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Choice of web application development tools. Tools for Effective Web Application Development: Tutorial

Introduction

The influence of the global computer network Internet on the modern world has no historical analogues. His present day is the beginning of the era of electronic penetration into all spheres of human life, it is something more than just a marketing campaign, it is the basis of a new philosophy and a new business strategy.

It is quite logical to assume that from the point of view of advertising products or services, the Internet is the most significant resource. Most modern people use the Internet as the most accessible source of information.

The creation of Web sites is one of the most important technologies for developing Internet resources. Good site, absorbing all useful information, is the best business card of both a commercial company and an educational institution, working for them at any time of the day.

After analyzing several sites providing information support small businesses in terms of compliance with their goals, psycho-physiological requirements and information content, as well as the correctness of the choice of development tools, the following characteristic shortcomings can be distinguished:

non-compliance of the site with psychophysiological requirements, which leads to increased fatigue or distraction;

Passion for animation, graphic images and video fragments that do not carry a semantic load, automatically entails a decrease in the number of potential visitors to the website, as it increases the requirements for Internet connection bandwidth and traffic volume;

redundancy or lack of information provided;

Incorrect choice of development tools, which entails an unreasonable increase in the cost of the finished product.

Thus, the definition of the functionality of tools and languages for the development of the site, as well as the psychophysiological requirements for textual and graphic information presented on the monitor screen seems to be an urgent task.

In addition, now that the number of online users is estimated at more than 500 million people (and this number is growing at a rate of approximately 7% per month), it is necessary to look for ways to use new technologies that could help attract and retain the attention of users traveling across the vast expanses of the Web.

The subject of the research is web-technologies.

Object - environments and languages for developing web applications.

The purpose of this work is to explore the possibilities practical use languages and tools for developing web applications.

1) consider the basic concepts of web technologies;

2) provide various classifications of web applications used in business activities;

3) consider the psychophysical requirements for web applications;

4) determine the scope of programming languages for the development of web applications;

5) analyze the functionality of environments for creating web applications.

It is worth approaching the task of creating your own "Internet-representation" responsibly. The site should be easy to use - pages should load as quickly as possible, and the resource itself should have a logical and understandable structure. Only in this case, you can count on the fact that the visitor will be interested in the information provided and stay on the site.

The development of modern computer technology and the introduction of the latest technologies laid the foundation for a new direction of life on Earth. In a fairly short period of time in the development of microelectronics and cybernetics, many changes have taken place.

Advances in technology have given rise to new software products. Every year more and more programming languages are introduced. All of them are focused primarily on the target audience.

Not only computers are developing, but also networks. If a few decades ago the Internet was a small private network, now it is a giant system of interconnected computers, without which we may not be able to imagine life.

The Internet is not only a "cool pool" in which very "overheated" people feel so comfortable, but also a place where you can "touch" almost any hot topic without fear of getting burned.

Web-technology has completely turned the idea of working with information, and with a computer in general. It turned out that the traditional parameters of development computer science- performance, throughput, storage capacity - did not take into account the main "bottleneck" of the system - the interface with a person. The outdated mechanism of human interaction with the information system hindered the introduction of new technologies and reduced the benefits from their use. It was only when the interface between man and computer was simplified to the natural perception of an ordinary person that an unprecedented explosion of interest in the possibilities of computer technology followed.

Information available to Internet users is located on computers (Web servers) on which special software is installed. Much of this information is organized in the form of Web sites. Each of them has its own name (address) on the Internet. A Web site is information presented in a certain form, which is located on a Web server and has its own name. To view Web sites on the user's computer, special programs called browsers are used. The most common browsers currently are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Depending on what site name we set in the "Address" line, the browser will load the appropriate information into its window.

A Web site is made up of linked Web pages. A web page is a text file with the *.htm extension, which contains text information and special commands - HTML codes that determine how this information will be displayed in the browser window. All graphic, audio and video information is not directly included in the Web page and is a separate file (Figure 1 Appendix A).

Modern web applications are basically portals that provide services that cannot be accessed from anywhere else. One of the disadvantages of such services is the difficulty of exchanging information between companies. In particular, even contact and other personal information has to be re-entered on each such site.

Currently, in terms of purpose, there are three main types of portals:

· Public or horizontal portals (sometimes called megaportals) such as Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, Rambler. Such portals are often the result of the development search engines. They are intended for the widest audience, which is reflected in the content of the information and services they provide. As a rule, this information is of a general nature, as well as the services provided (e-mail, newsletters, and so on).

· Vertical portals. This type of portal is designed for specific types of market and serves the audience using the services of this market or working on it. Examples of such portals are, for example, travel agencies that provide services for booking hotels, ordering and delivering tickets, access to maps and information about driving routes, or B2B (business-to-business) portals that allow their customers to implement joint business operations (for example, select suppliers and purchase goods, conduct auctions).

· Corporate portals are intended for employees, clients and partners of one enterprise. Users of such a portal get access to the services and applications intended for them, depending on their role and personal profile.

Other most common web applications:

· Regional Internet portals, universal in their direction, but limited by the geography of interested visitors (e1.ru);

· Search engines are Internet portals that are designed to provide their visitor with the opportunity to find sites where the given words or whole phrases are found (metabot.ru);

· A directory is a collection of links to sites. Why do we need directories if there is a search? Very often we do not know exactly what we need, we cannot formulate it in a couple of words (mail.ru);

· Electronic bulletin boards - are a place on the Internet where almost anyone can leave information for informational, invitational or promotional purposes;

· Forums are special sites or sections on sites designed for visitors to exchange opinions by leaving their messages;

· Chats - are another place for communication on the Internet, only its purpose is not an exchange of views on some topic, but just a pastime;

· Files for download;

· Photo galleries;

Elements of statistics;

online storage various information;

· Mailing list servers, they offer services for the delivery of information to a wide range of readers (subscribe.ru);

· Online stores and auctions (ozon.ru, molotok.ru).

The starting point in a web project is an analysis of the goals of the site and the functions that will be offered to the user.

The second stage will be the construction of the information architecture of the site.

After all the materials of the site and its structure are known, you can move on to the design of the navigation and the pages themselves.

Place a highly visible link to the sitemap on every page. The map display page should not exceed two pages on the user's screen. Two types of maps are used: static and dynamic. It is most effective to use a map with a static display of information architecture, since a dynamic view leads the user to even more confusion. The map was created in order to better orient the user, so the map must display not only the current position of the user on the site, but also those sections that he has already visited.

The main page of the company's website is the face of the site, facing the entire network (Figure 2 Appendix B). The company's goals are clearly stated on the main page, while each design element should allow the user to better understand the site and determine the sequence of actions to solve their problems.

Since home page most users begin their journey through the site. At the same time, our site should be made in such a way that people who come to the site through a deep link feel comfortable. To do this, you need to place on each page of the site:

company name or logo in the upper left corner

individual slogan for the site, consisting of one sentence

It cannot be assumed that the user is on this page all the way from start to finish. It is possible that he did not see the information that we indicated on the pages of the top level of the hierarchy. With deep links, we must orient the user to the place, tell him where he is now on the site, indicating a chain link on the page. If there is a need for some page not to be indexed in search engines, it is necessary to enter in the "HEAD" element .

In the "About us" section, you must provide basic information about the company:

· the composition of the top management link (with a bibliographic list and photographs);

· Contact Information;

philosophy of the organization (business vision, relations with society, aspirations);

main historical milestones;

A lengthy explanation at the top of the "About Us" page helps the user to better understand what is contained in the depths of this handout.

The text needs to be easy to read for both young and old users, so we'll need to specify the font size in relative units, not in absolute units, as the size is up to the users to choose. At the same time, the text should completely fit on the page, no matter how annoying it is to use horizontal scrolling of the site pages.

Users rarely read web pages word by word. At the first viewing, he seeks out facts and ignores details, but having found material of interest, he can go deeper. An approximate page view scheme looks like this: the first line is scanned horizontally in full, the next one is not scanned to the full depth, and with each subsequent line, the snatching of information is reduced more and more.

Therefore, users often view only the top of the article. And only the most interested readers will scroll the page, and only these few will understand the history of the article in all its details. Therefore, it is important to apply the "principle of the inverted pyramids", which consists in the fact that the article begins with a "conclusion", after the message about the most important information, and at the end the background of the event is given.

In order to make the pages easy to view, we will use:

selection of keywords;

Well-written headings

· lists with markers;

one paragraph per idea (users will skip all other ideas unless they are attracted to the main words of the paragraph);

inverted pyramid style (where the article begins with a conclusion);

fewer words than in a regular article;

a minimum of poorly understood terms;

Indication of the date the message was created (in order to know for how long, it is relevant at the moment);

contextual information of the "ALT" attribute.

