Cloning a hard drive to a flash drive. Hard drive cloning software

Cloning hard drive is a procedure for completely copying and transferring files contained on the HDD. Such an operation is mainly resorted to when replacing the source of information storage with a more capacious one.

Cloning data allows you to get a new hard drive that is completely identical to the previous one. The procedure can be carried out manually, however, depending on the volume of the storage medium, it may take several days. Specialized programs allow you to speed up the process, which allow you to create exact copy hard drive.

Programs for cloning a hard drive can be universal, which work with all types of media, and specialized (created to work with drives from a specific manufacturer). Among them are the following utilities for automatic copying of information:

EASEUS Disk Copy

EASEUS is offered free of charge. The program clones hdd by sectors and works with any file systems. EASEUS developers pay attention to the following advantages that their product has:

• the ability to clone the entire disk or its individual parts, including deleted, hidden and protected files;
• launch is carried out from a boot disk or flash drive;
• works with all operating systems;
• supports dynamic disks, Firewire, SAS, USB, SCSI and SATA l-ll;
• copies up to 1 TB of information;
• simple interface.

Among the main disadvantages of EASEUS are:

• not Russified, in connection with which, a number of users may experience problems when working with the program;
• When working with Windows, a lot of adware is installed.

The latter is offset by the fact that there is no charge for using EASEUS Disk Copy.

Paragon Drive Backup Personal

A feature of Paragon Drive Backup Personal is its ease of use. The program runs under Windows or from a boot disk. All actions performed in the process of creating a copy of a disk are constantly accompanied by pop-up tips. The main benefits of the program are as follows:

• several modes of operation;
• supports everything file systems and hard drives;
• provides the ability to copy individual files and whole sections;
• provides fast speed copying;
• Russified interface.

The program is delivered on a paid basis. For the right to use it will have to pay 39.95 dollars.

Macrium Reflect

Macrium Reflect not only clones data, but also creates images of individual partitions or disks, which, after system recovery, can be embedded directly into Windows Explorer. The features of the program are as follows:

• copies the entire hard drive or individual files;
• does not require a system reboot after creating images;
• checks the identity of the received images;
• works at high speed;
• provides high level security of stored information through the use of multi-level encryption.

Among the shortcomings stand out:

• interface in English;
• advertising products are installed along with the program.

Macrium Reflect is a completely free product.

FarStone RestolerIT Pro

The program is mainly used to recover user data lost in cases of system failure, computer failure, and in other situations. In fact, Farstone RestolerIT Pro does not clone information, but creates backups, in this case backup hard drive. The advantages of the product include:

• the ability to configure the frequency of saving data;
• information is restored after pressing one button;
• data is restored even if the bootloader fails;
• depending on the selected mode, it reserves all information or saves changed data;
• allows you to configure monitoring modes (the entire disk or its individual parts);
• saves the entire history of file changes.

In addition to being unable to clone the disk, the developer requires a fee of $24.95 to use it.

Acronis True Image

Acronis true image is one of the most popular hard drive cloning products today. The program is able to copy information from various drives and file systems.

Acronis True Image supports most Windows versions including older editions. The user is prompted to select several cloning modes: individual partitions, files or the entire disk. Acronis True Image has a number of significant features that have made the program popular:

• bootable from DVD or flash drive;
• differs in multifunctionality and high speed of work;
• interface in Russian;
• ease of use due to the presence of intuitive settings;
• the product works in manual or automatic modes;
• the user can specify which data to copy;
• carries any information, including hidden files.

Using Acronis True Image will cost 1700 rubles.

Cloning example

As an example of how information is cloned from a hard drive, see below how to work with Acronis True Image. Although this product has an intuitive clear interface you need to pay attention to the following terms:

1. original hard drive. This term refers to the medium from which data is copied.
2. Target hard drive. Indicates the medium on which the information is recorded.

To copy information using Acronis True Image, after launching the program and authorization in it, you need to perform a number of actions:

1. The "Tools" tab is selected (located on the left side of the window). In the menu that appears, click on "Clone Disk".
2. The Disk Clone Wizard appears in the program window. After selecting the automatic mode, you need to click on the "Next" button at the bottom of the screen.
3. The third step involves choosing the hard drive from which the information will be copied. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the program names media differently than "Explorer".
4. In the next window, the program provides an opportunity to select the disk on which the information will be written. If any data is saved on the media, Acronis True Image will warn you about the possible loss of the data after the cloning is completed.
5. In the window that provides the ability to select a recovery method, it is recommended to leave a mark on "Copy partitions unchanged".
6. If it is supposed full cloning information, then in the window that appears, click on the "Proceed" button. Otherwise, when you need to select specific files to copy, you should go to the Exclude Files menu (in the lower left corner). In it, you should select the data that is to be copied by putting a corresponding mark next to them.

After completing all the steps, Acronis True Image prompts you to restart the system. Before it is reloaded, the program will clone the information.

