Concept of corporate system and network. Corporate Information Systems (CIS)

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Automated control systems

In the early 60s, work began on the automation of inventory management in the United States. It became obvious that the use of mathematical models of demand planning and inventory management leads to significant savings in funds frozen in the form of inventory and work in progress. It is impossible to develop “absolutely optimal methods for inventory planning”, therefore, algorithms should be selected and adapted to the specifics of specific warehouse tasks, depending on the production cycle or supply of the stored item, cost, product size, packaging, applicability and demand, warehouse volumes, etc. It was found that that the choice of the optimal volume of a batch of an order is one of the most important conditions for increasing the efficiency of an enterprise, since an insufficient volume of them leads to an increase in administrative costs for repeated orders, and an excessive one leads to a freezing of funds. Warehouse management in modern management systems is based on mathematical methods of inventory management. The first automated inventory control systems in industrial production were based on calculations according to the specification of the composition of the product. According to the product release plan, production plans were formed and the volume of purchases of materials and components was calculated. The end of the 60s is associated with the work of Oliver White, who, in the conditions of automation of industrial enterprises, proposed to consider production, supply and sales divisions as a complex. This approach and the use of computer technology for the first time made it possible to promptly correct planned targets in the production process (when needs change, orders are adjusted, lack of resources, equipment failures).

Automated control systems, first of all, provide methodological and informational support for the process of managing flows, using equipment and personnel, as well as determining market needs and customer relationships. The information provided by the system is necessary for managers to make “correct” adequate management decisions. The management system itself does not make decisions - this is the role of a person. But the system can be of invaluable help, providing guidance with all the necessary information.

Systems may include the following control areas:

planning needs, ensuring optimal use of equipment and human resources; preparation of tasks and schedules, taking into account; requirements, availability of resources (people and equipment);

maintaining relationships with suppliers and customers, both regarding individual orders and in the long term; meeting constantly changing needs; quick response to emerging problems; formation of information for the financial management of the company.

In the world there are several basic and proven methods for managing industrial and human resources, tested in a highly competitive environment. These methods are widely used in Russian enterprises:

1. method of planning the necessary materials (MRP);

2. method of planning production resources (MRPII);

3. method "lean production" (Lean Manufacturing) or Just in time (Just-IN-Time);

4. Method Theory of Constraints (management of bottlenecks;

Organization of corporate information systems

1. The concept of corporate IP
2. MRPII Production Management Practice Standard
3. ERP enterprise resource management system

The concept of corporate IP

Corporate IS (CIS)- this is an IS that supports operational and managerial accounting in an enterprise and provides information for prompt management decision-making. The concept of CIS is now inextricably linked with the following two business management standards implemented in all enterprise-wide software products:

• International Standard for Industrial Enterprise Management (Manufacturing Resource Planning - MRPII);
• Enterprise resource planning systems – ERP).

(In Russia, in this area, so far there have been only attempts to develop CAD, process control systems !!)

CIS can also be interpreted as a management ideology that combines the business strategy of an enterprise with its corresponding management structure and advanced IT. At the same time, the main elements are the management structure, and IT performs a secondary, instrumental role. The generalized business management structure includes four main blocks:

• The control object itself;
• Control block
• Resources
• Mathematical model(it can be divided into several models, for example, the model of the current state, the transition state and the final state of the control object).

The necessary rules for the interaction between these blocks are largely determined by the means of IT / S.

"Corporatism" in the term CIS means the correspondence of the system to the needs of a large company with a complex territorial structure. The IS of individual divisions that make up the company (financial, marketing, etc.) cannot claim to be corporatist.

It is also impossible to identify the concepts of CIS and ISUP - integrated enterprise management systems. It can be explained as follows:

The initial data for CIS are data on the main resources that need to be managed (financial, material, informational, personnel, etc.), which, at the exit from the system, are converted into the result of the main activity of the enterprise. As you move up the management pyramid (see the previous Lecture), the primary information is systematized, processed and selected, resulting in reports for top management that contain the most significant values ​​for making strategic decisions.

ISMS cover a layer that performs operational accounting (see the pyramid - the operational level) and a layer that stores corporate data systematized in accordance with the requirements of middle managers (i.e., the pyramid - the MIS management level).

Thus, most of the ISUP are the foundation for building CIS. While CIS must necessarily include also decision support systems (DSS, ESS). In other words, the concept of CIS involves the use various kinds IS according to the management hierarchy (i.e. horizontal coverage) and across all functional areas (i.e. vertical coverage).

Corporate Information System (CIS)- management ideology that combines business strategy and information technology.

Corporate information system is a scalable system designed for complex automation of all types of economic activities of large and medium-sized enterprises, including corporations consisting of a group of companies that require unified management.

Corporate Information System can be considered a system that automates more than 80% of the company's divisions.

Corporate Information Systems are an evolution of systems for workgroups, they are focused on large companies and can support geographically dispersed nodes or networks. Basically, they have a hierarchical structure of several levels. Such systems are characterized by a client-server architecture with specialization of servers or a multi-level architecture. When developing such systems, the same database servers can be used as when developing group information systems. However, in large information systems, Oracle, DB2 and Microsoft SQL server.

For group and corporate systems, the requirements for the reliability of operation and data safety are significantly increased. These properties are provided by maintaining the integrity of data, links and transactions in the database servers.

The most significant feature of an integrated information system should be the expansion of the automation loop to obtain a closed, self-regulating system capable of flexibly and quickly restructuring the principles of its functioning.

The CIS should include tools for documentary support of management, information support of subject areas, communication software, means of organizing the collective work of employees and other auxiliary (technological) products. From this, in particular, it follows that a mandatory requirement for CIS is the integration of a large number of software products.

What gives the enterprise the use of networks

This question can be clarified as follows:

• When to deploy in an enterprise computer networks Is it preferable to use standalone computers or multi-machine systems?
• What new opportunities appear in the enterprise with the advent of a computer network?
• And finally, does an enterprise always need a network?

Without going into details, the ultimate goal of using computer networks at the enterprise is to increase the efficiency of its work, which can be expressed, for example, in an increase in profits. Indeed, if, thanks to computerization, the cost of producing an existing product has decreased, the development time for a new model has been reduced, or the service of customer orders has accelerated, this means that this enterprise really needed a network.

conceptual network advantage, which follows from their belonging to distributed systems, before stand-alone computers is their ability to perform parallel computing. Due to this, in a system with several processing nodes, in principle, it is possible to achieve performance, which exceeds the currently possible performance of any individual, no matter how powerful, processor. Distributed systems potentially have a better performance/cost ratio than centralized systems.

Another obvious and important advantage of distributed systems is their higher fault tolerance. Under fault tolerance it is necessary to understand the ability of the system to perform its functions (maybe not in full) in case of failures individual elements hardware and incomplete data availability. Redundancy is the basis of increased fault tolerance of distributed systems. Redundancy of processing nodes (processors in multiprocessor systems or computers in networks) allows, in the event of a failure of one node, to reassign the tasks assigned to it to other nodes. To this end, dynamic or static reconfiguration procedures may be provided in a distributed system. V computer networks some datasets may be duplicated on external storage devices several computers on the network, so that if one of them fails, the data remains available.

