Properties of operating system objects my computer. The main objects of the operating system and working with them

Task 1. Desktop design

1. Open the desktop context menu. To do this, click right click mouse on a free area of ​​the desktop.
2. Select in context menu paragraph Personalization (Properties).
3. Change the background image of the Desktop as you wish: the image on the desktop, the background on which the open windows.
4. Customize the screen saver as you wish - an image or animation that appears on the screen if the user does not perform any mouse or keyboard actions for a certain period of time.

1. Change the desktop theme to your liking, including the desktop background, splash screen, window border color, and sound scheme.
2. Install several desktop gadgets of your choice - customizable mini-programs that allow you to display data without having to open a new window ( Weather, Clock, Calendar and etc.).

Task 2. The taskbar and its properties

1. Use the tooltips to find out the purpose of all the icons and buttons available on the taskbar.
2. Open the taskbar context menu. To do this, right-click on an empty area of ​​the taskbar.
3. Change the position of the taskbar.
4. Hide the taskbar.
5. Return the changed parameters to their original position.

Task 3. Desktop Objects

1. Familiarize yourself with the properties of objects represented by desktop icons. To do this, use the command Properties context menu of the corresponding object.
2. open windows The documents And Basket.
3. Open windows of several applications - text and image editors known to you.
4. Arrange windows in a cascade. To do this, select the command windows cascading in the context menu of the taskbar.
5. Experiment with other options for arranging windows on the screen.
6. Set how you can quickly remove all open windows from the desktop.
7. Close all open windows.
8. Organize desktop icons by type. Experiment with other options for the arrangement of icons on the desktop.

Task 4 (for Windows). Computer Properties

1. Familiarize yourself with the properties of your computer. For this:
   1. call the context menu of the object A computer;
   2. Properties;
   3. find out the type of processor and volume random access memory;
   4. close the window System.
2. Familiarize yourself with the properties of your computer's hard drive. For this:
   1. Open the window A computer;
   2. open the disk context menu FROM: ;
   3. select the item in the context menu Properties;
   4. find information about the size of the hard disk, the amount of occupied and free disk memory;
   5. close the windows Properties: local disk(FROM:) And A computer.

Task 4 (for Linux). Computer Properties

1. With button System on the desktop panel, open the storage device window.
2. Open the context menu of the hard disk (disk partitions).
3. In the context menu, select Properties.
4. Find information about the size of the hard drive, the amount of occupied and free disk space.
5. Find similar information about other storage devices on your computer.
6. Close the window Properties.

Now you know how

• change desktop properties - theme, wallpaper, splash screen;
• change the properties of the taskbar;
• find out the properties of objects whose icons are located on the desktop;
• organize objects on the desktop.

It is impossible to imagine modern personal computers without having them operating system. OS is a special means for interaction between a computer and a user. There are dozens of such programs today. We will consider the question of what are the main objects of the operating system on the example of Windows.

Interaction between user and OS

Most developers of operating systems at the present stage of development information technologies apply methods that make it possible to simplify the user's work as much as possible and provide quick access to necessary settings and information. If earlier operating systems with batch input of information were used, when it was necessary to set certain commands to the system by manually entering them, today, thanks to the graphical interface, this task has been greatly simplified. The user no longer needs to enter commands. To organize an event, activate a process, confirm the execution of commands, you just need to press the buttons. What operating system objects exist? What is their role and properties? What actions can be taken with them? Let's look at the basic concepts.

Microsoft Corporation at one time in development full version operating room Windows systems refused to use the principle of organizing work, which was used in DOS systems. The very name of the Windows operating system indicated that it consisted of windows with a graphical representation. This made it possible to use the multitasking mode with quick switching between options, programs and settings. However, the essence is not even windows. Today you can find many classifications. In a broad sense, all existing operating system objects can be represented as the following list:

- graphical interface (windows, "Desktop", panels, shortcuts, menus, icons, interactive shells, buttons);

- file system (organization structure of directories and files);

- documents and applications (a set of programs, executable elements, files created in programs).