The next time you start your computer, the BIOS opens, in which you need to select a boot priority operating system(from hard drive or cloned drive).

Copying information from HDD to SSD

Modern operating systems allow you to transfer information from a hard drive to faster SSDs. Before starting the process, you need to prepare the last drive, for which you will need to perform a number of actions:

• Through the "Control Panel" you should select the menu "Archiving computer data".
• Next, you need to click on "Create a system image", specifying a new drive as a source for copying information.

The system will copy all the data to the SSD in a few minutes. To avoid conflict between pre-installed operating systems, it is recommended to remove it from the hard drive.

You can create a backup copy of the information stored on your computer yourself. However, specialized programs (Acronis True Image, EASEUS Disk Copy, and others) will perform this procedure faster and more efficiently, transferring even hidden files to the new drive. Cloning a hard drive allows you to exclude in advance the possibility of losing information in the event of a computer breakdown, system damage or hacker attacks.

This is the transfer of all data from the old drive ("donor") to a new one ("recipient"). Everything is copied without exception: the operating system with drivers, installed programs, photo, music and so on. After cloning and replacing the disk, you do not need to remember passwords, all files will be in their usual places.

Why clone a hard drive?

This operation is carried out for the following purposes:

1. To use a new and faster drive. A typical case is replacing a slow HDD with a modern SSD. This will significantly speed up the responsiveness of Windows, and due to cloning, the upgrade of the computer will be as comfortable as possible for the user. All shortcuts and settings will remain unchanged, but the system will become faster.
2. Not to reinstall the operating system. For example, after buying a new computer, you want everything to be like on the old one and without reinstallations. This will happen when information is transferred from the "donor" to the "recipient", and the procedure itself will require relatively little action and attention from the user.
3. To synchronize work for different computers. Becomes more and more common telework. Cloning a hard drive will allow you to deploy a full-fledged workplace where it is convenient and there can be as many such places as you like.
4. To backup your data. You can lose information on the drive at any time - nothing lasts forever. Thanks to cloning in a few clicks, you can also be safe in case of force majeure to have a fully working "cast" of all data.

It is important that the "donor" does not have viruses - clone the drive only after a thorough check for malware.

Utilities and programs for cloning

There are many cloning applications. Some, specially designed to perform such an operation, are suitable for inexperienced users who value the simplicity of the process. Other programs have wider functionality. In them, creating a disk clone is just one of the many options available.

Connect your new drive to your computer before using any application. To do this, it is convenient to use an external hard drive pocket.

Renee Becca

A simple utility that everyone will understand. With its help, you can clone a storage medium in a few clicks. The algorithm of actions consists of the following steps:

• download, install and run the application;
• select in the left pane "Clone". With Renee Becca, you can also clone only certain local drives or transfer only the operating system to a new drive. The corresponding items are located below in the initial window of the program;

• indicate "donor" and "recipient". To get a complete copy of the "donor", check the box "Make target disk bootable ..." at the bottom of the window. On the left, expand the "More" list and check the box next to "Clone of all sectors ...". Then start the operation by clicking on "Clone";

A functional program that costs a lot, but a demo version is also suitable for cloning. To download it, follow the link and enter your e-mail. After launching the application, do the following:

• select "donor". It is important to specify not just a local drive, but the entire drive. To do this, click right click mouse on the line with this drive and click on "Clone basic disk";

• specify "recipient". When choosing this disk, remember that the data on it will be overwritten, and its volume cannot be less than the size of the occupied information on the "donor";

• so that the "recipient" is exactly the same as the "donor", check the box next to the "One to One" line in the next window;

• in Acronis Disc Director, any manipulations with drives must always be confirmed separately. To do this, at the top of the window, click on "Apply pending operations" - only after that the cloning will begin;

If you do not use the program for commercial purposes, then you do not need to pay for it. You just need to go to the developer's website, click on "Home Use", specify an e-mail and confirm it - you will receive a corresponding letter. After downloading, installing and running Macrium Reflect, follow these steps:

• on the home screen, click on "Clone this disk";

• on the next window, tick all local drives on the "donor";

• at the bottom, click on "Select a disk to clone ..." - a selection window will appear, where specify the "donor";

• at the end of the operation, click on "Finish";

Paragon Drive Backup Personal

A free utility, the capabilities of which are enough for cloning. It is available for download on this page, and after downloading, installing and running, do the following:

• create your own account in the app. This is done in a few clicks - you only need to specify your e-mail and personal data. After that, on the left, click on "My new backup". On the right, specify "donor" in the "Backup source" field and "recipient" in the "Destination" field;

• start cloning by clicking on "Back up now";

Simple and free app. To download, go to the developer's website and select the version with Russian localization.

After installation and launch, follow these steps in sequence:

• indicate "donor". If you need to clone not the entire drive, but only one of the local drives, then check the box "Show partitions" and select the required local drives. Then click on "Next";

• Specify the "recipient" and click on "Next" again.