Electronic titles are often displayed out of context:

in the list of articles on the site;

in message headers Email;

In search results

in browser bookmarks.

At the same time, users do not have to have any super knowledge to understand our heading if they skip the text under the headings. For this reason, the title text should be a self-contained piece of information that makes it understandable in the absence of the rest of the content. When writing the title, it is necessary to use a neutral language, and not to use: puns, "tricks", "lure", capital letters (as it seems that we are shouting at the user)

Users prefer meaningful headlines. The shorter the micro-content, the easier it is to browse. It is necessary to exclude the use of the same word at the beginning of each article and the page name, since when using several such articles at the same time, it will be difficult to select the necessary article on the panel or tabs.

When asked to provide us with an email address, it is necessary to say, here and now, what exactly the user will receive, and how often you will disturb the peace of his mailbox. Mailto links should be used in such a way that it is clear that we are dealing with a mailing address. Don't post mail links on names, as clicking on a name should take you to their biography. When communicating via e-mail, there is no reason to use the specific name of one of the employees, unless the user has established a personal relationship with him (letters from unknown people most often end up in the trash).

In order to increase the credibility of the site, it is necessary to use high-quality graphic images. In this case, you should not use large images, by default. It is advisable to use thumbnails, and if necessary, increase them as much as the user wishes. Thumbnails should contain all the basic information about the image. It would be more correct to use photos of real employees and clients on the site, and not photo models with a dazzling Hollywood smile. It is also necessary to use good writing style and outgoing hypertext links to other sites. There is no need to use "advertising water", as it carries an additional emotional load, and users have to spend time sifting hyperbole from real facts.

The classic way to increase engagement with a site is to post fresh content at regular intervals (daily to monthly). For those who wish, it is necessary to organize distributions of fresh material. Almost 100% of those who subscribed will periodically visit the site itself while the author reminds them of himself.

The design of the site should adapt to the people. One of the options for such a device is a profile, but filling it out requires patience, because of this it is filled in by established site visitors. Therefore, to track users, it is better to use a "cookie", in which all the necessary information is entered, rather than a tedious registration procedure. If registration is still necessary for safe operation, then you should not create too strict entry forms. If possible, use autocomplete and automatically set the cursor in the first field of the form.

It is not necessary to create forms for searching on the Internet, if the user needs it, he will use a special search engine.

Links should be predictable, the user should know what will happen if he clicks on the link. Clearly indicate what is a link: if it is text, let it be colored or underlined. Don't hide the differences between visited and unvisited links. Build links with the assumption that search engines are the most important visitors, and they are deaf and blind to high technology. Design "title" tags so that they look good in search engines and bookmarks, so you need to start links with a keyword.

Do not allow broken links to appear, as other sites and search engines will not link to us in this case.

When navigating the site, let the user choose how to open pages, either in pop-up windows or otherwise.

In the WEB, users do not pay attention to anything but their goal, and advertising that distracts them from achieving their goal is simply ignored by them. If our advertisement appears before the user finds the material of interest to him, then most likely it will be closed. And when he completes his main task, and is ready to take a closer look at the advertisement, he simply will not see it anymore because he closed the pop-up window. Therefore, you should never distract the user from your goal.

When a user types a query word on a search engine, the advertisements that appear in the query result list will be directly related to what the person is looking for. And so he reads these ads and clicks on the links. Such advertising is much cheaper than distributing flyers.

So, the secret of success is to match ads with user goals.

Lack of "Close" button;

tricks that make you click;

clearly indicate what will happen when you click on it;

· gives additional information about yourself without the need to leave the current page.

To carry out the evaluation work, it is necessary to involve from three to five participants. Each of them works individually. After that, their results are compared and brought to a single conclusion. The test is carried out in two stages:

1) understanding how the interface works;

2) concentration of attention on certain elements.

A separate mention of each problem is necessary, no matter how it is repeated in the future.

Web application development tools

Applications of programming languages for developing Web applications

Hypertext Markup Language, or more commonly called HTML, is the computer language that underlies the World Wide Web. Thanks to the HTML language, any text can be marked up by converting it into hypertext with subsequent publication on the Web.

HTML has its own set of characters that Web browsers use to display a page. These symbols, called descriptors, include the elements needed to create hyperlinks.

One of the distinguishing features of HTML documents is that the document itself contains only text, and all other objects are embedded in the document at the time it is displayed by the Browser using special tags and stored separately. When you save an HTML file, a folder is created in the location of the document, in which the accompanying graphic design elements are placed.

First of all, PHP is used to create scripts that work on the server side, for this, in fact, they came up with it. PHP is able to perform the same tasks as any other CGI scripts, including processing html form data, dynamically generating html pages etc. But there are other areas where PHP can be used.

The second area is the creation of scripts that run on the command line. That is, using PHP, you can create such scripts that will be executed, regardless of the web server and browser, on a specific machine.

And the last area is the creation of GUI applications (graphical interfaces) that run on the client side.

Ajax stands for Asynchronous Javascript And XML (Asynchronous Javascript and XML) and is not a technology in the strict sense of the word. If in a standard web application the server processes all the information, while the browser is only responsible for interacting with the user, sending requests and outputting the incoming HTML, then in the Ajax application, another intermediary appears between the user and the server - the Ajax engine. It determines which requests can be processed "in place" and which must be addressed to the server.

The behavior of the server has also changed. If earlier the server issued a new page for each request, now it sends only the data that the client needs, and HTML from them forms the Ajax engine directly in the browser.

Asynchrony is manifested in the fact that not every user click reaches the server, and the opposite is also true - not every server reaction is due to a user request. Most of the requests are generated by the Ajax engine, and it can be written in such a way that it will load information in anticipation of the user's actions.

Where to use Ajax:

· Forms. They are very slow. If you send data asynchronously, the page does not reload.

· Navigation in the form of a "tree". In general, such navigation is terrible. A simple topology is much more convenient, but if it comes down to it, it's better to use Ajax.

· Filters. Often on sites they sort by date, by name. Ajax will be much more convenient.

JavaScript

The JavaScript programming language was developed by Netscape for creating interactive HTML documents. It is an object-oriented language for developing embedded applications that run both on the client side and on the server side. The syntax of the language is very similar to that of Java, which is why it is called Java-like.

The main applications of JavaScript fall into the following categories:

· dynamic creation of the document by means of the scenario;

· prompt check the validity of user-filled HTML form fields before they are sent to the server;

Creation of dynamic HTML pages in conjunction with Cascading Style Sheets and Document Object Model;

interaction with the user when solving "local" tasks solved by a JavaScript application embedded in an HTML page.

VBScript

The VBScript scripting language was developed by Microsoft and is a subset of the Visual Basic language that is quite common among programmers for developing Windows applications. Like its parent, VBScript is quite simple and easy to learn.

The advantage of its use for scripting is the ability to use, with minor adjustments, previously written procedures in Visual Basic and Visual Basic for Application.

The functionality of scripts written in VBScript is no different from the functionality of JavaScript scripts: dynamic creation of a document or parts of it, interception and processing of events, and so on.

VBScript is used for client scripting (in which case the browser must have a built-in VBScript interpreter) and for server scripting (in which case the server must support VBScript).

You use a set of objects similar to JavaScript to create client scripts. The client and server objects are different, but there is a common part (core) of objects used in the development of both client scripts and server scripts.

Perl is most widely used for developing system administration tools, but more recently it has gained immense popularity in the area of Internet application development: CGI scripting, email automation systems, and Web site support.

Here are some examples of tasks that can be done with Perl:

· Checking Windows NT users for inconsistencies in their status and capabilities;

· management of NT-services from the command line and remotely from the local machine; obtaining statistical data on a separate machine;

It can also work with the FTP protocol;

· UNIX and Windows system support.

Currently, there are several million Web sites on the World Wide Web, and their number is constantly growing. Everyone has the opportunity not only to view any of them and extract useful information for themselves, but also to take an active part in their creation. Of great importance is the environment in which the development will take place.

Macromedia continues to make Dreamweaver intuitive and easy to use. Powerful tools on the one hand and ease of use on the other hand make Macromedia products an ideal software package for both professional web designers and beginners. Products included in the Macromedia package, such as: Flash, Firework, Dreamweaver - will make your work more productive, and at the same time can replace each other (for example, you can create buttons in any of them). Products such as: Sitespring, FreeHand - will add efficiency when working with a client.

Dreamweaver has many advantages:

Dreamweaver supports pure HTML code as well as the latest DHTML and CSS extensions.

It contains excellent tools for automatic link management, that is, with any movement of files in the environment, all links are restored automatically. Blocking of sections of the page is provided to protect them from unintentional damage.

Allows you to undo changes made a few steps back (however, after saving the page, you will not be able to undo the changes).

"Dynamic check for various browsers" is applied.

Supports extensions, both third-party developers and Macromedia itself (more than 500).