The use of geographically distributed computing systems is more in line with the distributed nature of applied tasks in some subject areas, such as automation. technological processes, banking, etc. In all these cases, there are individual consumers of information dispersed over a certain territory - employees, organizations or technological installations. These consumers perform their tasks autonomously, so you should provide them with their own computing facilities, but at the same time, since the tasks they solve are logically closely interconnected, their computational tools must be combined into common system. The optimal solution in such a situation is to use a computer network.

For the user, distributed systems also provide benefits such as the ability to share data and devices, as well as the ability to flexibly distribute work throughout the system. This separation of costly peripherals- such as high capacity disk arrays, color printers, plotters, modems, optical disks - in many cases is the main reason for deploying a network in an enterprise. The user of a modern computer network works at his computer, often not realizing that he is using the data of another powerful computer located hundreds of kilometers away. He sends e-mail via a modem connected to a communications server shared by several departments in his enterprise. The user has the impression that these resources are connected directly to his computer, or "almost" connected, since they require little extra work to work with compared to using truly native resources.

Recently, another motive for deploying networks has become dominant, much more important in modern conditions than cost savings due to the division of expensive equipment or programs between employees of a corporation. This motive was the desire to provide employees with quick access to extensive corporate information. In the face of fierce competition in any market sector, in the end, the winner is the company whose employees can quickly and correctly answer any question of the client - about the capabilities of their products, about the conditions for its use, about solving various problems, etc. In a large enterprise, even a good manager is unlikely to know all the characteristics of each of the products produced, especially since their range can be updated every quarter, if not a month. Therefore, it is very important that the manager has the opportunity from his computer connected to corporate network, say, in Magadan, transfer the client's question to a server located in the central office of the enterprise in Novosibirsk, and promptly receive an answer that satisfies the client. In this case, the client will not apply to another company, but will continue to use the services of this manager.

Using the network leads to improvement communications between employees of the enterprise, as well as its customers and suppliers. Networks reduce the need for businesses to use other forms of information transfer, such as the telephone or regular mail. Often, it is the possibility of organizing e-mail that is one of the reasons for deploying a computer network in an enterprise. Increasingly, new technologies are gaining ground that allow the transmission of network channels communication is not only computer data, but also voice and video information. Corporate network , which integrates data and multimedia information, can be used to organize audio and video conferences, in addition, its own internal telephone network can be created on its basis.

The benefits of using networks

1. The integral advantage is the increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.
2. Ability to perform parallel computing which can improve performance and fault tolerance.
3. Greater compliance with the distributed nature of some applied tasks.
4. Ability to share data and devices.
5. Possibility of flexible distribution of work throughout the system.
6. Quick access to extensive corporate information.
7. Improving communications.

Problems

1. The complexity of developing system and application software for distributed systems.
2. performance issues and reliability network data transmission.
3. Security problem.

Of course, when using computer networks there are also problems associated mainly with the organization of effective interaction between individual parts of a distributed system.

First, these are software problems: operating systems and applications. Programming for distributed systems is fundamentally different from programming for centralized systems. So, the network operating system, performing in the general case all the functions of managing the local resources of a computer, moreover, solves numerous tasks associated with providing network services. The development of network applications is complicated by the need to organize the joint work of their parts running on different machines. A lot of trouble delivers and ensuring the compatibility of software installed in the nodes of the network.

Secondly, many problems are associated with the transport of messages through communication channels between computers. The main tasks here are to ensure reliability (so that the transmitted data is not lost or distorted) and performance (so that data is exchanged with acceptable delays). In the structure of the total costs for a computer network, the costs of solving "transport issues" make up a significant part, while in centralized systems these problems are completely absent.

Thirdly, these are issues related to security, which are much more difficult to solve in a computer network than in a stand-alone computer. In some cases, when security is especially important, it is better not to use the network.

Many more pros and cons can be cited, but the main proof of the effectiveness of using networks is the indisputable fact of their ubiquitous distribution. Today it is difficult to find an enterprise that does not have at least a one-segment network of personal computers; more and more networks appear with hundreds of workstations and dozens of servers, some large organizations are acquiring private wide area networks connecting their branches thousands of kilometers away. In each specific case, there were reasons for creating a network, but the general statement is also true: there is still something in these networks.

Department networks

Department networks- These are networks that are used by a relatively small group of employees working in the same department of the enterprise. These employees perform some common tasks, such as accounting or marketing. It is believed that the department may have up to 100-150 employees.

The main goal of the department network is separation local resources such as applications, data, laser printers, and modems. Typically, departmental networks have one or two file servers, no more than thirty users (Figure 10.3), and are not subnetted. Most of the enterprise's traffic is localized on these networks. Department networks are usually created on the basis of any one network technology - Ethernet, Token Ring. In such a network, one or, at most, two types of operating systems are most often used. Not a large number of allows users to use peer-to-peer network operating systems, such as Windows 98, on departmental networks.

Rice. 10.3.

The tasks of managing a departmental network are relatively simple: adding new users, fixing simple failures, installing new nodes, and installing new software versions. Such a network can be managed by an employee who dedicates only part of his time to the duties of an administrator. Most often, the departmental network administrator has no special training, but is the person in the department who understands computers best of all, and it turns out that he is also responsible for administering the network.

There is another type of network that is close to departmental networks - workgroup networks. Such networks include very small networks, including up to 10-20 computers. The characteristics of workgroup networks are almost the same as the characteristics of departmental networks described above. Properties such as network simplicity and homogeneity are at their strongest here, while departmental networks can approach in some cases the next largest network type, campus networks.

Campus networks

Campus networks got their name from the English word campus - campus. It was on the territory of university campuses that it often became necessary to combine several small networks into one large one. Now this name is not associated with campuses, but is used to refer to the networks of any enterprises and organizations.

Campus networks(Fig. 10.4) combine many networks of different departments of one enterprise within a single building or one area covering an area of ​​​​several square kilometers. At the same time, global connections are not used in campus networks. Such network services include communication between departmental networks, access to shared enterprise databases, access to shared fax servers, high-speed modems, and high-speed printers. As a result, employees of each department of the enterprise get access to some files and resources of networks of other departments. Campus networks provide access to corporate databases regardless of what types of computers they are located on.

It is at the campus network level that the problems of integrating heterogeneous hardware and software arise. Types of computers, network operating systems, network hardware each department may differ. Hence the complexity of managing campus networks. Administrators should be more qualified in this case, and network operational management tools should be more efficient.