GUI

In operating systems, the interface is given one of the main meta. After starting the operating system, the first thing the user sees is the “Desktop”, “Taskbar”. Buttons, labels and other auxiliary elements are placed here. Operating system objects have such properties that they can be used to access almost all the features and functions of the operating system. Here, special attention is paid to the "Start" button and the menu of the same name, called up when it is pressed. Here it is a large number of links to programs and basic settings. It is worth paying attention to the moment that all applications are physically located in a different place. The menu contains only shortcuts, which are presented in the form of application names or settings with icons. Icons and pictograms as objects of the operating system are small graphic images. The difference between shortcuts and icons is that, in addition to the name of a file or program, shortcuts also describe some properties of settings, applications, and documents. They also indicate the location of the file itself, which is to be opened. To describe the files, an indication of the program with which you can open it is also used. Menus are a means for selecting user actions. They can be conditionally divided into contextual and basic. Context menus are called with the right mouse click. The organization of the main menus is part of the objects that are called windows. You can also refer the menu to the controls, since it is in them that the user can select one or another action.

Windows: types and available operations with it

The main objects of the operating system are windows. They have a space in which information is displayed. It is also called the work area. There are also special panels with the main menu, which contains a set of actions and commands, buttons quick access to certain functions, scrollbars, and so on. Actions with operating system objects of this type are that you can resize them, collapse or expand, switch between programs, change the scale of the workspace, and so on. By themselves, the windows are basic and dialog. This provides a closer interaction between the user and the program.

Controls

Here it is worth dwelling separately on the controls. Apart from smartphones and tablet computers, as well as touch screens, the main control is the cursor. With it, you can navigate throughout the interface, call certain actions, resize windows, and so on. IN stationary computers the cursor is "attached" to the mouse. In laptops, the touchpad acts as a mouse. The cursor is not only a pointing element. It changes its icon when windows are stretched. Thus, even when the cursor state changes, it is always possible to determine what action is performed in this moment. If an hourglass or a rotating circle appears on the screen, this may indicate that some process is currently being executed and will not be accessed until it is completed.

The on-screen keyboard is another control element. It has become widespread in smartphones and tablets, where the connection of an "iron" keyboard is not provided.

Files and folders

The largest class of objects are directories and files. Together, they form a single structure, which is called file system. Folders and files in terms of computer system are no different from each other. The directories themselves are essentially files with no extension. They also take up a certain amount of disk space. IN file manager a folder can have a size of zero, but it doesn't. For the convenience of grouping similar files, a technique is used to combine them into one directory. In physical terms, even files present in the same directory can be located in different places. hard drive. First of all, the properties of OS objects of a given type are determined by their size, type, and location in the file structure. Everyone probably knows what actions can be performed with objects of both types. Working with operating system objects such as files and directories comes down to simple operations like copying, deleting, moving, and renaming. So, for example, for files, editing and viewing are provided, as well as opening in a specific program.

Conclusion

In this article, only short review core components of any operating system. It should be noted that in this case, the organization was not considered system registry. This is done for the simple reason that today you can also find operating systems in which it is absent as such, for example, Linux.

>> Work 1. Working with the main objects of the operating system

Chapter 4 Computer Workshop

Work 1. Working with the main features of operating system objects
After the user logs in, the desktop appears on the screen, the design of which depends on the selected theme. A theme defines a background image, a set of sounds, icons, and other desktop elements. You can select a background picture, a set of sounds and desktop icons using the Properties: Screen dialog box.

2) select the Properties item in the context menu;

3) on the General tab, read the type of processor, the amount of RAM, the type of operating system used;

4) close the Properties: System window.

2) Familiarize yourself with the properties of your computer's hard drive. For this:

1) open the My Computer window;
2) open the context menu of the C: drive;
3) select the Properties item in the context menu;
4) find information about the size of the hard disk, the amount of occupied and free disk memory;
5) close the Properties: (C:) and My Computer windows.

Now we are able

> change the properties of the Desktop - theme, wallpaper, screensaver;
> change the properties of the taskbar;
> find out the properties of objects whose icons are located on the Desktop;
> arrange icons on the desktop.

Bosova L. L., Informatics and ICT: a textbook for grade 7 L. L. Bosova. M. : BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2010. 229 p. : ill.

Modern computers cannot be imagined without the presence of an operating system in them - a means of interaction between the user and the computer (programs and hardware components). Today there are dozens of them. Consider the question of what are the main objects of the operating system on the example of Windows OS.

Form of organization of interaction between the user and the operating system

At the present stage of development computer industry Most OS developers use object-oriented programming methods and graphical interfaces to simplify the user's work as much as possible or provide quick access to the necessary information or settings.

