signal losses (the amplitude of the incoming signal should be maximum). We choose a place for laying the cable, taking into account all the recommendations, we lay it and proceed to repeater installation(cell phone booster).

4. Installation of a cellular signal amplifier.

The installation site of the repeater is selected based on the minimum cable length and so that it is not located in a visible place. It can be either an attic if it is a private house or a repeater is hidden above the ceiling if it is an office building. But you need to make sure that the installation site corresponds to the permitted climatic conditions in the repeater's passport.

5. Connecting an external antenna to the amplifier.

There are two connectors on the body of the cellular repeater. We will need a connector, which is marked with the letters BS - this is the input of the amplifier. We connect our cable from the external antenna, making sure that the connector is twisted tightly and to the end.

6. Installing an internal antenna.

Depending on the situation and the area of ​​the object, internal antennas there may be several.
If multiple antennas are to be used, a signal splitter (splitter) must be installed that will split the power for each antenna. Next, you need to crimp the cable with connectors, as was done at the beginning and connect it to the signal splitter and to the internal antennas. Signal Splitter connect in a similar way to the second, free output of the amplifier. If only one internal antenna was used, then it is connected directly to the repeater.

Poor cell reception is a very common problem. Many people face it both in their summer cottages or in country houses, and in their own apartment within the city or village. A weak phone signal or its complete absence is primarily associated with the remoteness of the base station of your mobile operator, building density or terrain.

If you are faced with this problem and high-quality reception is a vital necessity for you, you need to install a cellular amplifier. Rather, you need a cellular amplification system in which such an amplifier is one of the devices. In general, the described system consists of the following "links": a GSM repeater, an external antenna for receiving a cellular signal, power dividers, a connecting cable and the connectors necessary for connection.

Of course choose similar system and, moreover, it is more likely to be installed and correctly configured by a specialist. However, so that you can get on the "right path", we will try to understand a little modern amplifiers cellular communication and which ones are better to choose.

Selecting a mobile phone signal booster

Before deciding and choosing the right GSM communication amplifier, you should understand the main technical characteristics of these systems:

• Cellular standardGSM mainly divided into two main bands: GSM 900 and GSM 1800 MHz. Base stations (cell towers) in the 900 MHz band have a greater range, but fewer channels (the ability to simultaneously speak to several subscribers) than at a frequency of 1800 MHz. Therefore, 900-MHz base stations are more often used in the region, and 1800-s in the city. Therefore, for a summer residence or a country house, it is better to stay on the GSM 900 standard.
• Gain factor (KU) of the GSM-signal amplifier is another important parameter for choosing a system, because it directly affects the level of network reception provided. Simply put, if your mobile phone weakly “catches” indoors, and outdoors the reception is almost at the maximum level, then an amplifier with a KU of 70-75 dB is quite suitable for you. If your cellular reception is uncertain even in the area near the house, then you should look at the cellular amplification system with a coefficient of 75-90 dB. It is better not to purchase a cellular repeater with a KU of less than 65 dB at all, because. he is unlikely to cope with the task set by you.
• Repeater output power mobile phone amplification systems. This parameter affects how much area of ​​the room your GSM signal amplification system can “cover” with confident reception. For example, a cellular network amplifier with a power of 100 mW is able to provide reliable reception of an area of ​​up to 200 sq.m, and a cellular repeater with a power of 320 mW can cope with a room up to 800 sq.m. Nevertheless, there is no direct relationship between the power of the repeater and the area of ​​​​your room, but there is only the concept of correlation. How GSM repeaters provide reliable reception in a given room area can be affected by a variety of factors. For example, the level of the input signal from the cell tower, the length of the cable from the external antenna to the amplifier, KU, as well as the competent installation of all equipment as a whole.

At the moment, among the repeaters for a country house, office, cottage or cottage, the most popular models are Picocell 900 SXL and Picocell 900 SXM.

• Picocell 900 SXL operates in the GSM 900 band. The gain (GA) of this system is 80 dB, and the output power of the repeater is 320 mW. The 900 SXL amplification system is intended for indoor installation only.
• Picocell 900 SXM has the same parameters as its younger brother Picocell 900SXL, however, this system is equipped with a cold and moisture resistant case with an IP66 protection degree. This device is optimal in cases where it is not possible to lay a cable indoors and cellular amplifier The GSM with its entire structure must be installed outdoors.