Dreamweaver comes with a library of elements that you can use on your web pages, such as the navigation bar, copyright descriptor, and more.

Used to add multimedia to web pages and various file types from Flash and Java to RealAudio, interactive elements such as search engines, forums, e-commerce systems.

Dreamweaver does not have native image creation tools. It presents only the simplest editing tools, so we need special graphic editors to create and edit images.

Dreamweaver allows you to remove unnecessary code from Microsoft applications, after which pages will load faster and display better in different browsers.

Fireworks is a graphics editor with the ability to further optimize and publish them on the web. Using a wide variety tools, we can create and edit both vector and raster graphics within the same file instead of switching from one program to another. Fireworks generates HTML code and JavaScript and can easily create dynamic menus and navigation bars for our web pages. Effective optimization of graphic files allows you to reduce their size as much as possible without losing quality.

In addition, it is possible to edit the layouts of WEB-pages. For example, in Fireworks 8 you can open graphic file for the entire width of the future site, draw the necessary graphic design, and then cut it with the Slice Tool as the future table of the HTML document should look like. After that, you can start finalizing individual graphic elements, including creating active graphics that respond to the cursor, without knowing the programming language (JavaScript) at all.

One of three professional graphic editors leading with varying degrees of success in the fight for primacy in working with vector graphics. FreeHand is much faster and easier than its competitors - CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator. FreeHand is great for creating logos, advertisements, web graphics and animations.

The manufacturers of the program have made a lot of efforts to make life as easy as possible for users: the program interface is simple and intuitive, there are many "gadgets" that allow you to quickly and easily perform complex transformations of objects or achieve a variety of artistic effects. FreeHand can export and import files in almost all common formats. Moreover, it includes hotkey settings that emulate other common programs (Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw). So there is no need to relearn by switching to FreeHand.

An interesting and important feature of FreeHand when working on big projects is the ability to globally change the document, both for text and for all graphic objects. The global replacement mechanism is very flexible. In addition to replacement, it allows you to select objects with specified properties for subsequent transformation. The main properties used to search for and replace or select objects are color, outline thickness, font, rotation angle.

FreeHand documents are easily turned into web pages. Of course, FreeHand is not an HTML editor, but it does support basic HTML elements. With FreeHand it is easy to provide WEB-pages with Flash-animation. Text blocks, groups of objects, as well as objects with outlines are inserted into the animation clip. A small clip of FreeHand objects is created literally with one command - all that remains is to follow some settings. Each frame of the clip is placed on a separate layer; the animation effect is achieved by sequential playback of the contents of individual layers. But the FreeHand tools will not replace the Macromedia Flash editor.

Creates attractive interactive multimedia presentations for web sites. Flash is characterized by vector graphics and animation, although this program can also be used to manipulate or display raster graphics, editing video material and even for manipulating sound files.

Flash content is published as compact SWF files for display on a wide variety of platforms using the Flash Player. During online playback of an SWF file, content such as MP3 audio files, Flash videos, and images can be dynamically loaded into the file. JPEG format. Flash Player allows you to connect to data sources to combine them with a database, XML, or web services. With all these features, eye-catching animations and effects can be introduced into data-driven applications. Flash has support for anti-aliasing (smoothing edges by blending neighboring colors). Since this file format is based on vector graphics, the object retains image quality at any resolution and is ideal for creating animation frames.

Powerful event-driven language. The ActionScript language used is almost a complete programming language, with support for conditions, loops, arrays, functions, and classes that can be inherited.

In favor of Flash, the small size of the resulting files and the use of a vector image format, and the compression of bitmap and sound files, which has a very positive effect on reducing the size of the page and its download time.

This program is very user friendly. It has a lot of ready-made tags, templates.

The flexibility of the interface is one of the strengths of the product. Any user can easily customize the HomeSite interface according to their preferences and needs.

While working, the user can see a workspace with two tabs - Browse and Edit. That is, programming takes place in the Edit tab, and the result can be seen if you select the Browse tab. When creating a new page, some tags like HTML and BODY automatically appear in the edit field. This is the template loaded when a new page is created. Its content can be changed.

HomeSite makes it very easy to build a website architecture. This is facilitated by the Quick Bar panel with a system of tabs with ready-made tags. The tags in these tabs are very different - from simple ones like a paragraph to java scripts. You can generally leave one tab, adding all the necessary tags to it through the Customize menu. You can also create tags or combinations of them yourself. When you click on a button with a specific tag, a window appears where you can set the tag options and specify its attributes. Supports WYSIWYG mode with all its pros and cons.

For speed, there are many tag editing tools. These are, for example, such features as Tag Completion, Tag Editors and Tag Insight. They greatly facilitate the editing of tags and their attributes. There are also code snippets.

HomeSite easily integrates with source code management tools and project management systems, and also offers extensive FTP capabilities, so we can quickly deploy a site and organize its efficient maintenance.

It is the most popular HTML editor on the market, mainly due to the popularity of the Microsoft Office suite. The program offers powerful features and an attractive software package, including Image Composer, which is designed for creating images (Appendix B). FrontPage also contains the Web components needed to add interactive properties to the Web site. Microsoft FrontPage is a classic WYSIWYG editor, which, however, has the ability to manually edit the code.

The program has three modes of working with a document: Normal, HTML and Preview.

In Normal mode, web pages are a plain text file with the ability to edit all elements - from text to pictures.

In HTML mode, syntax highlighting is performed, but rather mediocre - descriptors are highlighted in blue, everything else is black.

In Preview mode, you can see how your page will look in the browser window.

FrontPage has a table builder that makes creating tables much easier. One of the main advantages of the program is the large number of templates available, allowing the user not to rack their brains over the design of their project. Having chosen the necessary template, we can proceed directly to filling the page with content. This is where the beauty of FrontPage comes in: the process of creating an HTML page is no different from creating a regular text document in Microsoft Word. The same tools are available to us for editing text, changing its formatting, creating and editing tables, inserting various objects and images, and all this without knowledge of HTML. FrontPage divides the workspace into several blocks containing certain page elements - images, text, headings, and so on. For each block, you can assign your own formatting options and its location relative to the page.

Cons: a small set of development tools, the impossibility of a separate purchase of the program. Microsoft FrontPage works well as an HTML editor for the first time, but as your needs grow, its capabilities may not be enough. There are also back side medals - the complexity and cumbersomeness of the resulting code, which naturally affects the final size of the document. It will also be very difficult to make changes to such a document in the future. But this is rather a shortcoming not of a specific product, but of almost all WYSIWYG editors (What You See Is What You Get - "what you see is what you get").

Web components work only if the web server you are using has the appropriate programs for them.

Despite the fact that Microsoft Word is a text editor and is not really considered an HTML editor. It has the ability to save files in HTML format. As a result, we may encounter pages that were created in one way or another in Microsoft Word. The problems in the HTML code received from the editor are similar to those of FrontPage: both of these programs produce redundant code that does not fully comply with the HTML standard. A huge number of people who use Word in their daily work become potential developers of HTML documents.

There are two ways to create a web page in Word: by using the Wizard, or by converting an existing Word document to HTML format. At the same time, Word itself generates HTML tags, although not in an optimal way. The transformation naturally leads to the fact that some elements of the document design will be lost or changed. If you need to insert your own tags into the HTML page, Word provides direct editing of the HTML code.

Designed for creating and editing illustrations, that is, images containing vector graphics elements, such as fonts, geometric figures etc.

Web pages can contain many elements − HTML text, raster images, vector graphics. In Illustrator, you can use slices to define the boundaries of various web elements in an object. The web page is divided into cells that are presented in three types: images, no images, HTML text.

In this case, you can save each fragment as an independent file with its own format, settings and color palette. Fragment locking prevents accidental position changes. The size of a fragment is tied to the object it contains. Therefore, when moving or resizing an object, the fragment boundaries are automatically corrected, but if necessary, they can always be corrected manually.

Link maps allow you to link one or more areas of an image (called hotspots) to a URL. When we click on a hotspot, the web browser downloads the file associated with it.

The main difference between using link maps and fragments to create links is how the object is exported to the web page. Using link maps saves the object as a single image file, while in the case of using fragments, the object is divided into several separate files. Another difference between link maps and fragments is that maps allow you to link polygonal or rectangular areas in an object, while fragments only allow rectangles.

The most popular and widely used image editing program. With its help, you can create highly artistic images. It contains everything you need to create and edit professional graphics.

Photoshop is not just an image editing program, it is the most powerful and functional program in its class. The program allows you to retouch the image and subject it to special effects, transfer the details of one picture to another, add text, change the color ratio, and even add color to grayscale images. Photoshop tools compatible with graphics tablets, which makes it possible to create completely artistic images, no worse than those made in watercolor and oil.