Enterprise networks

Corporate networks also called enterprise-wide networks, which corresponds to the literal translation of the term "enterprise-wide networks", used in English literature to refer to this type of networks. Enterprise networks ( corporate networks) unite a large number of computers in all areas of a single enterprise. They can be intricately connected and capable of covering a city, region, or even a continent. The number of users and computers can be measured in thousands, and the number of servers in hundreds, the distances between the networks of individual territories are such that one has to use corporate network different types of computers are sure to be used - from mainframes to personal computers, several types of operating systems and many different applications. Non-homogeneous parts corporate network should work as a whole, providing users with the most convenient and easy access to all necessary resources.

Enterprise networks ( corporate networks) unite a large number of computers in all areas of a single enterprise. For corporate network characteristic:

• scale - thousands of user computers, hundreds of servers, huge amounts of data stored and transmitted over communication lines, a wide variety of applications;
• high degree of heterogeneity - different types of computers, communication equipment, operating systems and applications;
• use of global communications - networks of branches are connected using telecommunications, including telephone channels, radio channels, satellite communications.

Appearance corporate networks- this is a good illustration of the well-known postulate about the transition of quantity into quality. When combining individual networks of a large enterprise with branches in different cities and even countries, in a single network, many quantitative characteristics of the unified network pass a certain critical threshold, beyond which a new quality begins. Under these conditions, the existing methods and approaches to solving traditional problems of smaller scale networks for corporate networks turned out to be unsuitable. Tasks and problems came to the fore that were either of secondary importance or did not appear at all in the networks of workgroups, departments, and even campuses. An example is the simplest (for small networks) task - maintaining credentials about network users.

The easiest way to solve it is to put the credentials of each user in the local credential database of each computer whose resources the user must have access to. When access is attempted, this data is retrieved from the local account database and based on that, access is granted or denied. In a small network of 5-10 computers and about the same number of users, this method works very well. But if there are several thousand users on the network, each of which needs access to several dozen servers, then, obviously, this solution becomes extremely inefficient. The administrator must repeat several dozen times (according to the number of servers) the operation of entering the credentials of each user. The user himself is also forced to repeat the logical login procedure every time he needs access to the resources of the new server. A good solution to this problem for a large network is to use a centralized help desk that stores the accounts of all users on the network in a database. The administrator once performs the operation of entering user data into this database, and the user once performs the logical login procedure, and not to a separate server, but to the entire network.

When moving from a simpler type of networks to a more complex one - from department networks to corporate network- the coverage area is increasing, it is becoming more and more difficult to maintain communications between computers. As the scale of the network increases, the requirements for its reliability, performance and functionality increase. An ever-increasing amount of data circulates on the network, and it is necessary to ensure that it is secure and secure as well as available. All this leads to corporate networks are built on top of the most powerful and diverse hardware and software.

Corporate Information System (CIS)- this is a set of information systems of individual divisions of the enterprise, united by a common workflow, such that each of the systems performs part of the decision management tasks, and all systems together ensure the functioning of the enterprise in accordance with ISO 9000 quality standards.

Historically, there have been a number of requirements for corporate information systems. These requirements are:

Consistency;

Complexity;

Modularity;

openness;

adaptability;

Reliability;

Safety;

Scalability;

Mobility;

Ease of learning;

Support for implementation and maintenance by the developer.

Let's take a closer look at these requirements.

In modern conditions, production cannot exist and develop without a highly efficient management system based on the most modern information technologies. Constantly changing market requirements, huge flows of information of a scientific, technical, technological and marketing nature require the personnel of the enterprise responsible for the strategy and tactics of the development of a high-tech enterprise to make quick and accurate decisions aimed at obtaining maximum profit at minimum cost. Cost optimization, increasing the reactivity of production in accordance with the ever-increasing requirements of consumers in the conditions of fierce market competition cannot be based only on speculative conclusions and intuition of even the most experienced employees. Comprehensive control over all cost centers in the enterprise is necessary, complex mathematical methods analysis, forecasting and planning, based on taking into account a huge number of parameters and criteria and a coherent system for collecting, accumulating and processing information. Extensive ways of solving this problem, connected with the exorbitant growth of the administrative apparatus, even with the best organization of its work, cannot give a positive result. The transition to modern technologies, the reorganization of production cannot bypass such a key aspect as management. And there can be only one way here - the creation of a CIS that meets a number of stringent requirements.

CIS, first of all, must meet the requirements of complexity and consistency. It should cover all levels of management from the corporation as a whole, taking into account branches, subsidiaries, service centers and representative offices, to the workshop, site and a specific workplace and employee. The entire production process from the point of view of computer science is a continuous process of generating, processing, changing, storing and disseminating information. Each workplace - whether it is the workplace of an assembly line assembler, an accountant, a manager, a storekeeper, a marketing specialist or a technologist - is a node that consumes and generates certain information. All such nodes are interconnected by information flows materialized in the form of documents, messages, orders, actions, etc. Thus, a functioning enterprise can be represented as an information-logical model consisting of nodes and links between them. Such a model should cover all aspects of the enterprise, should be logically justified and aimed at identifying mechanisms for achieving the main goal in market conditions - maximum profit, which implies the requirement of consistency. A sufficiently effective solution to this problem is possible only on the basis of strict consideration of the maximum possible reasonable set of parameters and the possibility of multi-criteria polyvariant analysis, optimization and forecasting - that is, the complexity of the system.

Information in such a model is distributed and can be quite strictly structured at each node and in each thread. Nodes and flows can be conditionally grouped into subsystems, which puts forward another important requirement for CIS - modularity of construction. This requirement is also very important from the point of view of the implementation of the system, since it allows parallelizing, facilitating and, accordingly, accelerating the process of installation, training of personnel and launching the system into commercial operation. In addition, if the system is not created for a specific production, but is purchased on the market for ready-made systems, modularity allows you to exclude from the delivery components that do not fit into the infological model of a particular enterprise or without which initial stage can be avoided, which saves money.

Since no real system, even if it is created by special order, can be exhaustively complete (one cannot grasp the immensity) and in the process of operation there may be a need for additions, and also due to the fact that a functioning enterprise may already have working and proven its usefulness as an EIS component, the next defining requirement is openness. This requirement is of particular importance, given that automation is not limited to management, but also covers such tasks as design and maintenance, technological processes, internal and external document management, communication with external information systems (for example, the Internet), security systems and etc.

Any enterprise does not exist in a closed space, but in a world of constantly changing supply and demand, requiring a flexible response to the market situation, which can sometimes be associated with a significant change in the structure of the enterprise and the range of products or services provided. In addition, in a transitional economy, legislation has an unsettled, dynamically changing character. Large corporations, in addition, may have extraterritorial divisions located in the zone of jurisdiction of other countries or free economic zones. This means that CIS should have the property of adaptability, that is, be flexible to adjust to different legislation, have multilingual interfaces, and be able to work with different currencies at the same time. A system that does not have the property of adaptability is doomed to a very short existence, during which it is unlikely that it will be possible to recoup the costs of its implementation. It is desirable that, in addition to customization tools, the system also has development tools - a toolkit with which programmers and the most qualified users of the enterprise can independently create the components they need, which would be organically integrated into the system.