If earlier OS with batch data input was used, when it was necessary to ask the system to execute a certain command by manually entering it, today, thanks to the presence GUI, this task is greatly simplified. The user does not enter commands, but presses buttons to organize an event, activate a process, confirm the execution of programs, change settings, etc. But what operating system objects exist, what role do they play, what are their properties, what actions to take with them can be produced? Consider the basic concepts.

The main objects of the operating system

At one time, Microsoft Corporation, when developing the first Windows versions refused to use the organization of work used in DOS systems. The very name of the Windows operating system testified that it consisted of windows in graphical representation, which allowed the use of the so-called multitasking mode with quick switching between programs, options and settings. However, even the essence is not in the windows.

Today you can find many different classifications, but in the broadest sense, operating system objects can be represented as the following list:

• graphical interface ("Desktop", windows, panels, menus, shortcuts and icons, switches, buttons, interactive shells);
• file organization of files and directories);
• applications and documents (executable elements, programs or their combination, files created in programs).

Interface

One of the main places is given to the interface. The first thing the user sees after starting the OS is the “Desktop” and “Taskbar”, which contain buttons, shortcuts and other auxiliary elements. The properties of objects of this type are such that with their help you can access almost all the functions and capabilities of the OS.

Particular attention in this regard is given to the "Start" button and the menu of the same name that is called when you click on it. Most of the links to programs and basic settings are located here. Please note that the applications are physically located in a different place, and the menu contains only shortcuts, presented in the form of application names or settings with icons.

Pictograms or icons as objects of the operating system are small graphic images. The difference between shortcuts and icons is that, in addition to the program name or file name, shortcuts also describe some properties of applications, settings or documents, and also indicate the location of the file itself to be opened. To describe the files, there is also an indication of the program with which it can be opened.

Menus are means of selecting user actions. Conventionally, they can be divided into main and contextual (those that are called by the right click). However, the organization of the main menus is part of the objects called windows. And the menu can also be attributed to the controls, since it is in them that the user is prompted to select a specific action.

Windows: types and available operations with them

Windows are basic objects (Windows or any other computer OS). They have the main space where information is displayed, or, as it is also called, the work area. There are also special panels with main menus containing sets of commands or actions, shortcut buttons for certain functions, scroll bars, etc.

Actions with operating system objects of this type consist in the fact that their size can be reduced or increased, collapsed and expanded, to quickly switch between programs, change the scaling of the workspace, etc. In addition, the windows themselves are basic and dialog, which provides closer interaction between the program and the user.

Controls

And here it is worth dwelling separately on the controls. The main element, apart from tablet PCs or smartphones, as well as touch screens, is the cursor, with which you can move around the entire interface, call some actions, resize, etc.

The cursor is "attached" to the mouse in stationary PCs or to the touchpad in laptops. In general terms, a cursor is not just a pointing element. For example, when stretching windows, it changes its icon. Thus, even by changing the state of the cursor, you can always determine what kind of action is being performed or is supposed to be performed at the moment. Again, if an hourglass appears on the screen or a rotating one indicates that some process is currently being executed and there will be no access to it until it is completed.

Another control element - screen keyboard, which has received the main distribution on tablets and smartphones, when the connection of the "iron" keyboard is not provided.

Files and folders

Finally, the largest class are directories (directories, folders) and files, which together form a single structure called the file system.

From the point of view of a computer system, files and folders do not differ from each other, since even directories themselves are files without an extension and also occupy a certain disk space (and for empty folder may be specified zero size in the file manager, but in fact it is not). Just for the convenience of grouping files that are similar in some way, the method of combining them into one directory is used.

In physical terms, despite the fact that some files seem to be present in some directory, they can be located in completely different places on the hard drive. The properties of operating system objects of this type are determined primarily by size (occupied space on the hard disk), location in the file structure, type, etc.

And for sure everyone knows exactly what actions can be performed with both types. Working with objects presented in the form individual files or entire directories, is reduced to more than simple operations like copying, deleting, renaming, or moving. Files, for example, can be viewed, edited, opened in a specific program (often with the ability to choose the application yourself), and many other actions.

Instead of total

But in general, this is only a brief overview of the main objects of any OS. Note that here we did not consider the organization of the same system registry only for the simple reason that today you can also find OSes in which it is absent as such (Linux), and the key structure is very similar to the organization of files and folders. Actually, the keys themselves are files. By the way, applications and programs are also files or a collection of files to be executed by means of the operating system.