With all the simplicity of the basic Photoshop tools, the user can also customize them "for themselves." And this is tantamount to the presence of an infinite variety of crayons. Since paint programs rely on pixels to work, they are ideal for working with electronic (digital) photographs of colored pencils, spray guns, watercolors, oils, and more. Photoshop gives you complete control over every pixel in your image. The lack of drawing programs in limited resolution. Because a bitmap is made up of a fixed number of pixels.

CorelDraw allows you to process a wide variety of information presented in a document in the form of vector and raster objects, blocks of plain and artistic text, as well as Internet objects.

The program uses a modern interface of a flat type, which is characterized by the fact that the tools located on different panels are displayed in the form of ordinary flat drawings, and one of them is selected only when the pointer is placed on it.

When building vector images, lines and shapes are superimposed until the final image is obtained. Each object can be edited independently of the others - one of the few advantages of the object approach, however, the image still has to be built in stages. In a vector drawing program, lines, shapes, and text are defined by mathematical expressions, which makes it possible to automatically adjust them to the maximum resolution of the output device. Another advantage of vector drawings is that they do not require a lot of disk space. The volume of a vector drawing file depends only on the number and complexity of the objects that make up this drawing, so its size, unlike a raster drawing, practically does not affect this volume.

CorelDraw demonstrates the qualities of a powerful visual web page editor: the user gets the ability to generate rich HTML documents, which can include JavaScript scripts and CSS style sheets.

With powerful graphics, text, and layout and export capabilities for web publishing, CorelDraw is a good starting point for generating the first versions of an HTML file.

When placing images on a page, one of the most important tasks is to optimize the size of the image files. The recommended "ceiling" of the total page size is from 100 to 150 kb. Reducing the size of image files is done by compressing the files and reducing the number of colors. These tasks are available for any of the graphics programs listed above.

Conclusion

With the advent of web technology, computers are beginning to be used by completely new segments of the Earth's population. It is possible to single out two most characteristic groups, located at different social poles, who were rapidly involved in the new technology, perhaps even against their own desire. On the one hand, these were representatives of elite groups of society - heads of large organizations, presidents of banks, top managers, influential government officials. On the other hand, they were representatives of the broadest sections of the population - housewives, pensioners, children.

The spectrum of social groups connecting to the Internet and seeking information in the WWW, is being expanded all the time by non-IT users. These are doctors, builders, historians, lawyers, financiers, athletes, travelers, clergy, artists, writers, artists. The list is endless. Anyone who has felt the usefulness and indispensability of the Web for their professional activities or hobbies joins the vast army of consumers of information on the World Wide Web.

With the development of hypertext markup technologies, more and more sites began to appear on the Internet, the topics of which were completely different - from sites of large companies that tell about the successes of the company and its failures, to sites of small firms offering to visit their offices within the same city.

The development of Internet technologies served as an impetus for the emergence of a new branch on the Internet - Internet forums. Websites began to appear, and even entire portals, where people from all over the world can communicate, get answers to any questions and even make business deals.

Creating a website is a marketing step aimed at creating information resource, which will provide an opportunity for the company to both retain old customers and attract new ones.

Creation and development of sites includes:

Approval of the initial terms of reference for the development of the site;

List of sources used

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2. Burlakov M. V. CorelDRAW 12. - St. Petersburg; BHV-Petersburg, 2004. - 688 p.

3. Jamsa Chris. An effective tutorial on creative Web design. HTML, XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, ASP, ActiveX. Text, graphics, sound and animation. Translated from English / Chris Jamsa, Konrad King, Andy Anderson - M .: DiaSoftUP LLC, 2005.- 672 p.

4. Dunaev V. JavaScript Tutorial, 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 395 p.

5. Zolnikov D.S. PHP5. How to create a website of any complexity on your own. - 2nd ed. erased - M.: NT Press, 2007. - 272 p.

6. Inkova N. A., Zaitseva E. A., Kuzmina N. V., Tolstykh S. G. Creation of Web sites: Educational and methodological manual. Part 5. Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. un-ta, 2005. - 56 p.

7. Mazurkevich A. PHP: handbook of a programmer / Alexander Mazurkevich, Dmitry Elovoy. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2006. - 495 p.

8. McClelland Dick. Photoshop 7. User bible. : Per. from English. - M .: Publishing house "William", 2006. - 928 p.

9. Orlov L. V. Web site without secrets. / L. V. Orlov. - 2nd ed. – M.: Buk-press, 2006. – 512 p.

10. Polonskaya E.L. HTML language. Self-instruction manual.: - M.: Publishing house "William", 2005.- 320 p.

11. Creation of Web pages and Web sites. Tutorial: [proc. allowance] / ed. V. N. Pechnikova. - M .: Publishing House Triumph, 2006.- 464 p.

12. Yakushev, L. V. Starting to work on the Internet. Quick guide. - M .: Publishing house "William", 2006. -128 p.

HTML has its own set of characters that Web browsers use to display a page. These symbols, called descriptors, include the elements needed to create hyperlinks.

First of all, PHP is used to create scripts that work on the server side, for this, in fact, they came up with it. PHP is capable of performing the same tasks as any other CGI script, including processing html form data, dynamically generating html pages, and the like. But there are other areas where PHP can be used.

And the last area is the creation of GUI applications (graphical interfaces) that run on the client side.

Where to use Ajax:

Forms. They are very slow. If you send data asynchronously, the page does not reload.

Tree navigation. In general, such navigation is terrible. A simple topology is much more convenient, but if it comes down to it, it's better to use Ajax.

Filters. Often on sites they sort by date, by name. Ajax will be much more convenient.

The main applications of JavaScript fall into the following categories:

dynamic creation of a document using a script;

operational validation of user-filled HTML form fields before they are sent to the server;

creating dynamic HTML pages in conjunction with Cascading Style Sheets and the Document Object Model;

interaction with the user when solving "local" tasks, solved by a JavaScript application embedded in an HTML page.

The advantage of its use for scripting is the ability to use, with minor adjustments, previously written procedures in Visual Basic and Visual Basic for Application.

VBScript is used for client scripting (in which case the browser must have a built-in VBScript interpreter) and for server scripting (in which case the server must support VBScript).

Here are some examples of tasks that can be done with Perl:

checking Windows NT users for inconsistencies in their status and capabilities;

managing NT services from the command line and remotely from the local machine; obtaining statistical data on a separate machine;

can work with the FTP protocol; UNIX and Windows system support

Comparative Analysis of Web Application Development Environments

Macromedia Dreamweaver

Macromedia continues to make Dreamweaver intuitive and easy to use. Powerful tools on the one hand and ease of use on the other make Macromedia products the ideal software package for both professional web designers and beginners. Products included in the Macromedia package, such as: Flash, Firework, Dreamweaver - will make your work more productive, and at the same time can replace each other (for example, you can create buttons in any of them). Products such as: Sitespring, FreeHand - will add efficiency when working with a client.

Dreamweaver has many advantages:

Dreamweaver supports pure HTML code as well as the latest DHTML and CSS extensions.

Allows you to undo changes made a few steps back (however, after saving the page, you will not be able to undo the changes).

"Dynamic check for various browsers" is applied.

Supports extensions, both third-party developers and Macromedia itself (more than 500).

Dreamweaver comes with a library of elements that you can use on your web pages, such as the navigation bar, copyright descriptor, and more.

Used to add multimedia to web pages and various file types from Flash and Java to RealAudio, interactive elements such as search engines, forums, e-commerce systems.

Dreamweaver does not have native image creation tools. It presents only the simplest editing tools, so we need special graphic editors to create and edit images.

Dreamweaver allows you to remove unnecessary code from Microsoft applications, after which pages will load faster and display better in different browsers.

Macromedia Fireworks

Fireworks is a graphics editor with the ability to further optimize and publish them on the web. Using a wide variety of tools, we can create and edit both vector and raster graphics within the same file, instead of having to move from one program to another. Fireworks generates HTML code and JavaScript and can easily create dynamic menus and navigation bars for our web pages. Effective optimization of graphic files allows you to reduce their size as much as possible without losing quality.

In addition, it is possible to edit the layouts of WEB-pages. For example, in Fireworks 8, you can open a graphic file to the full width of the future site, draw the necessary graphic design, and then cut it with the Slice Tool as the future table of the HTML document should look like. After that, you can start finalizing individual graphic elements, including creating active graphics that respond to the cursor, without knowing the programming language (JavaScript) at all.

macromedia freehand

One of the three professional graphic editors, leading with varying degrees of success in the struggle for primacy in working with vector graphics. FreeHand is much faster and easier than its competitors - CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator. FreeHand is great for creating logos, advertisements, web graphics and animations.