When the CIS is operated in industrial mode, it becomes an indispensable component of a functioning enterprise, capable of stalling the entire production process in the event of an emergency stop and inflicting huge losses. Therefore, one of the most important requirements for such a system is the reliability of its functioning, which implies the continuity of the functioning of the system as a whole, even in conditions of partial failure of its individual elements due to unforeseen and insurmountable reasons.

Security is extremely important for any large-scale system containing a large amount of information. The security requirement includes several aspects:

Data loss protection. This requirement is implemented mainly at the organizational, hardware and system levels. The application system, which is, for example, an automated control system, does not have to contain data backup and recovery tools. These issues are addressed at the operating environment level.

Preservation of data integrity and consistency. The application system must keep track of changes in interdependent documents and provide versioning and generation management of data sets.

Prevent unauthorized access to data within the system. These tasks are solved in a complex way both by organizational measures and at the level of operating and applied systems. In particular, application components must have advanced administration tools that allow restricting access to data and system functionality depending on the user status, as well as monitoring user actions in the system.

Prevent unauthorized access to data from outside. The solution to this part of the problem falls mainly on the hardware and operating environment of the CIS operation and requires a number of administrative and organizational measures.

An enterprise that operates successfully and receives sufficient profit tends to grow, form subsidiaries and branches, which during the operation of the CIS may require an increase in the number of workstations, an increase in the volume of stored and processed information. In addition, for companies such as holdings and large corporations, it should be possible to use the same management technology both at the level of the parent enterprise and at the level of any, even a small, member of it. This approach puts forward the requirement of scalability.

At a certain stage of enterprise development, the growth of requirements for performance and system resources may require a transition to a more productive software and hardware platform. To ensure that such a transition does not entail a cardinal breakdown of the management process and unjustified investments in the acquisition of more powerful application components, it is necessary to fulfill the requirement of mobility.

Ease of learning is a requirement that includes not only having an intuitive clear interface programs, but also the availability of detailed and well-structured documentation, the possibility of training personnel in specialized courses and internships for responsible specialists at related enterprises where this system is already in operation.

Developer support. This concept includes whole line opportunities, such as obtaining new versions of software for free or at a significant discount, obtaining additional methodological literature, consultations on hotline, obtaining information about other software products of the developer, the opportunity to participate in seminars, scientific and practical user conferences and other events held by the developer or user groups, etc. Naturally, only a serious company that is stable in the software market and has a fairly clear future perspective can provide such support to the user.

Escort. During the operation of complex software and hardware systems, situations may arise that require the prompt intervention of qualified personnel of the developer company or its representative on site. Support includes a visit of a specialist to the customer’s site to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations, technical training at the customer’s site, methodological and practical assistance, if necessary, to make changes to the system that are not in the nature of a radical restructuring or new development. It also implies the installation of new releases of software received from the developer free of charge by the support organization authorized by the developer or by the developer himself.

Summary: CIS must meet the requirements:

Complexity and consistency;

modularity;

openness;

Reliability;

security;

scalability;

Mobility;

Ease of learning;

Developer support;

Accompaniment by the developer or his representative.

In turn, application system, which is the ACS, puts forward a number of requirements for the environment in which it operates. The environment for the functioning of the applied system is a network operating system, operating systems on workstations, a database management system and a number of auxiliary subsystems that provide security functions, archiving, etc. Typically, a list of these requirements and guidance for a particular set of system software is contained in the documentation for the specific application system.

The concept of a corporate information system. Integrated Information Technology- integration of various types of information technologies.

Currently, there is a tendency to combine various types of information technologies into a single computer-technological complex, which is called integrated .

A special place in it belongs to the means of communication, which provide not only extremely wide technological possibilities for automating various types of activities, but also being the basis for creating various network options for automated information technologies (local, multi-level distributed, global computer networks, e-mail, digital integrated service networks).

All of them are focused on the technological interaction of a set of objects formed by devices for transmitting, processing, accumulating, storing and protecting data, and are integrated computer data processing systems of great complexity with practically unlimited operational capabilities for implementing management processes in the economy.

Integrated computer technology data processing are designed as a complex information technology and software complex. It supports a unified way of presenting data and interaction of users with system components, provides information and computing needs of specialists that arise in the course of their professional work.

Integrated computer technologies provided the basis for the introduction of corporate information systems (CIS).

The corporate information system or abbreviated KIS is the now generally accepted name and abbreviation for the name of integrated management information systems.

Abroad, such systems are almost called as Management Information System (MIS), the only thing missing is the adjective "integrated", which is important here. These systems are successors of integrated automated control systems.

Corporate networks are an integral part of corporate information systems.

Corporate computer networks. Corporate networks- enterprise scale networks, corporations.

Since these networks usually use the communication capabilities of the Internet, geographic location does not play a role for them.

Corporate networks are classified as a special type of local networks with a significant coverage area. Now corporate networks are developing very actively and they are often called Intranet networks ( intranet).

Network Intranet (Intranet) - This is a private intra-company or inter-company computer network with enhanced capabilities due to the use of Internet technologies in it, having access to the Internet, but protected from access to its resources by external users.

Intranet system can also be defined as a system of storage, transmission, processing and access to intercompany and intracompany information using local area networks and the Internet. The Intranet is a corporate communications management technology, unlike the Internet, which is a global communications technology.

Fully Functional Network Internet should provide at least the implementation of such basic network technologies as:

■ network management;

■ a network directory that reflects all other services and resources;

■ network file system;

■ integrated messaging (e-mail, fax, newsgroups, etc.);

■ work on the World Wide Web;

■ network printing;

■ protection of information from unauthorized access.

The Intranet can be isolated from external Internet users using network protection- firewalls. Firewall software, usually located on web servers or proxy servers, at a minimum checks the authority of the outside party and knowledge of the password, thereby protecting against unauthorized access to the network and obtaining confidential information from it. Information on the Internet and all its services are available to all users of the corporate network.

In today's highly competitive marketplace, gaining access to latest information becomes an essential component of business success. Therefore, the Intranet can now be considered as the most promising environment for the implementation of corporate applications.

The process of developing corporate systems is greatly simplified, since there is no need to develop an integration project. Thus, individual subdivisions can create their own subsystems using their own LANs, servers, without any connection to other subdivisions. If necessary, they can be connected to a single enterprise system.

On the client computer there must be a program browser A that accesses WWW objects and translates HTML files into a visible image. These files should be available regardless of the user's operating environment.

Thus, server applications should be created invariant from clients and their development should be fully focused on the implementation functional tasks corporations and universal client.

Modern management systems for large enterprises have gone from strictly centralized to distributed systems. Information technology that provides support for distributed control was built on the basis of systems with a "client-server" architecture.

Distributed control was combined with distributed communications, although there were serious problems in the field of control distributed bases data (ensuring the integrity and consistency of data, synchronization of updating, protection against unauthorized access), administration of information and computing resources of the network, etc.

The construction of control systems based on the principles of the Intranet allows you to combine the best qualities of centralized information storage systems with distributed communications.