• the settings window will appear. You can not change anything and click on "Next";

• a window for setting the sizes of the "donor" and "receiver" will appear. It is enough to tick the option "Resize partitions proportionally" and click on "Next";

• in the last window, confirm the start of the operation by clicking on "Start copying".

A good utility that has a demo version, the capabilities of which are enough for a one-time disk cloning. After downloading, installing and running the application, follow these steps:

• in top panel click on "Clone" - unfortunately, the program does not have a translation into Russian;

Hello admin. I want to clone the Windows 8.1 operating system in Acronis True Image 2015 from a regular hard disk to an SSD, I think this method is much simpler than all the others, first I specified the Source disk, then Target disk and that's it. The volume of a 500 GB hard disk is naturally larger than the volume of a 120 GB solid state drive, but after all, in the cloning settings, you can exclude unnecessary disks, folders and even just files?

Of course, I can do everything myself, but I'm afraid, since I have little experience with Acronis True Image, and you only look at it like this!

How to clone the Windows 7, 8, 8.1 operating system in Acronis True Image 2015 from a regular hard drive to an SSD (the size of the drives varies)

Hello friends! If you often work with Acronis True Image, then you probably noticed that the program settings have such an option called Cloning, and as our reader rightly noted, this option is very finely tuned.

For example, I suggest you clone my Windows 8.1 from a regular 250 GB hard drive to a 120 GB SSD. Simple HDD 250 GB is almost filled with files and of course, all the information from it will not physically fit on the SSD, but when cloning we can exclude unnecessary folders, files and even entire disks, as a result of the cloned information exactly 120 GB will remain, that is, as much as the volume of the SSD. But you need to do everything right, because the Windows 8.1 operating system cloned to another hard drive should start with us!

To start, let's connect to system unit second device SSD solid state drive

For the success of this serious operation, you must be well versed in Disk Management, pay attention to this window of my computer and you will immediately understand what's what.

Disk 0

simple hard SATA drive volume 250 GB.

1 . First hidden section(will clone) System Reserved (Reserved by the system), has a capacity of 350 MB. The main purpose of a hidden partition is to store files Windows boot 8.1. If you have Windows 7 installed, then this partition will be 100 MB in size.

2 . The second section has the letter (C:) (we will clone) 105 GB, installed operating system Windows 8.1.

3 . The third section under the letter (E:) capacity 127 GB, with data files: music, movies, and so on, occupied by 100 GB. We can clone this section not completely, just exclude when cloning large files. Or we can completely exclude this partition from the cloning operation and instead, at the end of the process, an empty partition is formed on the SSD.

Disc 1. Solid state drive SSD, when cloning, all information on it will be deleted

Acronis True Image 2015

For cloning, it is better to use the boot disk of Acronis True Image 2015, because this version works flawlessly with SSDs and has UEFI support. It is better not to install Acronis True Image on Windows and work with boot disk this program, so you will avoid many mistakes.

You can make a bootable flash drive with Acronis True Image 2015 in the program itself or with the help of this article of ours .

So, we boot from a disk or flash drive with the Acronis True Image program. Who does not know how to boot from a disk or flash drive, read our article - .

For example, I enter the boot menu of my computer with motherboard ASUS often pressing the Delete key when turning it on, then I select the "Boot Menu" and already in it I select the drive or USB flash drive.

In the main window of Acronis True Image 15, select

Tools and Utilities

Disk Cloning

Select with the left mouse the Source disk (the disk from which you want to clone the Win 8.1 operating system), in our case, a simple hard disk 3 MAXTOR STM 3250310AS and click Next.

Select with the left mouse the Target disk (the disk to which you want to clone the Win 8.1 operating system), in our case, the solid state drive Silicon Power SSD and Beyond

Acronis displays a warning "The selected target hard disk contains partitions that can store data. Click OK to confirm deletion of all partitions on the target hard disk." Click OK and Next.

Window Exclude by files and folders.

Human cloning now very close to reality. Unfortunately, the discussion on cloning has been influenced by misleading media reports from the very beginning.

negative attitude towards human cloning- more a consequence of the breathtaking novelty of cloning than any real undesirable consequences. With sensible regulation, the benefits of human cloning would far outweigh the disadvantages. If the public imposed a complete ban on human cloning, it would be a sad episode in human history. This essay discusses both the benefits and perceived negative effects of human cloning.

In fact, a clone is simply an identical twin of another person, delayed in time. Human clones will be ordinary human beings, just like you or me, not zombies at all. They will be carried by an ordinary woman for 9 months, they will be born and will be brought up in the family, like any other child. It will take them 18 years to come of age, just like everyone else.

Consequently, clone The twin will be several decades younger than its original, so there is no danger of people confusing the clone twin with the original. Just like identical twins, the clone and the DNA donor will have different fingerprints.