An interesting and important feature of FreeHand when working on large projects is the ability to globally change the document, both for text and for all graphic objects. The global replacement mechanism is very flexible. In addition to replacement, it allows you to select objects with specified properties for subsequent transformation. The main properties used to search for and replace or select objects are color, outline thickness, font, rotation angle.

Macromedia FLASH

Creates attractive interactive multimedia presentations for web sites. Flash is characterized by vector graphics and animation, although it can also be used to manipulate or display bitmap graphics, edit video, and even manipulate sound files.

Flash content is published as compact SWF files for display on a wide variety of platforms using the Flash Player. During online playback of an SWF file, content such as MP3 audio files, Flash video, and JPEG images can be dynamically loaded into the file. Flash Player allows you to connect to data sources to combine them with a database, XML, or web services. With all these features, eye-catching animations and effects can be introduced into data-driven applications. Flash has support for anti-aliasing (smoothing edges by blending neighboring colors). Since this file format is based on vector graphics, the object retains image quality at any resolution and is ideal for creating animation frames.

Powerful event-driven language. The ActionScript language used is almost a complete programming language, with support for conditions, loops, arrays, functions, and classes that can be inherited.

In favor of Flash, the small size of the resulting files and the use of a vector format

images, and compression of bitmap and sound files, which has a very positive effect on reducing the page size and download time.

Macromedia HomeSite

This program is very user friendly. It has a lot of ready-made tags, templates.

The flexibility of the interface is one of the strengths of the product. Any user can easily customize the HomeSite interface according to their preferences and needs.

Microsoft Front Page

The program has three modes of working with a document: Normal, HTML and Preview.

In Normal mode, web pages are a plain text file with the ability to edit all elements - from text to pictures.

In HTML mode, syntax highlighting is performed, but rather mediocre - descriptors are highlighted in blue, everything else is black.

In Preview mode, you can see how your page will look in the browser window.

Cons: a small set of development tools, the impossibility of a separate purchase of the program. Microsoft FrontPage works well as an HTML editor for the first time, but as your needs grow, its capabilities may not be enough. There is also a reverse side of the coin - the complexity and cumbersomeness of the resulting code, which naturally affects the final size of the document. It will also be very difficult to make changes to such a document in the future. But this is rather a shortcoming not of a specific product, but of almost all WYSIWYG editors (What You See Is What You Get - "what you see is what you get").

Web components work only if the web server you are using has the appropriate programs for them.

Adobe Illustrator

Designed for creating and editing illustrations, that is, images containing vector graphics elements, such as fonts, geometric shapes, etc.

Web pages can contain many elements - HTML text, bitmaps, vector graphics. In Illustrator, you can use slices to define the boundaries of various web elements in an object. The web page is divided into cells that are presented in three types: images, no images, HTML text.

Link maps allow you to link one or more areas of an image (called hotspots) to a URL. When we click on a hotspot, the web browser downloads the file associated with it.

The most popular and widely used image editing program. With its help, you can create highly artistic images. It contains everything you need to create and edit professional graphics.

Photoshop is not just an image editing program, it is the most powerful and functional program in its class. The program allows you to retouch the image and subject it to special effects, transfer the details of one picture to another, add text, change the color ratio, and even add color to grayscale images. Photoshop tools are compatible with graphic tablets, which makes it possible to create quite artistic images, not worse than those made in watercolor and oil.

CorelDraw allows you to process a wide variety of information presented in a document in the form of vector and raster objects, blocks of plain and artistic text, as well as Internet objects.

CorelDraw demonstrates the qualities of a powerful visual web page editor: the user gets the ability to generate rich HTML documents that can include JavaScript scripts and CSS style sheets.

With powerful graphics, text, and layout and export capabilities for web publishing, CorelDraw is a good starting point for generating the first versions of an HTML file.

When placing images on a page, one of the most important tasks is to optimize the size of the image files. The recommended "ceiling" of the total page size is from 100 to 150 kb. Decrease

size of image files is done by compressing files and reducing the number of colors. These tasks are available for any of the graphics programs listed above.