The architecture of the Intranet was a natural development of information systems: from systems with a centralized architecture, through client-server systems to the Intranet.

The entire information system is located on the central computer. At the workplaces there are the simplest access devices (navigators) that provide the ability to manage processes in the information system. All processes are carried out on the central computer, with which the access device communicates through a simple protocol, by transmitting screens and codes of the keys pressed on the console. The main advantages of Intranet systems:

■ the server generates information (rather than data) in a form convenient for presentation to the user;

■ an open type protocol is used to exchange information between the client and the server;

■ the application system is concentrated on the server, only the navigator program is placed on the clients;

■ facilitated centralized management of the server part and workstations;

■ unified interface that does not depend on the software used by the user (operating system, DBMS, etc.).

An important advantage of the Intranet is the openness of the technology. Existing software based on closed technologies, when solutions are developed by one company for one application, may seem more functional and convenient, but it sharply limits the possibilities for developing information systems. Currently, the Intranet system widely uses open standards in the following areas:

■ network resource management (SMTP, IMAP, MIME);

■ teleconferencing (NNTP);

■ information service (NTRR, HTML);

■ help desk (LDAP);

■ programming (Java).

Trends for further development of the Intranet:

■ intelligent network search;

■ high interactivity of navigators through the use of Java technology;

■ network computers;

■ turning the navigator interface into a universal interface with a computer.

The intranet gives a tangible economic effect in the activities of the organization, which is primarily due to a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For the information system of the organization, the concepts of "publication of information", "consumers of information", "presentation of information" become key.

Conclusions:

1. Distributed data processing is that the user and his application programs (applications) get the opportunity to work with tools located in dispersed nodes of the network system.

2. The implementation of "client-server" technologies may have differences in the efficiency and cost of information and computing processes, as well as in the levels of software and hardware, in the mechanism of component links, in the speed of access to information, its diversity, etc.

3. There is a trend of further globalization of the global process of informatization of society. The technological basis is the global information superhighway and the national information infrastructures of advanced countries, united on the basis of international standards and protocols of information interaction into a qualitatively new information formation - the global information infrastructure (Global Information Infrastructure - GIL).

4. Electronic document management is a system for manipulating official electronic documents in a standardized form and on the basis of regulations adopted in the system.

5. The main procedures for managing electronic documents are combined into groups of procedures for creating documents, storing them and manipulating documents.

6. Currently, there is a tendency to combine various types of information technologies into a single computer-technological complex, called integrated.

7. Corporate information system or abbreviated KIS is the now generally accepted name and abbreviation for the name of integrated management information systems.

8. The Intranet system (Intranet) is a private intra-company or inter-company computer network with enhanced capabilities due to the use of Internet technologies in it, having access to the Internet, but protected from access to its resources by external users.

9. The Intranet system gives a tangible economic effect in the activities of the organization, which is primarily due to a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For the information system of the organization, the concepts of "publication of information", "consumers of information", "presentation of information" become key.

Most companies around the world resort to using these technologies in order to quickly overtake competitors. The field of these developments allows not only compiling software for solving various problems, but also establishing communications. They allow you to save and process a significant amount of information that is necessary for the normal operation of the company. The introduction of information technology makes it possible to offer new types of services to customers.

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Page 3

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

1. Information links in corporate systems. The concept of a corporate computer network…………………………………………….5

2. Requirements for IO in corporate IS………………….14

3. Task…………………………………………………………………………..17

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….27

References………………………………………………………………29

Introduction

The concept of "information technology" is inherently associated with computer technology and various auxiliary tools. Thanks to these technologies in all industries, it becomes possible to accumulate and process a wide variety of information.

The use of a number of techniques allows you to increase the efficiency of the production process and take your business to a whole new level.

Most companies around the world are using these technologies toquickly overtake competitors. This makes the field of information technology one of the most demanded in business.

It is worth recalling that in this area there is a special demand for qualified personnel. Information systems specialists successfully create a variety of solutions, improving their creative and technical skills.

The field of these developments allows not only to compose software for solving various problems, but also to establish communications. As time goes on, companies become more and more decentralized. It becomes increasingly difficult for them to retain and use the information they receive.

The management of each enterprise is aware of the risk of not having control over all data. The larger the company, the higher the risk of leakage of valuable information.

Information technologies are most widely used in the medical, banking, government and transport sectors. They allow you to save and process a significant amount of information that is necessary for the normal operation of the company.

The introduction of information technology makes it possible to offer new types of services to customers. Through continuous improvement, all large quantity companies are switching to automated information accounting systems.

Thanks to the introduction of information technology, companies can successfully compete in the global market. The faster information is obtained and implemented, the more success a company can achieve. Information technology saves time and reduces production costs.

1. Information links in corporate systems. The concept of a corporate computer network.

In the economies of developed countries, a significant place is occupied by small enterprises and firms, the number of which has increased significantly in recent years. As world practice shows, small enterprises have a number of advantages compared to large ones:

Flexibility and efficiency in actions;

Easy adaptability (adaptation) to local conditions;

The possibility of faster implementation of ideas;

High capital turnover;

Integration of all business processes for sales, logistics within the framework of only one enterprise;

Low management costs, which is characterized by a fairly simple organization of automated information management technology at such an enterprise.

In the conditions of modern market relations, large-scale business has been widely developed, which is characterized by forms of organization based on the unification of enterprises and firms into aggregate structures. These are collective associative forms, which include: corporations, business associations, concerns, holding companies, consortiums, conglomerates, syndicates, financial and industrial groups, etc.

The size of such associations is due to the desire to increase the efficiency of activities by reducing the costs of production and marketing of products, the introduction of modern technologies that require significant costs, the development of diversification processes that are implemented by combining geographically dispersed enterprises or separating branches into independent organizations with the empowerment of their management functions in a certain sphere of activity to serve the corporation as a whole (separation of production, marketing and supply organizations, etc.).

Corporations and associations operate in industries, transport, trade, public services, etc. There are also banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, the tax system, authorities that have a similar organizational structure. In large organizations, two forms of management have developed - centralized and decentralized.

Organizations with centralized management are characterized by the distribution of functions and powers among structural units with strict coordination of production and economic activities in the management apparatus.

The decentralized form is characterized by the allocation within the organization of strategic business units or profit centers, whose activities lend themselves to independent planning and have their own budget. In this case, the branch management apparatus is endowed with fairly broad powers, it is responsible for the results of production and economic activities, for the competitiveness of the company's products. For senior management, real opportunities are being created to engage in long-term planning and expanding external contacts.

In the first and second cases, the corporatism of the system is formed due to organizational, technological, informational and other links that unite geographically dispersed departments built on various technological platforms, horizontally and vertically.

The main difference between the two types of management of large organizations is the organization of automated information technology.

With centralized management, the technology is focused on the concentration of information resources in the parent company with severe restrictions on the levels of access to corporate data.