The clone will not inherit any of the original individual's memories. Thanks to all these differences, a clone is not a photocopy or double of a person, but simply a younger identical twin. human clones will have the same legal rights and obligations as any other person. The clones will be human beings in the fullest sense. You will not be allowed to keep a clone as a slave. Human slavery was banned in the United States in 1865.

It should be emphasized that human cloning should be carried out on an individual voluntary basis. A living person who is planned to be cloned will have to give his consent to this. Likewise, a woman who will bear a twin clone and then raise this child must act voluntarily. No other scenario is conceivable for a free democratic country. Since cloning requires a woman to carry a child, there is no danger of evil scientists creating thousands of clones in secret laboratories. Cloning will be done only at the request and with the participation of ordinary people as an additional alternative for reproduction.

Many people ask: Why clone a person?

There are at least two good reasons: to enable families to conceive twin children of prominent personalities, and to allow childless couples to have children.

As we live in a free society, we must also ask ourselves, “Are negative consequences really so inevitable that we should be prohibited from doing this by adults who act voluntarily?” We will see that, on the whole, the negative consequences are not so insurmountable. Where certain abuses are foreseen, they can be prevented through narrowly targeted laws and regulations, which will be discussed below.

Cultural and economic significance cloning Clint Eastwood would be awesome!

Cloning exceptional individuals

Outstanding people are valuable in many ways, both culturally and financially. For example, in the US, movie stars and sports stars are often worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Let's take a specific example of Clint Eastwood. His films have brought in several billion dollars over 30 years. Today he is 67 years old and is nearing the end of his acting and directing career. He is one of the most popular living movie stars. As Richard Schickel said in his essay on Eastwood, "For actors, more than anyone else, genetics is destiny." The cultural and economic implications of cloning Clint Eastwood would be enormous. Tens of millions of fans would be delighted. Besides, it could be done in a very appropriate way. He certainly has the financial resources to pay for this procedure. His new wife now in childbearing age, and could easily endure and give birth to a child who would be brought up in their family. If the Eastwood family thought they wanted to do it, why should the government ban it? Why should this be a crime?

The same reasoning applies to sports stars. For example, they suggested cloning Michael Jordan, a super basketball player. Of course, this should only be done with the approval of Mr. Jordan and the woman, preferably married, who wishes to raise the child. Millions of basketball fans would love to hear about the successful cloning of Michael Jordan. There would also be widespread interest and much incentive to clone other major figures in the sport, such as Wilt Chamberlain, Willie Mays, Ted Williams, the last big league baseball player to score over 400 points. Of course, we will have to wait about 20 years for the twins of these great men of the sport to come of age. In addition, there is always the possibility that the athlete's twin may not be interested in sports. However, given the opportunities for them to earn millions of dollars, this does not seem very likely.

Why shouldn't you also allow cloning prominent intellectuals and scientists such as science fiction visionary Arthur S. Clarke, Dr. Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine, and even Dr. Jan Wilmuth himself?

Wilmut will definitely win the Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology. Indeed, it would be worthwhile to clone each of the Nobel laureates for the future contribution that their twins could potentially make to science.

Again, this is a decision that is made by the individuals directly involved: the DNA donor, the woman who will bear the child, and her husband who will help raise the child.

Cloning is reasonable even in the case of mere mortals. The concept of exceptional people is not limited to movie stars and Nobel Prize winners. We all know people we respect and admire. Sometimes we say to ourselves, I wish there were more people like this in the world!

Human cloning allows us to go beyond this kind of empty thinking. Suppose old Uncle Max is a fine man who is treated with love and respect in society and in the family. His niece and her husband decide that they would like to have a child just like Uncle Max. He is flattered and agreed let yourself be cloned. Why should the U.S. Congress, in its infinite wisdom, intervene and declare Uncle Max and his niece to be criminals who should be arrested by the reproductive police and put in jail? Where are the harmful consequences for themselves and for society? Why should it be a crime?

What can we expect from human clones? The answer emerges from the study of conventional identical twins. In appearance, the clone almost completely repeats the original individual, has almost the same height and build. For famous supermodels and movie stars, this may be the most important quality. Identical twins have a 70% correlation in intelligence and a 50% correlation in traits. This means that if you clone an outstanding scientist, then his twin clone may actually be even smarter than the original scientist! And if the clone of Elizabeth Taylor will have a slightly different character, does it matter? At present, we cannot say with certainty what percentage of twins of outstanding people will make equal contributions to science. However, if cloning is banned, we will never know. Decisiveness and energy - no doubt important characteristics many prominent people. And they seem to be heavily influenced by genetics. If it turns out that clones of prominent people do not live up to the reputation of their predecessors, then the incentive to clone people will weaken. Then we will see that people, being informed, will want to clone less often.

Objections raised against human cloning

Some politicians in the United States are now proposing to save us from all the misfortunes associated with human cloning through a complete legal ban. Interestingly, upon closer inspection, no serious problems actually exist. In the few cases where abuse is possible, it can be prevented through narrow legislation. And there is nothing related to human cloning per se that would justify its criminalization. The only objection that remains as a result of the analysis is that cloning technology is not yet perfect. But this is a justification for further research, not for a ban.