Form of the course program: 1. Title. Tools for effective development of Web applications. 2. Recommended for 2nd-3rd year students who are familiar with the basics of programming and OOP, HTML and C#. 3. Lectures - hours, laboratory work 4. Abstract (200 words max) 5. Content (program) Table of contents Theme 1. Subject and tasks of the discipline. Definition and structure of web applications. Classification of web applications. ................................................. ...................2 Topic 2. Fundamentals of designing web applications. The life cycle of a web application. Load testing. ................................................. .........................4 Topic 3. Fundamentals of web application design. Web sites. Web services......7 Topic 4. Visual Web Developer Express Edition. General idea of the product as a tool for developing dynamic web applications. .................................................eight Topic 5. Basic features of Visual Web Developer Express Edition. Designing the user interface ............................................................... ................................................. .......21 Topic 6. Features of debugging and testing a web application. Web application debugging tools. Breakpoints, exception handling, variable inspection. 28 Topic 7. Basic features of Visual Web Developer Express Edition. Website Administration Tools.................................................................... ...................................................33 Topic 8. Protecting websites.................................................... ...............................................37 Topic 9. Access to according to Visual Web Developer Express Edition. Data bound controls. ................................................. .................................40 Topic 10. Additional features Visual Web Developer Express Edition. Site structure and navigation. Personalization. Web parts technology. ...............................47 Lab .................................. ................................................. ...............................................53 1 Topic 1. Subject and tasks of the discipline. Definition and structure of web applications. Classification of web applications. The course introduces the student to such a class of programs as web applications, to the theoretical foundations of design and development, and to the technical means of web development. There are several definitions of a web application. Web application - a set of programs that implement data processing in a specific area of application in the Web environment. A web application is an auxiliary software designed to automatically perform any action on a Web server. However, they use Web browsers as user interfaces. Typically, Web applications are created in different versions of the client-server architecture. A web application is an application that runs on a web server and is accessed by sending and receiving packets over the HTTP protocol. In this course, a web application refers to a class of applications whose components perform automated data processing while interacting in a web environment. The general web application architecture is a client-server model in which application components are divided into client and server components, and the components interact by sending and receiving packets over HTTP. The client is a web browser and the server is a web server. HTTP packets client server Fig. 1 Generic web application architecture The tasks of a web server are to perform a certain set of data processing functions and provide an interface (software or user interface) over the HTTP protocol to access these functions. The web application server component receives a request from the client and performs data processing, then generates a response and / or a web page and sends a data packet to the client over the network using the HTTP protocol. Server components of a web application can act as a client of other services (services), such as a database or other web application located on a different server. One advantage of this approach is that clients are independent of a particular operating system user, and web applications are thus cross-platform services. Classification of web applications 1. according to the degree of connection (interfacing) of system components: a. weakly conjugated b. strongly connected The degree of connectivity (conjugation) of system components is the degree to which each of the components depends on other modules of the system. The degree of connectivity can be high (strong) or low (weak). An application is weakly coupled if its components interact with each other using the same interfaces and do not depend on the internal implementation of each of the components. In such an application, a modification to the implementation of one of the components does not require changes to the implementation of the other components. In a tightly coupled application, on the contrary, the functioning of one of the components depends on the internal implementation of the other components, and therefore changes in these components lead to changes in the 2 dependent component. In addition, the individual components of a tightly coupled application are difficult to understand when viewed without the dependent components of that application. Also, the presence of strong connections between components makes it difficult to independently test them. 2. by the number of logical levels in the application infrastructure. a. two-level b. n-tier The logical structure of an application can be divided into three layers - user services (presentation layer), application services (business logic layer) and data services. User services are a system-user interface that allows the user to control the system, and the system to provide the result of the user's actions. Application services implement the business logic of the application, i.e. define business objects and their interactions. Thus, application services implement data processing algorithms in accordance with user requests and business rules. Data services provide data storage and data access methods. If the first two logical levels (user and application services) are combined into one infrastructure level, then such an application has a two-level architecture. If each logical layer corresponds to a separate infrastructure layer, then this is a three-tier application, which is the most common case of an n-tier option. The introduction of an additional layer into the infrastructure allows you to replace or modify any of the layers if necessary. For example, changing the client's operating system at the data presentation layer would only require code changes. user interface, the business logic and the data access layer will remain unchanged. 3. according to the type of information provided to the user a. static b. dynamic Dynamic Applications contain changing information-meaningful content (content), and a static web application contains immutable content. Requirements for web applications The quality of the developed application is determined by how it meets the requirements that were laid down at the system design stage. All requirements for applications, including web applications, are divided into functional and non-functional. Functional requirements define the functionality of the system that developers must build so that users can complete their tasks as part of their business processes. Non-functional requirements are descriptions of application characteristics that are important to the user when using the system. Let's consider what characteristics set the non-functional requirements for the system: reliability. Formally, reliability is the property of an application to keep in time within the established limits the values of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in given modes and conditions of use (GOST 27.002-89). Those. application reliability requirements are determined by the conditions of application operation ( server settings, maximum amount application users) and acceptable performance indicators of the system under these conditions (processing time for a user request to the system, number of system failures). Thus, a trusted web application must provide access to all functions for the user under any 3 conditions (i.e. all possible conditions for this application should be considered and taken into account when designing the system). application speed. Performance is defined as the average processing time for a user request to the system. The maximum acceptable response time for web applications is 5 seconds. safety. The web application security requirement includes: differentiation of access rights to functions and data of each component of the web application, control of the access level of components and / or users, authorization and verification of users. scalability is the ability of a system to increase its performance under increased load and the addition of resources. The user of a scalable web application should not notice the moment (i.e., the system response time to user requests should not noticeably change) when the load increases (for example, several more users access the application at the same time), and when the application configuration changes (for example, if the business logic layer will be added additional component data processing). You can read more about the requirements for an application and how to collect, analyze and control them in the book. Topic 2. Fundamentals of web application design. Web application life cycle. Load testing. Consider the main stages of creating a web application. The process of developing a web application, like any information system, is defined by the concept of "life cycle". The life cycle model is a structure consisting of processes, activities and tasks, including the development, operation and maintenance of a software product, covering the life of the system from establishing requirements for it to the termination of its use. The main normative document regulating the software life cycle is the international standard ISO/IEC 12207. This standard defines the processes, activities and tasks that are used: when purchasing a system containing software or a separately supplied software product; in the provision of software services, as well as in the supply, development, operation and maintenance of software products. The life cycle structure is based on three groups of processes: the main processes of the software life cycle (order, delivery, development, operation, maintenance); auxiliary processes that ensure the implementation of the main processes (documentation, configuration management, quality assurance, verification, certification, assessment, audit, problem solving); organizational processes (project management, creation of project infrastructure, definition, evaluation and improvement of the life cycle itself, training). The life cycle has 4 phases: 1) requirements analysis and planning. At this stage, a set of functions is determined that the system should perform, with a prioritization of the ones that should be implemented the fastest; a description of the information needs of the system is carried out; material costs, hardware are determined and the deadlines for the performance of work are set. 2) system design, can occur with the use of CASE-tools. At this stage, the functions of the system and the links between them are analyzed, the requirements for delimiting access to data and the necessary documentation are established, and a decision is made to divide the system into subsystems. The result of the stage execution is a general model of objects and relationships between them, functional model in general and each subsystem, interfaces precisely defined using CASE-tools, building prototypes of screens, dialogs, reports. 3) construction (implementation and testing of the system). At this stage, the development of the application takes place - the generation or development of codes, the integration of the entire system as a whole. The result of the stage is a ready-made system that meets all the requirements put forward at the first stage. 4) system implementation and user training. The main types of life cycle models: waterfall model spiral model When working on a waterfall model, the entire development is divided into stages (phases), and the transition from one stage to the next occurs only after the work on the current one is fully completed. Each stage culminates in the release of a complete set of documentation, sufficient for development to be continued by another development team. The positive aspects of applying the cascade approach are as follows: at each stage, a complete set of project documentation is formed that meets the criteria for completeness and consistency; the stages of work performed in a logical sequence allow you to plan the timing of the completion of all work and the corresponding costs. The sequence of work within the framework of the cascade model is as follows: Fig. 2 Cascading Life Cycle Model The cascading approach has worked well for building systems for which, at the very beginning of development, all requirements can be formulated quite accurately and completely in order to give developers the freedom to implement them as best as possible from a technical point of view. Complex computational systems, real-time systems and other similar tasks fall into this category. However, in the process of using this approach, a number of its shortcomings were discovered, primarily due to the fact that the real process of creating software never completely fit into such a rigid scheme. The main disadvantage of the cascade approach is a significant delay in obtaining results. Coordination of the results with users is carried out only at the points planned after the completion of each stage of work, the requirements for the IS are "frozen" in the form of a technical assignment for the entire time of its creation. Thus, users can submit their comments only after the work on the system is fully completed. Alternative Model is a spiral life cycle model. This model takes into account the need for constant review, refinement and evaluation of design requirements. The model focuses on initial stages cycle: analysis and design. At these stages, the feasibility of technical solutions is tested by creating 5 prototypes. Each turn of the spiral corresponds to the creation of a fragment or version of the system, on which the goals and characteristics of the project are specified, its quality is determined, and the work of the next turn of the spiral is planned. Thus, the details of the project are deepened and consistently concretized, and as a result, a reasonable option is selected, which is brought to implementation. This approach can be very effective when developing small projects quickly. It stimulates active interaction between the project team and the customer, as the customer evaluates the progress and results of work throughout the project. The disadvantage of the spiral model is the lack of clear milestones (checkpoints between the stages of the project life cycle), which can lead to chaos in the development process. Rice. 3 The Microsoft Spiral Life Cycle Model was developed by the MSF methodology, the Microsoft Solution Framework. This model combines the properties of two standard production models: cascade (waterfall) and spiral (spiral). It retains the benefits of the orderliness of the waterfall model without losing the flexibility and creativity of the spiral model. The MSF process model takes into account constantly changing project requirements. It proceeds from the fact that the development of a solution should consist of short cycles that create a progressive movement from the simplest versions of the solution to its final form. In the MSF methodology, the project life cycle is divided into 5 phases (stages): 1. Concept development phase - at this stage, the goals and boundaries of the project are determined, and the risks of the project are assessed. 2. The planning phase includes the preparation of the requirements specification for the project, the estimation of project costs and the timing of the development of various components of the project. 3. Development Phase - In this development phase, the project team focuses on creating solution components (including both documentation and code). However, some of this work may continue into the stabilization phase as well, if such a need is identified during the testing process. This phase also includes infrastructure development. 4. Stabilization phase. During the stabilization phase, the developed solution is tested. At the same time, attention is focused on its operation in a realistic model of the production environment. 5. Implementation phase. During this phase, the project team implements the technologies and solution components, stabilizes the implemented solution, hands over work to support and maintenance personnel, and receives final approval from the customer for the project results. Upon completion of the implementation, the project team analyzes the work performed and customer satisfaction. During this phase, as the solution components are migrated from the test environment 6 to the production environment, efforts to stabilize the solution may continue. This software development methodology describes the management of people (the project team) and work processes in the solution development process. The MSF is a coherent set of concepts, models and rules. Within MSF programming code, documentation, design, plans and other working materials are created by iterative methods. MSF recommends that you start developing a solution by building, testing, and deploying its core functionality. Then more and more features are added to the solution. This strategy is called a versioning strategy. While a single release may be sufficient for smaller projects, it is recommended that you do not miss the opportunity to create multiple versions for a single solution. With the creation of new versions, the functionality of the solution evolves. A detailed description of the MSF methodology is available on the Microsoft website. Topic 3. Fundamentals of web application design. Web sites. Web services. A website is one or a combination of web pages available on the Internet via the HTTP/HTTPS protocols. The pages of a website are linked together by a common root address, and usually by subject, logical structure, design, and/or authorship. The information provided to the user on the site can be static, and the server in this case is only a repository of the website pages, which it sends unchanged at the request of the client. Another web application operation scheme appears if the website works with dynamic information, i.e. information should depend on who and at what point in time gets access to it. A dynamic site may contain flash screensavers, videos, animations, as well as individual static pages. Consider the pros and cons of a static website. The advantages include the relatively low cost of development and technical support (hosting). The downside is the need to modify the program code if you want to change the content of the site. As the volume of the site increases, it becomes problematic to maintain its integrity. A dynamic site allows for a two-way exchange of information between the user and the application, and it is also more convenient to manage and maintain, because this does not require any changes to the code of the pages. At the same time, a dynamic site is more expensive in technical support than a static one, it requires more server resources. In a static web application, there is no separation of the application's logical layers into presentation, processing, and data access layers. In a dynamic application, such a separation appears. Data is no longer stored in the code of web pages, but in separate files or in a database (DB). The data processing layer can be implemented as a monolithic component of a web application, or individual components can be isolated as special web services, software, accessed via the Web. The use of such components improves system scalability and makes components reusable. A web service is a software system identified by a URI string whose public interfaces and bindings are defined and described by XML. Description of this software system can be found by other software systems that can interact with it according to this description 7 through XML-based messages and transmitted using Internet protocols. Web services provide the following advantages to the system: the interaction of software components is possible regardless of the platform, thanks to the use of the HTTP protocol, the interaction of components via the web is possible. From the point of view of the logical organization of web services: Let's call a service a resource that implements a business function and has the following properties: it is reusable; defined by one or more explicit technology-independent interfaces; loosely coupled to other similar resources and can be invoked through communication protocols that allow the resources to interact with each other. That is, the use of web services allows you to loosen the coupling of the components of a web application. To provide the end user with the functions that are implemented by a web service, it is required to organize the interaction of three components: the source of the request to the web service, the web service provider and the web service broker, which acts as an intermediary between the source and the web service provider. Rice. 4 Web service. Interaction of components. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a messaging protocol between the provider and consumer of a web service, the protocol is based on XML and HTTP. WSDL (Web Service Description Language) is an XML schema that describes the methods and parameters of a Web service. An XML schema is a set of tags used in an XML document. It allows you to accurately determine what data is contained in the corresponding XML document, check its integrity. The UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Intgration) protocol is a platform-independent, open framework for service description, discovery, and service integration on the web. See www.uddi.com for more details. Topic 4. Visual Web Developer Express Edition. General idea of the product as a tool for developing dynamic web applications. We got acquainted with the theoretical foundations of web application design, the next step is to apply the knowledge gained in the development of the application. 8 Developing complex web applications from scratch is a time-consuming task that requires developers to have the skills to design and develop information systems. For people starting their way in the field of web development, the solution to this problem becomes more accessible using development tools that are focused specifically on the needs of novice users. A popular development environment that meets this requirement is Microsoft's Visual Web Developer Express Edition. For each layer of a web application (interface, business logic, data), VWD offers an efficient development toolkit (see below). Web applications in Visual Web Developer Express Edition are built on top of ASP.NET technology. ASP.NET is a framework for developing and running applications on a web server, including design-time objects and controls, and a runtime context. ASP.NET, in turn, is part of the .NET Framework, and therefore provides access to all the features of this framework. For example, you can create ASP.NET web applications in any .NET programming language (Visual Basic, C#, Managed Extensions for C++, and many more) and .NET debugging tools. Access to data is carried out by means of ADO.NET. Similarly, you can access operating system services using .NET Framework classes, and so on. ASP.NET web applications run on a web server that is configured to work with Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS). However, it is not necessary to work directly with IIS. You can program IIS tools using the ASP.NET classes, and Visual Web Developer Express Edition will perform file management tasks such as creating IIS applications as needed and providing ways to deploy web applications to IIS. The advantage of using Visual Web Developer Express Edition to build web applications is that it provides tools that make the application development process much faster, easier, and more reliable. These tools include: Visual designers for web pages with control prototypes and a Code View (HTML) view that provides code syntax checking. Optimized code editors that include IntelliSense capabilities. IntelliSense in Visual Web Developer Express Edition is a tool that provides fast access user to all the features of the programming language. It allows you to search for language elements in the program code editing mode, select the appropriate element and add it to the code. Intellisense provides the following capabilities: o Viewing a list of class members (structs, unions, or namespaces) for a referenced object of that class. The class member selected in this list will be added to the program code. o viewing the list of parameters of the function specified in the code. Information about the function includes the names and types of all parameters, the type of the return value. o access to information about the variable. This function allows you to select the variable identifier in the code and see how the variable was declared. o auto-complete. This function completes unfinished names of variables, functions, when enough characters are entered to resolve the ambiguity of names. o Automatic matching of opening and closing brackets and unclosed code segments. Built-in compilation and debugging tools. 9 Project management tools for creating and managing application files, including deployment to a local or remote server. Elements of ASP.NET Web Applications Creating ASP.NET web applications involves working with many of the elements that are used in any client-server application . These include: User interface. The application, as a rule, displays data on the screen to the user; in an ASP.NET web application, the user interface is in the form of Web Forms pages that send output to the browser. Optionally, you can create output specifically designed to work with mobile devices or other web devices. Components. Many web applications can be divided into components that contain code to perform specific tasks and can be reused. These components can be created as XML Web Services, which allow these components to be called over the web, such as from a Web application, another Web service, or a Windows Form, and reused. Data. Most applications require some form of access to data. In Visual Web Developer Express Edition, you can use ADO.NET (a data service that is part of the .NET Framework) to do this. Creating a Web Application in Visual Web Developer Express Edition Let's walk through the steps to create a simple web application in Visual Web Developer Express Edition. This will be a website that displays some message (like "Hello World") when a button is clicked. A new website can be created by selecting the menu item File | new website. The dialog box that appears prompts you to select the type of site you want to create - it can be ASP.NET Web Site, Empty Web Site, ASP.NET Web Service, Personal web Site Starter Kit. If you select the ASP.NET Web Site template, then Visual Web Developer Express Edition will generate the minimum number of files required to create a website. One web page, an empty Data directory, and a project .sln file will be created. If you select the ASP.NET Web Service template, then Visual Web Developer Express Edition will generate the minimum number of files required to create a web service. If you select the Empty Web Site template, only an empty directory and project .sln file will be created. If you select the Personal web Site Starter Kit template, then Visual Web Developer Express Edition will use the starter kit, a sample personal website with some built-in features. In the Location list, you can select the location for the Web site you are creating. You have three options: HTTP - the traditional way to access a Web site over HTTP using FrontPage Server Extensions (similar to previous versions); FTP - access to the site will be performed via the FTP protocol; filesystem- new opportunity ASP.NET 2.0 offered by default. Selecting it will create a Web site simply in the directory of the file system local computer, and the ASP.NET-integrated debugging Web server will be used for debugging. After the application is finished developing, it will need to be published to a regular Internet Information Server Web server. For our example, we choose the ASP.NET Web Site template. We enter the name of the site - HelloWorld, and the path to it, indicate the programming language - Visual C #. 10