With decentralized management, along with the concentration of information, in corporate storage data, information segments are allocated for each local area network of a branch or department.

For effective management of large organizations with a large number of branches, a corporate computer network is being built, on the basis of which information links are formed between local computer networks of individual structural divisions.

A corporate computer network is an integrated, multi-machine, distributed system of one enterprise with a territorial dispersal, consisting of interacting local computer networks of structural divisions and a communication subsystem for information transmission.

Implementation of unified access for specialists of various departments of large enterprises to communication resources;

Single centralized management, administration and Maintenance information and communication resources;

Organization of access to structured information in on-line and off-line modes;

Organization of a unified system of e-mail and electronic document management;

E-mail protection based on international standards, with the implementation of the creation of secure gateways in existing networks data transmission using the POP3, SMTP, UUCP protocols;

Organization of a global directory service in the interests of subscribers of a corporate computer network based on the X.500 protocol;

Implementation of a single user interface that provides users with the means to work with the communication resources of the corporate computer network;

Interaction of the corporate network of large enterprises with business systems of other organizations, computer networks of state institutions, financial and credit authorities participating in information exchange as subscribers of the telecommunications corporate system;

Functional scalability, which ensures the construction of a corporate computer network, as a constantly developing and improving one, open to the introduction of new hardware and software resources that allow developing and improving the composition and quality of information and communication services without disrupting the normal functioning of the network.

The determining factor in the organization of corporate computer networks and organization information links between divisions of large enterprises and organizations of various types, where distributed data processing is carried out in the LAN of branches and data concentration in an automated corporate information storage, is the ease of access to information resources. In this regard, the basis of the modern approach of technical solutions in building information technology in corporate systems is the "client-server" architecture.

The real spread of the "client-server" architecture became possible due to the development and widespread implementation of the concept of open systems. The main meaning of the open systems approach is to simplify the process of organizing the compatibility of computer networks through international and national standardization of hardware and software interfaces. The main reason for the development of the concept of open systems was the widespread transition to the organization of corporate computer networks and the problems of complexing hardware and software that arose in connection with the unification of various platforms and topologies of local computer networks of structural divisions and branches.

However, the introduction of the "client-server" architecture in corporate networks that use various technical solutions when building local area networks in branches and structural divisions that support various data transfer protocols leads to their overload with network details to the detriment of functionality.
An even more complex aspect of this problem is associated with the possibility of using different data formats in different nodes of heterogeneous local area networks and LANs, united in a corporate system. This is especially important for the high-level servers used - telecommunications, computing, databases.
A general solution to the problem of mobility of an automated information technology of a corporate system based on the "client-server" architecture is to rely on software packages that implement remote procedure call protocols. Using these tools, making a call to the server at the remote site looks like a normal procedure call.

Such an organization of information links in corporate systems provides access to data of any level, providing not only all the necessary information, but also making it possible to control the work of the company's structural divisions with the required degree of detail.

A full-scale reflection of production processes makes it possible to bring automated corporate information technology closer to the problems of the company, to organize the adoption of optimal decisions at the middle and upper levels of management, to put the management process on the basis of modeling and forecasting economic situations.

In large enterprises, firms, corporations, information processing processes differ depending on the requirements for solving functional problems, on the basis of which information flows are formed in corporate management systems (an enlarged scheme of information flows of a corporate system is shown in Figure 1).

Rice. 1. Enlarged scheme of information flows of the corporate system

Organization of the work of the board (central office). The main task is to prepare a strategic development plan and manage the overall activities of the company. This block of the automated corporate system is responsible for information support of the work of the board. The main form of work with information in this block is the receipt and processing of information, on the basis of which a strategic direction for the development of the organization is developed. The developed strategic development plan is communicated to all structural divisions by means of telecommunications.

Organization of work of economic and financial services. This block ensures the functioning of the financial directorate and accounting department of the organization. The main tasks of financial services are to form a generalized picture of the company's work for the board, optimize the company's taxation, summarize all financial information about the organization's activities and bring information to the top management of the company.

Legal support. The main task is to strengthen the legal and property position of the company. In this module, information is processed, on the basis of which the following functions are performed:

Preparation and maintenance of the regulatory framework and background information regulating the external activities of the organization;

Development and legal examination of documents regulating the internal functioning of the company;

Legal due diligence of concluded transactions and contracts, etc.

Legal information is brought, first of all, to the top management, and is also consumed by all interested departments of the organization.

The main functional tasks of the organization are the preparation of consolidated analytical reports to support long-term decision-making and ensure operational verification external relations organizations on the basis of information resources coming from various sources of information, as well as the processing of operational information to solve the functional problems of the corporation, its structural divisions and make management decisions in real time at all corporate levels.

The organization of solving the main tasks of processing information and managing a large firm or corporation is based on a common information space, building a corporate automated information warehouse, which allows you to manage the current activities of the company, as well as develop strategic plans for the development of the corporation. The common information space is the organization of software, hardware, information compatibility of various hardware platforms and data exchange architectures at all levels of management and in various corporate links of the system.

A corporate computer network is a multi-machine system of one enterprise, consisting of interacting LAN departments.
Corporate networks belong to the so-called distributed networks, or MAN (Metropolitan Area Net). In their ideology and purpose, they are close to a LAN, but individual PCs of such a network can be located at a remote distance and connected by special communication channels. Distributed networks are used, for example, to connect central offices or banks with their branches (including those in other countries), etc. A distributed network in which a special communication messaging system (e-mail, fax, document collaboration) is organized is called corporate in the terminology of Micro Soft.
However, most often the term corporate network refers to the union of several LANs located in different structural divisions of one company, which can be built on various technical, software and information principles.

Building a corporate computer network provides:

1. implementation of access for specialists of various departments of large enterprises to common corporate information resources;

2. unified centralized management, administration and maintenance of information and communication resources;

3.organization of a unified system of e-mail and electronic document management;

4. effective protection of corporate information resources from unauthorized access;

5. interaction of the corporate network of large enterprises with business systems of other organizations, computer networks of state institutions, financial and credit authorities, etc. participating in information exchange as subscribers of the telecommunications corporate system;

6. functional scalability, which ensures the construction of a corporate computer network, as a constantly developing and improving one, open to the introduction of new hardware and software resources that allow developing and improving the composition and quality of information and communication services without disrupting the normal functioning of the network.

2. Requirements for IO in corporate IS.

The requirements for information support overlap with the requirements for information that passes through this support. They should be based, first of all, on the usefulness of information for decision-making in the quality management system in particular and the CS in general. Along with this obvious requirement and the requirements that apply to the documentation of systemic quality management, the information under consideration should be subject to such requirements as understandability, relevance, one-time input and reliability.

Understandability means that quality information should be understandable to its user. This does not exclude, if necessary, the presentation of sufficiently complex information.

The relevance of information should be understood as relating only to the quality of the product, allowing timely decisions on quality management of a preventive-permanent nature. Relevance is determined by the content, materiality and timeliness of information. For example, information can be considered insignificant if it does not have a significant impact on quality management decisions.