The only objection that remains as a result of the analysis is that cloning technology is not yet perfect. But this is a justification for further research, not for a ban.

Number of fantastic and absurd objections against human cloning just amazing. This shows a fundamental lack of understanding of this concept by the general public. Instead of pandering to fears that come from ignorance, politicians should undertake a program to create a sober understanding of the issue in the public.

If US legislators are foolish enough to make human cloning a crime, there's a good chance the Supreme Court will declare it unconstitutional. Even if he does not do this, the Americans will still have the opportunity to fly to a free country to perform this procedure.

Let's look in detail at some of the major objections to human cloning that people have. The very thought of it is unnatural and disgusting.

Creating another person with the same genetic code would violate human dignity and uniqueness.

These arguments are nullified by the existence of 150 million people in the world today whose genetic code is not unique. I'm talking about natural identical twins, which are born on average 1 time in 67 births.

Natural twins are much more similar than clone twins, since natural twins are exactly the same age, while a clone twin and a DNA donor will usually have a few decades difference in age. Are natural twins or triplets disgusting? Do twins violate human dignity? Of course not.

This backlash in many cases is simply the result of misinformation and confusion surrounding the notion of a human clone. But if you find cloning disgusting, then by all means don't do it! Even if many people still find the idea of ​​human cloning disgusting, this is not a sufficient reason for a ban.

In the name of individual freedom, many activities are permitted in this world that people find disgusting. For example, many people find nose earrings and gender reassignment surgery disgusting. But they are not prohibited, as we value freedom of choice. There is a view that victimless crimes should not be considered crimes. And who would be the victim in the case of human cloning? It's hard to believe that clones would consider themselves victims just because they have the same genetic code as someone else. After all, millions of identical twins do not consider themselves victims. It is also difficult to see how society as a whole could suffer from human cloning. On the contrary, a clone should probably think of himself as someone special, and all the more so if he is the twin of an outstanding person. They will also have the advantage of knowing from the very beginning of life what they are capable of. So where is the problem? Cloning would reduce genetic diversity, making us more vulnerable to epidemics and the like.

This objection is based on unwarranted extreme extrapolation. There are more than 5 billion people on this planet. Obviously, human cloning will be done on a very modest scale due to the perceived cost of the procedure. In addition, most women still do not want to be mothers of twin clones. It will take many decades before the total number of human clones reaches at least 1 million people worldwide. Percentage-wise, this would represent a microscopic fraction of the total population and would have no impact on the genetic diversity of humans. We will also discuss further how human cloning will help us make up for lost genetic diversity. If in some distant future human cloning will become widespread, then some restrictions on such activities might be justified. However, keep in mind that even if one clone of every human on the planet were created, there would be little to no reduction in genetic diversity, since we would still have 5 billion genetically different individuals. This could lead to the creation of monster humans or freaks. .

Human cloning is not the same as human genetic engineering. In cloning, DNA is copied, resulting in another person, an exact twin of an existing individual and therefore not a monster or freak. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, would involve the modification of human DNA, as a result of which a person could appear, unlike any other that previously existed. This could conceivably lead to the creation of very unusual people, even monsters. Human genetic engineering, while having great positive potential, is indeed a very risky undertaking and should only be carried out with the greatest care and supervision. Cloning is safe and trite compared to genetic engineering. If you are afraid of human cloning, then human genetic engineering should simply terrify you. Dictators can use cloning for evil.

There is a possibility that unprincipled dictators such as Fidel Castro or Saddam Hussein may try to perpetuate their power by creating clones of themselves and passing power to them when they die. There is also the possibility that such people may try to create a super army of thousands of clones of Arnold Schwarzenegger or the like. These possibilities cannot be discounted. However, it is important to understand that laws passed in the US and other democratic countries cannot control the behavior of rogue dictators in totalitarian countries. A ban on human cloning in the US or Europe will not stop cloning in Iraq. And if Saddam Hussein wants to clone himself, no amount of military intervention can stop him. The evil in these scenarios does not come from cloning per se, but from dictatorships. The proper solution would be a worldwide ban on dictators, but this is of course unlikely to materialize. The technology is not perfect, it can lead to fetal death.

No sphere of human activity is free from accidental death. Human cloning is no exception. Some of the other sheep cloned at Roslyn were stillborn. IN currently Mammalian cloning technology is in the experimental stage and the success rate is still low. Judging by additional experiments on higher mammals, it can be foreseen that the cloning procedure will be improved to the point where the risk of miscarriage or death of the child will be the same as for other births.