Software development trends require that a stand-alone computer be equipped with network software (browsers, software implementations of protocols). A feature of computer network software at the present stage of development is an extremely wide range of software tools and programming languages used. This is due to the dynamic development and huge variety of computer networks and related technologies. Under such conditions, no technology or programming language can have a decisive superiority over others. This situation forces a specialist engaged in software development to simultaneously master and use in practical work a large number of development tools and programming languages.

For example, even to create a conventional interactive web page that meets modern requirements, knowledge of the HTML hypertext markup language, cascading style sheets (CSS) and more sophisticated server-side application development technologies like PHP is required. In addition, to develop the server part of the software, the programmer must have access to databases using the Mysql query language.

Denver: Toolkit installation automation.

Installing the Apache server and related programs manually can be quite a tedious task. The fact is that you will have to deal with numerous Apache, PHP and MySQL configuration options that you will never need again.

Denver is a universal installer that can simplify the installation of all programs needed by a Web programmer, these are the same distributions of Apache, PHP, MySQL, Perl, combined into a single archive, equipped with a convenient installer and configuration utilities for a specific machine (including tools for automatically configuring virtual hosts ).

Denver is a fully automated facility.

Terms of Use.

Denver was designed to be easy to set up and install freely.

redistributable programs (Apache, PHP, MySQL, etc.). Naturally, he can

free to be used by any Web programmers and designers, but only for non-commercial purposes.

Denver has a modular structure. Its core is the so-called "base package". All other components are supplied as standalone extension packs" which require the base package to function.

The composition of the basic package.

The base package contains most of the programs and utilities needed by a Web programmer:

Apache with SSI support, mod_rewrite, modphp;

PHP with GD and MySQL support;

MySQL with transaction support (nrysqld-max);

PhpMyAdmin - MySQL management system via Web interface; fully

replaces the MySQL command line;

Perl core without standard libraries;

sendmail emulator;

supported work in conjunction with PHP and Perl;

a distribution that contains all of the components listed above takes only about 2 MB.

Additional expansion packs

Many Denver expansion packs are also available, containing:

documentation for all programs included in the complex;

full version of Perl with standard libraries;

full version of PHP 5;

Developer Support.

There is a forum at http://forum.dklab.ru/denwer/ where you can get advice from the authors of the book on issues related to the use of Denver. It also contains an extensive database of questions and answers submitted by users over the past two years. The forum has a flexible search system.

Distribution installation.

All distributions are archives in 7-Zip format (http://7-zip.org). The format was chosen because it gives the best compression ratio.

After purchasing the distribution, you need to run it. First, the archive will be unpacked into a temporary directory (you need to wait a bit), and then the installer will automatically start.

You will be asked in which directory you would like to install the complex (the default is C: WebServers, you just need to press the key to accept this choice). Absolutely all system components will be located in the specified directory, and no files will be created outside of it (except for shortcuts on the desktop).

Denver has several configuration files, and they are located in places where they are easiest to find for the components of the complex. Some files do not exist by default - they must be created before making changes.

* Main configuration file: /etc/CONFIGURATION.txt.
* Apache configuration httpd.conf: /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf.
* .htaccess files with local settings sites: in the document directories of the respective sites.
* PHP configuration: php.ini: /usr/local/php/php.ini.
* PHP 3 configuration: /usr/local/php3/php3.ini.
* MySQL configuration with transactions: /usr/local/mysql/my.cnf.
* hosts file- correspondence of site names to their IP addresses:

for Windows 95/98/ME: C:Windowshosts;

for Windows NT/2000/XP: C:WinNTsystem32driversetchhosts.