Choosing a quality external antenna

An external antenna is required to receive a signal from your carrier's base station. It is mounted on an ethereal mast installed on the roof of the building. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that an external cellular antenna is constantly under the influence of a variety of external factors (rain, snow, wind, etc.), therefore, when choosing its model, special attention should be paid to reliability and durability indicators. A good enough option is the model AL-900-11, because it is made of a solid sheet of metal coated with enameled paint, which will reliably protect it from oxidation, corrosion and destruction.

Selecting Suitable Indoor Antennas

The choice of these devices is directly related to the stage of construction of your house or cottage. If the interior decoration of the premises has not yet been carried out and you still have the opportunity to install an internal cellular antenna behind false ceilings, then it is worth purchasing a network of antennas with a fairly low gain. Thanks to this solution, you will get a uniform cellular signal coverage area. The preferred amount is one antenna for every 100 sq.m. area. Among these antenna models, I would like to recommend AP-800/2500-7/9ID. These antennas support all modern this moment communication standards: GSM900, DCS1800 and even UMTS 2100 (3G).

If you need to provide a high-quality mobile signal inside a dwelling, and at the same time not disturb its interior, you should look at one antenna with a high gain. Such antennas, if possible, are installed in invisible places. Interesting models RAO-11GL-60 or RAO-14GL-70, which have a KU of 11 and 14 dB. Such a rather high gain value makes it possible to achieve the network coverage area you need with a single antenna.

Selecting cable and connectors for the system

All devices of the GSM network amplification system are interconnected by a coaxial RF cable with a wave impedance of 50 Ohm. For a cottage or a summer residence, cables of brands are optimal in terms of price and quality. 5D-FB or 8D-FB. The difference between them lies in the thickness of the core and, therefore, the level of residual attenuation during the signal transmission (5V-FB = 0.2 dB/m; 8V-FB = 0.13 dB/m at 900 MHz). Taking into account the fact that modern cellular communication standards are increasingly using the frequency range in gigahertz, it is worth stopping at the 8D-FB brand cable, because. it is more promising.

The 5D-FB cable uses N-111/5D brand connectors, and the 8D-FB cable uses N-111/8D brand connectors.

Choice of cellular power dividers

The power divider is designed to branch cables to a certain number of internal antennas. The most reliable and common models are Picocoupler and DirectionalCoupler. Picocoupler brand devices are designed to evenly distribute the cellular signal throughout the room with a different number of outputs for connecting antennas. DirectionalCoupler models are used to unevenly distribute the network signal.

As a result, if you correctly selected all the devices, bought a cellular signal amplifier, installed and configured it, the general scheme and principle of operation of your system will look like this:

Keep in mind that when choosing a cellular signal amplification system for an office, cottage or country house, you must take into account the technical characteristics of all its individual devices. At the same time, it is extremely important to choose a high-quality GSM network repeater, ensure its correct operation (compatibility) with other devices and compliance with all the necessary requirements for ensuring high-quality and uninterrupted communication of GSM and UMTS (3G) networks.

Compliance

When installing a GSM or 3G mobile communication amplifier, you should be aware that its poor-quality installation or configuration can bring a “reverse effect”, and your system, as a result, instead of amplifying signal reception from the BS, will, on the contrary, lower it.

At the same time, any of the cellular operators - MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and others - have all the technical capabilities to detect the presence of interference for high-quality reception and distribution of radio waves from their base stations. With the help of special measuring equipment, engineers will determine the location of interference in the form of an illiterately installed GSM amplifier.

After that, the owner of such a system will be warned about the need to reinstall, correct settings or completely replace all equipment. If this warning is ignored, mobile operator has the right to file a complaint with Radionadzor, which has all the powers to bring the unscrupulous owner of the GSM cellular network amplifier to administrative responsibility.

Keep in mind that any cellular signal booster, even the most intelligently installed, creates interference that interferes with the base station signal. However, there are certain standards, and if you do not exceed their maximum value, you should not have problems. However, for this it is important not only to skillfully install all the elements of the equipment, but also to be able to properly configure it.

Therefore, if you do not have necessary knowledge for setting up GSM repeaters and installing them, it’s better not to try to make a GSM signal amplifier with your own hands, but to use the services of specialists for this, of whom we now have more than enough.

Confident reception!