Thirty thousand people died on the Oregon Trail. Forty thousand die in the US every year in car accidents. There are also many fatal plane crashes, hundreds of people and dozens of children die in each accident. Every year many adults and children choke on chicken bones and die. However, we don't think about banning cars, planes, or fried chicken because the benefits outweigh the risks. If airplanes were invented now instead of 90 years ago, I'm afraid there would be serious proposals to ban airplanes because of the risk of injury and loss of life. It would be absurd to ban new technological advances just because they are not perfectly safe to begin with. Millionaires will clone yourself just to get organs for transplant.

This is one of the most absurd of all statements about cloning. A human clone is a human being. In a free society, you cannot force another human being to give you one of his internal organs. Also, in no way can you kill another person to get one of their organs. Already existing laws prevent such abuses. Note also that if your twin clone is injured in an accident, you may be asked to donate one of your kidneys to keep the clone alive! If the organ donor is still a child, society may wish to intervene and announce that it is forbidden. In reality, removing any organ from a child, clone or not, for transplantation into another person is a highly controversial practice that should be strictly regulated.

Many legitimate future applications cloning technologies find themselves in the areas of organ transplants, skin grafts for fire victims, and the like. In these cases, the cloning of a whole person would not be required, but only the use of the same nuclear transfer technology to grow new tissues or organs for medical purposes.

Do we really need 200 clones of Sophia Loren or Cindia Crawford?

Perhaps not, and it is unlikely that it will. (However, the idea of ​​replicating beautiful women wouldn't seem so bad to most men.) If we're talking about cloning a living person and consent is required, as it should be by law, extremely it is unlikely that a person will agree to the creation of 200 clones. A person will probably approve of creating no more than 1 or 2 clones of themselves. Also remember that human clones cannot be mass-produced in a laboratory. Each of them must be borne in due time by a woman, as well as any other child. How do critics of cloning imagine that 200 women can be persuaded to bear these 200 identical babies? If we're really worried that it's possible, society might just ban the creation of more than 2 clones of the same person, rather than cloning in general.

If we're talking about cloning someone who is now dead, a more distant possibility, then it's a question of limitation. number of twin clones becomes a reasonable topic for reflection and debate. And we will have plenty of time for these debates. Of course, if there are simply several individuals with the same appearance, such as triplets or "quads", this does not necessarily lead to the degradation of the human essence of these people.

Religious leaders discredit themselves when they propose to imprison people they cannot convince.

This is tantamount to taking on the role of God.

The Bible and the sacred texts of other major religions do not explicitly prohibit human cloning. Therefore, religious opposition to human cloning is not well founded. However, there are many people who think that human cloning is "wrong" for religious reasons. These people, of course, should not be involved in cloning. Religious leaders who believe that human cloning is "wrong" are given the right to preach their faith and convince anyone they can convince. But they discredit themselves when they propose to imprison people they cannot convince. Jesus never promoted force to force people to live according to Christian beliefs. The imposition of religious beliefs through laws is a very pathetic idea, and moreover, it is a violation of the US constitution.

Unlike abortion, which involves ending the life of the fetus, cloning involves creating a new life. Therefore, opposition to human cloning is not based on established moral principles. It can also be argued that if God didn't want us to clone mammals and humans, he wouldn't have created Dr. Wilmut. Please stay true to your views and faith, but don't tell me what to do with my DNA! Personally, I would not want to clone myself, but free people should be free in their choice and not be forced by society.

The accusation of playing the role of God is a vague but constantly repeated criticism. We hear it every time when a new serious achievement appears in medicine. At one time, birth control with contraceptives, in vitro fertilization, and heart transplants were criticized on the same grounds. God often does wonderful things that we should try to imitate. If playing the role of God in human cloning can have bad consequences, critics must determine exactly what bad consequences that could be. So far they haven't.

Desirable government regulation

Human cloning is a new and unexplored legal field that will definitely require some legislative regulation to prevent abuse. Here are some suggestions as to what moderate laws would seem desirable.

Human clones should officially have the same legal rights and responsibilities as any other human being. Humans will not have the right to keep a human clone in the wine cellar for spare parts for their bodies, any more than they can with identical twins. It is a crime to mistreat any human being, whether or not their genetic code is unique.

The currently living person should not clone without his written consent. Any person is automatically given ownership of his genetic code and the right to dispose of it at his own discretion; the code must remain under his control. A person should be allowed to determine at will whether he wants to be allowed to clone himself after death, and under what conditions. We may wish to prohibit the cloning of minors, as they have not yet reached the maturity to make this kind of decision.

Human clones should only be conceived and born by an adult woman acting of her own free will, without coercion. Growing a human fetus outside a woman's body, such as in laboratory machines, should be prohibited. At the moment, there is no technology for artificially growing a fetus, but Japanese researchers are working on it.

There is reason to believe that the predisposition to violence and murder is genetically predetermined. Cloning of convicted murderers and other violent criminals should be banned. Cloning Charles Manson shouldn't be legal. There are enough criminals in the world without their artificial creation. The ban should certainly extend to the famous mass murderers of the past, such as Hitler, Lenin and Stalin, looking forward to the day when this will be possible.