One-time entry should be understood as the requirement for a single entry of quality management information into the data bank with subsequent reuse, which will reduce its ambiguity by reducing the likelihood of errors (when information is repeatedly entered).

Reliability implies that the information does not contain any serious (substantial) errors. At the same time, it must truthfully, fully and impartially (neutrally) reflect the expected (possible) and real (actual) product quality and the state of all quality management processes.

For information support, the requirements are summarized in Table 1

Table 1.

"Requirements for information support"

*to the greatest extent, the property is relevant for automated IO systems.

Information Support is a supporting subsystem of the product quality management mechanism along with such support subsystems as legal, material and technical, metrological, personnel, organizational, technological and financial.

Thus, information support is, firstly, a system.

This is justified by the presence of stable links between its elements, and also meets the requirements:

1) is not reduced to a simple set of elements;

2) dividing the system into separate parts, studying each of them separately, it is impossible to know all the properties of the system as a whole.

3. Challenge

In the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, find a list of mandatory conditions of an employment contract. Find the relevant information in the Consultant Plus system.

Solution

Requirements for the content of the employment contract are established by Art. 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In order for an employment contract to be recognized as complying with the law during any verification, it must contain:

All conditions required to be included in the contract;

Only those conditions that do not contradict the current legislation;

Only those conditions that do not contradict other documents of the company, for example, a collective agreement, internal labor regulations and other local regulations.

In Art. 57 of the Labor Code defines the composition of the mandatory information and conditions included in the text of the employment contract.

Mandatory information that should be indicated in the employment contract:

1. last name, first name, patronymic of the employee and the name of the employer (last name, first name, patronymic of the employer - an individual);

2. information about the documents proving the identity of the employee and the employer - an individual;

3. taxpayer identification number (for employers, except for employers - individuals who are not individual entrepreneurs);

4. information about the representative of the employer who signed the employment contract, and the basis by virtue of which he is endowed with the appropriate authority. An employment contract on behalf of the employer-organization can be signed by its director, acting on the basis of the charter, the head of the personnel service, acting on the basis of a power of attorney, the director of the representative office (branch) of the organization, acting on the basis of a power of attorney and position;

5. place and date of conclusion of the employment contract.

List of obligatory conditions of the employment contract.

The list of mandatory conditions of the employment contract is established by Part 2 of Art. 57 of the Labor Code.

These include:

A) place of work. The employment contract must specify the place of work, indicating the separate structural unit and its location. Fixing a structural unit and a specific place of work in an employment contract can also be in the hands of the employer. This will deprive the employee of the grounds to justify his absence from the workplace by the fact that he allegedly was on the territory of the enterprise.

B) Labor function. The employment contract must define the work function of the employee. The labor function is work according to the position (profession, specialty) in accordance with the staff list with specification of qualifications, a specific type of work assigned to the employee. Job responsibilities are usually fixed in job description, but in its absence, they can be spelled out in the employment contract.

C) Start date. A mandatory condition of the employment contract is the date of commencement of work, and for a fixed-term employment contract - the duration and circumstances (reasons) that served as the basis for its conclusion.

D) wage conditions. This is a specific size. tariff rate or the employee's salary, bonuses, allowances and incentive payments. In some situations, references to the procedure for calculating earnings given in the local regulations of the company or in the collective agreement are acceptable. But in this case, the employee must be familiarized with the contents of the documents against signature.

D) Mode. The specific mode of working time and rest time is indicated in the employment contract, if for this employee it differs from the general rules applicable to the employer.

G) Compensation. The employment contract must specify the amount of compensation for hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, if the working conditions at the workplace are recognized as difficult or harmful (dangerous).

H) The nature of the work. Workers in some professions have a special nature of work: mobile, traveling, on the road, etc. A clause on the nature of the work must be included in the employment contracts of couriers, forwarders, drivers or other employees whose work is traveling.

I) The condition of compulsory social insurance. This condition reflects the fact that from the moment the employment contract is concluded, the employee becomes an insured person and in the event of illness, pregnancy or injury, he is entitled to receive insurance benefits.

K) Other conditions. Other mandatory conditions may also be included in the employment contract. They are indicated in special cases provided for by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms.

How to take into account the interests of the employer in the employment contract?

The interests of the employer can be taken into account in the employment contract in the section on additional conditions.

The Labor Code provides for the possibility to supplement an employment contract with the following conditions:

* clarify the place of work (indicating the structural unit and its location);

* establish a trial period;

* define responsibility for disclosure of legally protected secrets (state, official, commercial or other);

* stipulate the period of working off after training at the expense of the employer;

* provide an opportunity for additional employee insurance;

* guarantee the improvement of the social and living conditions of the employee and his family members;

* specify, in relation to the working conditions of this employee, his rights and obligations and the rights and obligations of the employer.

Additional conditions included in the employment contract should not worsen the position of the employee.

Which of the admissible additional conditions is most beneficial for the employer?

Trade secret protection.

The employment contract can prescribe the obligations of the employee related to the protection of the trade secrets of the employer.

According to Art. 11 of the Federal Law of July 29, 2004 N 98-FZ “On Trade Secrets”, the trade secret of the employer can be protected by law and court if the company establishes and observes the trade secret regime. This mode is considered to be established after the owner of information constituting a trade secret takes certain measures to protect the confidentiality of information. One of these mandatory measures is the regulation of relations on the use of information constituting a commercial secret by employees on the basis of employment contracts.

Conditions of education.

Many modern companies train newly hired workers in the wisdom of the profession, and at their own expense.

A clause can be added to the employment contract, according to which the employee is obliged to work after training for a period specified in the contract, if the training is carried out at the expense of the employer.

If you train an employee, and the named item is not indicated in the employment contract, then the employer risks spending time and money on training the employee for a competitor.

The specified clause should be included in the contract only if the hired employee will be sent for training even before the start of work. If training is planned in the future, then you can do without this condition, and then draw up an additional agreement with the employee to the employment contract.

Material liability of the employee.

Written agreements on full liability can be concluded only with adult employees who directly service or use monetary, commodity values ​​or other property (part 1 of article 244 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Moreover, the list of works and categories of employees with whom such an agreement can be concluded, its standard forms approved in the manner prescribed by the Government Russian Federation.

Currently, there is a List of positions and works to be replaced or performed by employees with whom the employer can enter into written agreements on full individual liability for the shortage of entrusted property, approved by Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2002 N 85. Before fixing the names positions in the staff list and in the employment contract, they should be compared with the text of the List. If they are defined illiterately, then subsequently it will become impossible to conclude an agreement on full liability. The Labor Code provides that if the provision of compensations and benefits or the presence of restrictions is associated with the performance of work in certain professions, then their name and qualification requirements should be established in accordance with qualification reference books approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

With employees holding the positions of deputy head of the organization and chief accountant, there is no need to draw up separate agreements on full liability. According to part 2 of Art. 243 of the Labor Code, their liability in the full amount of damage caused to the employer is established precisely by the employment contract.