Automatic gain control (AGC) systems are widely used in radio receivers for various purposes. AGC systems are designed to stabilize the signal level at the output of amplifiers of radio receivers with a large dynamic range of input signal changes, reaching, for example, 70-100 dB in radar receivers. With such a change in the input signal level, in the absence of an AGC system, the normal operation of the receiving devices is disrupted, which manifests itself in overloading the last stages of the receiver. In systems of automatic target tracking of a radar, an overload of the receiver stages leads to distortion of the amplitude modulation, to a decrease in the gain and to a breakdown in tracking. In frequency stabilization systems, cascade overload causes a change in the slope of the discrimination characteristic, which sharply reduces the quality of the system.

According to the principle of constructing AGC systems, they are divided into three main types: open-loop, or without feedback (Fig. 2.2, 2.3); closed, or feedback(Fig. 2.4); combined. There are single and multi-loop AGC systems with continuous and digital adjustment. AGC without feedback provides a high constancy of the amplitude of the output signal when the input signal changes over a wide range, however, the controlled value depends on the stability of the parameters of the AGC circuit.

An open-loop inertial AGC system (Fig. 2.2) includes an adjustable amplifier (U), an AGC system amplifier (UAGC), an AGC detector (DAGC) to obtain a control action and a low-pass filter (LPF) that eliminates the modulation frequency component to avoid demodulation AM radio signal.

Rice. 2.2 - Structural diagram of an open inertial

AGC systems

The time system (Fig. 2.3) contains a control voltage generation device (VARU), whose operation is synchronized in time by an external pulse.

Rice. 2.3 - Structural diagram of the open-loop time AGC system (а)

and a timing diagram explaining the principle of its operation (b)

In practice, the most widely used are inertial AGC systems with feedback (Fig. 2.5). They are divided into systems of continuous and pulse action. All of these systems can be delayed or non-delayed.

Rice. 2.4 - Structural diagrams of continuous AGC systems

with feedback (a) - not amplified with combined detection, (b) - not amplified with separate detection

The principle of operation of the AGC system is as follows. Input voltage U in ( t) is fed to the input of a variable gain amplifier. The output voltage from the amplifier is fed to the input of the detector, then the detected signal is added to the delay voltage U h. Total voltage U c is amplified by a DC amplifier (UPT) and fed to a low-pass filter (LPF), the LPF generates a control voltage U y, which changes the gain. The dependence of the amplifier gain on the control voltage is called the control characteristic, it can be approximated by a linear dependence

, (2.0)

where k 0 is the gain at the control voltage equal to zero;

 is the slope of the control characteristic.

Rice. 2.5 - Functional diagram of the enhanced delayed delay system

AGC with feedback

The effect of stabilizing the output voltage level U out ( t) is achieved due to the fact that with an increase in the level U out ( t) increases and the control voltage U y, under the action of which, in accordance with expression (2.1), the gain of the amplifier decreases, which leads to a decrease in the input signal level.

To prevent a decrease in the output signal level at small input influences and to ensure the operation of the AGC system from a certain level, a delay voltage is applied to the system U h. As a result, the control voltage will appear only when the voltage at the output of the amplitude detector exceeds the delay voltage U h.

, if
, (2.0)

, if
,

where K e is the detector transfer coefficient.

The low-pass filter in the feedback circuit of the AGC systems is designed to transmit the control voltage with the frequencies of the change in the level of the AGC output voltage. In this case, the LPF must be inertial with respect to the frequencies of the useful modulation, otherwise the useful signal will be demodulated.

AGC output voltage

Equations (2.2)–(2.3) correspond to the block diagram of the AGC system (Fig. 2.6). In this scheme, a nonlinear link (NC) is described by the dependence

(2.0)

In the steady state (at a constant voltage level at the input of the AGC system) from (2.2)–(2.4) follow:

at u d< u h;

at u e  u h, (2.0)

where k upt is the amplification factor of the UPT.

Rice. 2.6 - Structural diagram of the AGC system

with feedback

Equation (2.5) defines the control characteristic of the AGC system with feedback.

Rice. 2.7 - Amplitude characteristics of the AGC system

The amplitude characteristics of the closed AGC system (Fig. 2.7.) are presented for the cases: 1 - without the AGC system, 2 - simple AGC, 3 - delayed AGC, 4 - enhanced and delayed AGC.