Cloning the dead

An interesting but little-known fact about Dr. Wilmut's cloning procedure is that it is done with frozen rather than fresh cells. (This information is obtained directly from Jan Wilmuth by Dr. Patrick Dixon.) This means that the DNA donor, whether animal or human, does not need to be alive when cloning is performed. If a human tissue sample is frozen properly, the human could be cloned through long time after his death. In the case of people who have already died and whose tissue has not been frozen, cloning becomes more difficult, and today's technology does not allow this. However, it would be very bold for any biologist to say that this is impossible. Let's now look into the near future and think about the possibilities that will open up if science can develop a method for obtaining a clone from the DNA of an already deceased creature.

All human tissues contain DNA and can potentially be a source for cloning. The list of tissues includes human hair, bones and teeth. Unfortunately, DNA begins to slowly decompose a few weeks after death, destroying segments of the genetic code. After 60 million years, only short fragments of dinosaur DNA have survived, so the chances of Jurassic Park being realized are slim. However, there is a good chance of recovering the DNA sequence from human tissue samples, as significantly less time has passed.

Think of the genetic code as a book from which paragraphs or pages are randomly deleted over time. If we only have one copy of a book, full text cannot be restored. Luckily we have more than one copy. There may be many thousands of cells in a bone or tissue sample, each with its own copy of the DNA code.

It is like having thousands of copies of the same book. If page 239 is removed from one book, that page may be intact in another, so by combining information from many cells, the original genetic code can be reconstructed exactly. Another encouraging factor is that only a small percentage of the three billion characters of the human genetic code is responsible for individual differences.

For example, the genetic codes of chimpanzees and humans are actually 99% the same. This means that less than 1% of the code will have to be restored, i.e. only the part that determines the individual differences between people. Of course, all this is beyond today's technology, but it is fundamentally feasible.

Bunches of hair of many famous people of the past have been preserved. The list of these people includes Isaac Newton, George Washington, Napoleon, Beethoven, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and John Lennon. For example, not so long ago, a chemical analysis of several hairs of Isaac Newton was carried out. They were found to contain high levels of arsenic due to his chemical experiments.

Until now, curls of hair were just extravagant rarities. With human cloning already on the verge of reality, they are now taking on a much greater significance. It is possible that the great men of the past could be cloned from samples of their hair, tissues or bones. Albert Einstein's brain is preserved in a special vessel. We know the location of the bones of many other famous people, such as Abraham Lincoln, Leonardo da Vinci, Eva Peron. We should take appropriate measures, legislative if necessary, to ensure that tissue samples of prominent people of the past are properly preserved from destruction. Cryogenic storage of these samples would be desirable to prevent further damage to the DNA.

The prospect of cloning prominent people of the past is an extremely exciting possibility, and justifies the most intense research efforts. Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are two of the greatest scientists of all time. Imagine the potential for scientific progress if these two scientists could be cloned and trained in the 21st century!

Given the dependence of the individual on the cultural environment, the Newton clone would have been brought up in England, and the Einstein clone would no doubt have been brought up in a Jewish family, possibly real descendants of Einstein. As with clones of movie stars and athletes, there is no guarantee that their twins will necessarily want to study physics. Instead, in their new life, they may find some other area of ​​science more interesting, such as artificial intelligence or genetic engineering. Assuming they are born around the same time, it would be possible for Newton and Einstein's twin clones to collaborate on scientific work! What scientific wonders could these two great minds discover by working together?

One can also imagine that the great political leaders of the past could be cloned from a tuft of hair or from leftover bones. Names that come to mind are Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy. There is some evidence that leadership tendencies are genetically determined. Of course, a person's life experience leaves a big imprint on his personality, interests and aspirations. However, it does not seem improbable that some of the twins of these great men might also wish to enter the path of politics and reach its heights, just as the children of politicians sometimes repeat the careers of their fathers. How incredibly exciting it would be to witness the next century's presidential race between Abraham Lincoln's twin and Franklin Roosevelt's non-paraplegic twin! Who would win the rivalry between the twin clones of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan? Will Winston Churchill be re-elected as British Prime Minister, or will he find himself out of work in the supposedly peaceful environment of the 21st century? Maybe instead he would have become an outstanding television commentator and writer.

There would also be enormous interest and benefit from cloning the great figures of the sport the past, such as Jim Thorpe, Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth and Geese Owens. The 2032 Olympics could be a sensation if clones of Jim Thorpe and Geese Owens were to compete against each other.

The same technology that would clone Adolf Hitler can be used to clone Anne Frank!

Another opportunity provided by human cloning, may consist in the partial correction of the injustices of the past. Perhaps the many millions of victims of the Nazi concentration camps could be cloned to restore lost genetic branches. The same technology that would clone Adolf Hitler can be used to clone Anne Frank! Human cloning would have been the first proposal of the world Jewish community as a constructive response to the Holocaust. There remains serious concern in Russia about the impoverishment of the gene pool caused by Stalin's mass executions of the best and brightest members of society. In a limited sense, cloning could give a chance for a new life to the people of the past, whose lives were unjustly and prematurely cut short.