Probation.

Such an additional condition of the employment contract in the interests of the employer:

* This is a good method of motivation. An employee, knowing that he is being looked at, evaluated and may be fired, almost always works diligently.

* the establishment of a probationary period expands the list of grounds for the dismissal of a negligent employee due to unsatisfactory test results (Article 71 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Contract term.

An advantageous condition for the employer of the employment contract is the establishment of the period of its validity. However, not every employment contract can be limited in time.

An employment contract concluded for a fixed period in the absence of sufficient grounds for this is considered concluded for an indefinite period (part 5 of article 58 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

An illiterate conclusion of a fixed-term employment contract can lead to the fact that it is recognized as a contract for an indefinite period. And this is fraught not only with a fine for violation of labor laws in the event of an inspection by labor inspectors or the prosecutor's office. If an employee is fired due to the expiration of the term of the employment contract while the term is set incorrectly, then the dismissal may be declared illegal. The employee has the right to be reinstated at work and recover from the employer the average earnings for forced absenteeism, compensation for non-pecuniary damage, lawyer's expenses, etc.

Article 59 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation indicates with whom and on what grounds it is possible to conclude a fixed-term employment contract. In other cases, it is indefinite. It is allowed to conclude a fixed-term employment contract with a part-time worker. He can be fired due to the expiration of the contract (clause 2, article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

An employment contract concluded with a part-time job for an indefinite period may be terminated if an employee is hired for whom this work will be the main one (Article 288 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the employer must notify the part-time worker in writing of the impending dismissal at least two weeks before the termination of the employment contract.

Find the relevant information in the Consultant Plus system.

(http://www.consultant.ru/search/base/2/)

1. "Labor Code of the Russian Federation" dated December 30, 2001 N 197-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2014) (as amended and supplemented, effective from March 31, 2015)

The following conditions are mandatory for inclusion in an employment contract:

* place of work, and in the case when an employee is hired to work in a branch, representative office or other separate structural unit of the organization located in another locality, the place of work indicating the separate structural unit and its location;

* labor function (work according to the position in accordance with the staff list, profession, specialty, indicating qualifications; a specific type of work assigned to the employee). If in accordance with this Code, other federal laws, the provision of compensations and benefits or the presence of restrictions is associated with the performance of work in certain positions, professions, specialties, then the names of these positions, professions or specialties and qualification requirements for them must correspond to the names and requirements specified in qualification reference books approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, or the relevant provisions of professional standards (as amended by Federal Laws of 28.02.2008 N 13-FZ, of 03.12.2012 N 236-FZ);

* the date of commencement of work, and in the case when a fixed-term employment contract is concluded, also the term of its validity and the circumstances (reasons) that served as the basis for concluding a fixed-term employment contract in accordance with this Code or other federal law;

* terms of remuneration (including the size of the tariff rate or salary (official salary) of the employee, additional payments, allowances and incentive payments);

* the mode of working time and rest time (if for this employee it differs from the general rules in force for this employer);

* Guarantees and compensation for work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, if the employee is hired in appropriate conditions, indicating the characteristics of working conditions at the workplace;

* conditions that determine, if necessary, the nature of work (mobile, traveling, on the road, other nature of work);

* working conditions at the workplace (paragraph introduced federal law dated December 28, 2013 N 421-FZ);

* a condition on compulsory social insurance of an employee in accordance with this Code and other federal laws;

* other conditions in cases provided for by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms.

If, when concluding an employment contract, it did not include any information and (or) conditions from among those provided for in parts one and two of this article, then this is not a basis for recognizing the employment contract as not concluded or terminating it. The employment contract must be supplemented with missing information and (or) conditions. In this case, the missing information is entered directly into the text of the employment contract, and the missing conditions are determined by the appendix to the employment contract or by a separate agreement of the parties, concluded in writing, which are an integral part of the employment contract.

The employment contract may provide for additional conditions that do not worsen the position of the employee in comparison with the established labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, a collective agreement, agreements, local regulations, in particular:

Clarification of the place of work (indicating the structural unit and its location) and (or) the workplace;

About the test;

On non-disclosure of legally protected secrets (state, official, commercial and other);

On the obligation of the employee to work after training for at least the period established by the contract, if the training was carried out at the expense of the employer;

On the types and conditions of additional employee insurance;

On improving the social and living conditions of the employee and his family members;

On clarifying, in relation to the working conditions of this employee, the rights and obligations of the employee and the employer established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms;

On additional non-state pension provision for an employee (the paragraph was introduced by Federal Law No. 421-FZ of December 28, 2013).

By agreement of the parties, the employment contract may also include the rights and obligations of the employee and the employer established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, local regulations, as well as the rights and obligations of the employee and the employer arising from the terms of the collective agreement, agreements . The failure to include in the employment contract any of the specified rights and (or) obligations of the employee and the employer cannot be considered as a refusal to exercise these rights or fulfill these obligations.

Conclusion

Today, there are more and more managers and private entrepreneurs, which means that they consider the use of information technology as an opportunity to achieve the efficiency of their main business.

This is considered a clear reflection of the specific stage of Russia's development on the path to a market economy: competition is growing, companies are trying to find additional sources of increasing the profitability of their business. Information technology is a tuning for the business of companies, the fine tuning of a number of functions in order to achieve the greatest effect of work.

To change business attitudes towards the use of information technology, IT service providers are taking a different approach to project implementation and offering a suite of business integration services. This is what Western colleagues do. If for ordinary system integration the main task of implementing projects was considered to be the creation of an existing IT infrastructure - the integration of all components into a single whole, now the business integrator aims at solving applied problems.

The main criterion for the work of a system integrator is the normative operation of an information system with precise performance and security functions, and for a business integrator, the effect from an economic point of view, an increase in greater work efficiency, is considered.

Everyone understands that a well-functioning IT infrastructure is essential. Companies pay great attention to how the tool increases business efficiency. Engineering aspects of IT infrastructure criticism are replaced by economic aspects. And the leading players in the system integration market have now restructured their work with clients and can offer a new approach to solving the problem - through information technology.

But despite such positive notes in understanding the real possibilities of information technology for business, it cannot be said that now the situation has changed a lot: the maximum demand of companies for information Services not visible. For some reason, top management is wary of information technology. So the specifics of the current level of development of Russia and its mentality are being clarified. Information technology for business does not provide any opportunity to improve its efficiency. There is no magic, and if a company has poorly designed business processes, it is poorly managed, then nothing, even information technology, will save it from bankruptcy. Maybe in the distant future they will control the business process without human intervention, but now this does not work yet if you have a poor company that barely makes ends meet.

But information technology in project activities helps teachers who have just decided to engage in this activity. Even if they do not have any strategic plan and they do not know where to start, then information technology can help them and achieve high results.

European information technology brings much more value to sustainable organizations that need to this tool, up to in order to support the development of the company.

But the maximum effect from information technology will be achieved only with an integrated approach to the use of technology.

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