What about DNA from Egyptian mummies? Perhaps the ancient Egyptians were wiser than we might think when it comes to preserving their bodies after death. The whole mummy of Ramses II lies in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in excellent condition. Ramses II is a pharaoh mentioned in the Old Testament. Human cloning technology would allow a modern Egyptian woman to give birth to the twin of a great historical figure. Who wouldn't be in awe of seeing the living incarnation of Ramses II and hearing the same voice that spoke to Moses over three millennia ago?

Summing up

Clearly, human cloning has enormous potential benefits and several possible negative consequences. As with many scientific achievements of the past, such as airplanes and computers, the only threat is that of our own narrow mental self-satisfaction. Human clones can make a great contribution to scientific progress and cultural development. In certain cases, where possible abuses are foreseen, they can be prevented with the help of narrowly focused specialized legislation. With a modicum of common sense and reasonable regulation, human cloning is not something to be feared. We should look forward to it with excitement and support Scientific research, which will speed up the implementation of cloning.

Exceptional people are among the world's greatest treasures. Human cloning will allow us to preserve, and eventually even restore, these treasures.

How to clone an animal? How to clone a human? How to clone a plant? How was Dolly the Sheep cloned? And what is a clone?

How to create a clone?

As you know, in the process of reproduction of most higher organisms, the daughter individual receives half of the genes from the father, and half from the mother, that is, it differs in genotype (set of genes) from both the father and the mother.

Clones in biology are organisms that have the same genotype.

It should be remembered that it is almost impossible to obtain an absolutely exact copy during cloning - in the process of individual development, some of the genes can “work”, and some can be “silent”, external factors can influence the activation of certain genes.

How to clone an animal?

The first successful animal cloning experiments were carried out in the mid-1970s by the English embryologist J. Gordon, when a new tadpole was obtained by transplanting a tadpole cell nucleus into a frog egg.

A significant contribution to the solution of the problem of cloning of mammals was made by the Scottish group of researchers from the Roslyn Institute and PPL Therapeuticus, led by Ian Wilmuth. In 1996, their publications appeared on the successful birth of Megan and Morgan sheep as a result of the transfer of sheep embryonic cell nuclei into unfertilized sheep eggs. In 1997, Wilmut's group used the nucleus of an adult (rather than an embryonic) cell and obtained a sheep named Dolly.

In Dolly's case, the same nuclear transfer technology was used as when cloning animals from embryonic cells.

The transfer process uses two cages. The recipient cell is an unfertilized egg, the donor cell is taken from the cloned animal. In the case of Megan and Morgan sheep, donor cells were taken from sheep embryos, in the case of Dolly, differentiated (adult) cells were used from the lower part of the udder of a sheep that was four months pregnant. The pregnant animal was chosen because the udder of a pregnant sheep is actively growing, that is, its cells are actively dividing and are characterized by increased viability.

Using a microscope and two finest capillaries, DNA is removed from the recipient cell, then the donor cell containing a nucleus with chromosomal DNA is connected to the recipient egg cell, which is deprived of genetic material.

After that, some of the fused cells begin to divide, and after they are placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother, they develop into an embryo.

According to the specialists of the Roslin Institute, only one out of thirty embryos implanted in surrogate mothers develops normally.

Later it was discovered that the "normally developing" cloned sheep Dolly ages several times faster than its "normally born" relatives. According to one of the most likely explanations, aging occurs due to a programmed limitation in the number of divisions and lifespan of each cell in higher organisms. According to one version, this is determined by the length of the end sections of the chromosome arms - telomeric repeats. With each cell division, their length decreases, which, accordingly, determines the remaining life time allowed for the cell. Since the cell of an already adult animal, which had undergone at least several divisions before, was used as a donor when creating Dolly, the telomeres of its chromosomes were somewhat shortened by that time, which could determine the overall biological age of the cloned organism.

How to clone a human?

Ever since the cloned sheep was born, there has been an ongoing debate around the world about the need to ban or allow human cloning.

It should be remembered that organisms with an identical genotype, that is, natural clones, are identical twins. Similarly, an artificially obtained "clone" of a person will be only the younger twin of the DNA donor in time. Just like twins, the clone and the DNA donor will have different fingerprints. The clone will not inherit any of the original individual's memories.

How to clone a plant?

Plant cloning, unlike animal cloning, is a common process that any florist or horticulturist faces. When a plant is propagated by shoots, cuttings, tendrils - this is an example of cloning. This is how a new plant with a genotype identical to the shoot donor plant is obtained. This is possible due to the fact that as plants grow, cells do not lose the ability to implement all the genetic information contained in the nucleus.

Based on materials from http://www.rusbiotech.ru/ and http://ru.wikipedia.org