Get started with Denver.

Once the installation is complete, click on the Denwer shortcut on your desktop.

Open http://localhost (stored in home/localhost/www) in your browser.

HTML

The exchange of information on the Internet is carried out using application-level protocols that implement one or another application service (file transfer, hypertext information, mail, etc.). One of the youngest and most popular Internet services, the development of which led to a surge in the popularity of the Internet itself, has become the World Wide Web (WWW), based on the HTTP protocol (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Hypertext documents presented on the WWW have one fundamental difference from traditional hypertext documents - the links they use are not limited to one document, and moreover, they are not limited to one computer. To prepare hypertext documents, the HTML language (Hyper Text Markup Language - markup language for hypertext documents) is used, which provides ample opportunities for formatting and structural markup of documents, organizing links between various documents, and means for including graphic and multimedia information. HTML documents are viewed with special program- browser. The most widely used browsers are Netscape's Navigator (NN) and Microsoft's Internet Explorer (MSIE). NN implementations are available for almost all modern software and hardware platforms, MSIE implementations are available for everyone Windows platforms, Macintosh, and some commercial Unix systems.

An HTML document consists of text representing the content of the document, and tags, defining its structure and appearance when displayed by the browser. The simplest html document looks like this:

Name

Document Body

As you can see from the example, the tag is keyword, enclosed in angle brackets. There are single tags, such as, for example,

, and paired as , in the latter case, the tag only affects the text between its opening and closing brace. Tags can also have parameters - for example, when describing a page, you can set the background color, font color, etc.: text="black">.

The text of the entire document is enclosed in tags , the document itself is divided into two parts - the heading and the body. The title is described by tags , which can include the title of the document (using tags </i>) and other parameters used by the browser when displaying the document. The body of the document is enclosed in tags <i><body> </i> and contains the actual information that the user sees. In the absence of formatting tags, all text is displayed in the browser window in a continuous stream, newlines, spaces and tabs are treated as whitespace characters, several consecutive whitespace characters are replaced by one. The following main tags are used for formatting:</p> <p><p>The beginning of a new paragraph may have an alignment parameter:</p> <p> <p>Line break within the current paragraph;</p> <p><u></u>- underlining text</p> <p>A link to another document is set using a tag <i><a href= «URL»>…</a> </i>, where URL is the full or relative address of the document. In this case, the text enclosed in the tag <a>, is usually underlined and colored, and after clicking on this link, the browser opens the document whose address is specified in the href parameter. Graphic images are inserted into a document using a tag <i><img src='/photoshop/vybor-sredstv-razrabotki-web-prilozhenii-sredstva-effektivnoi-razrabotki/' loading=lazy loading=lazy> </i>.</p> <p><u><b>PHP</b> </u></p> <p>PHP (eng. PHP: HyperText Preprocessor - “PHP: hypertext preprocessor”, eng. Personal Home Page Tools (outdated) - “Tools for creating personal web pages”) is a general-purpose scripting programming language that is intensively used to develop web applications. It is currently supported by the vast majority of hosting providers and is one of the leading programming languages.</p> <p>PHP is a language specifically targeted at the web, with a versatile and clear syntax, much like C, combining the virtues of Perl and C. It allows you to embed code in HTML documents. We can use it to generate HTML documents and get rid of a lot of external script calls. This language is used on about a million servers around the world, and their number continues to grow. The new generation of PHP5 should erase all of Perl's advantages over PHP, both in terms of program processing speed (and PHP 3 and 4 were far behind Perl in processing large loops) and in terms of syntax. Finally, most PHP scripts (especially smaller ones) run faster than their equivalent programs written in Perl.</p> <p><u><b>PHP version 5</b> </u></p> <p>Of course, first of all, the speed of work has slightly increased. We owe this to the transition to the new core of the system - Zend Engine 2. But the main reason for changing the version number from 4 to 5 is a significant improvement in the object-oriented capabilities of PHP and the integration of two interpreters into the kernel. <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/history/planirovanie-landshafta-na-uchastke-onlain-programmy-dlya/">powerful libraries</a>: DBMS SQLite and a module for working with XML.</p> <p>PHP version 5 is significantly more compatible with PHP 4 than PHP 4 is with PHP 3. This means that programs developed with PHP version 4 are more likely to run on PHP 5 without any changes.</p> <p>Popularity in the field of building websites is determined by the presence of a large set of built-in tools for developing web applications. The main ones are:</p> <ul><li>automatic extraction of POST and GET parameters, as well as web server environment variables into predefined arrays;</li> <li>interaction with a large number of different database management systems (MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/internet/popytka-vstavki-neunikalnogo-znacheniya-v-unikalnyi-indeks-oshibka-popytka/">SQL Server</a>, InterBase, Paradox, etc.);</li> <li>Automated sending of HTTP headers;</li> <li>work with HTTP authorization;</li> <li>· work with cookies and sessions;</li> <li>· work with local and remote files, sockets;</li> <li>processing of files uploaded to the server;</li> <li>Working with XForms</li> </ul><p>PHP is currently used by hundreds of thousands of developers. In April 2011, PHP was ranked #5 among programming languages in TIOBE Corporation's rankings based on search engine data.</p> <p><u><b>css</b> </u></p> <p>CSS (Cascading Style Sheets - cascading style sheets) is a language for describing the appearance of a document written using a markup language, a powerful mechanism for managing the presentation of individual documents or their sets.</p> <p>CSS is used by web page creators to set colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of the presentation of a document. The primary design goal of CSS was to separate the content (written in HTML or other markup language) from the presentation of the document (written in CSS). This separation can increase the accessibility of a document, provide greater flexibility and control over its presentation, and reduce complexity and repetitiveness in structural content. In addition, CSS allows the same document to be presented in different styles or rendering methods.</p> <p>Before the advent of CSS, web page styling was done exclusively with HTML, directly within the content of a document. However, with the advent of CSS, it became possible to fundamentally separate the content and presentation of a document. Due to this innovation, it became possible to easily apply a single design style for a mass of similar documents, as well as quickly change this design.</p> <p><b>Advantages:</b></p> <p>Multiple page designs for different viewing devices. For example, on a screen, the design will be designed for a large width, while printing, the menu will not be displayed, and on a PDA and cell phone, the menu will follow the content.</p> <p>Reducing the loading time of site pages by transferring data presentation rules to a separate CSS file. In this case, the browser only downloads the document structure and the data stored on the page, and the representation of this data is downloaded by the browser only once and can be cached.</p> <p>Ease of subsequent design changes. You don't need to edit every page, just change the CSS file.</p> <p>Additional design options. For example, using CSS layout, you can make a block of text that the rest of the text will wrap around (for example, for a menu) or make the menu always visible when scrolling the page.</p> <p><b>Flaws:</b></p> <p>Different layout display in <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/game/skripty-dlya-tyuryagi-mozilla-firefox-ustanovka-skriptov-v-razlichnye-brauzery/">different browsers</a>(especially deprecated ones) that interpret the same CSS data differently.</p> <p>The often encountered need in practice to fix not only one CSS file, but also HTML tags, which are associated with <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/components/universalnyi-selektor-universalnyi-selektor-v-css-gde-ego-mozhno-primenit/">CSS selectors</a>, which sometimes negates the ease of applying single style files and significantly lengthens editing and testing time.</p> <p><u><b>MySQL</b> </u></p> <p>Today it is difficult to imagine any significant <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/mobile/vidy-informacionnyh-sistem-v-organizacii-strategicheskie-informacionnye/">information system</a>, which would not have a database as an important component. Database concepts and technologies evolved gradually and have always been closely linked with the development of automated information processing systems.</p> <p>Databases are created to store and access data containing information about some <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/game/biometricheskie-metody-zashchity-vse-plyusy-i-minusy-biometricheskoi-sistemy-zashchity/">subject area</a>, or as in our case, the price list, that is, in the field of human activity, which in turn simplifies work and increases labor efficiency. This is due to the dynamic development and diversity of database management systems.</p> <p><u>MySQL</u>- free database management system (DBMS). MySQL is owned by Oracle Corporation, which received it along with the acquired Sun Microsystems, which develops and maintains the application.</p> <p>MySQL is the solution for small and medium applications. Included in WAMP, LAMP servers and in portable assemblies of Denver, XAMPP servers. MySQL is typically used as a server accessed by local or remote clients, but the distribution includes an internal server library that allows you to include MySQL in standalone programs.</p> <p>The flexibility of the MySQL DBMS is provided by support <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/internet/kak-optimizirovat-vindovs-8-1-dlya-bystroi-raboty-vyyavlenie-prilozhenii/">a large number</a> table types: Users can choose between MyISAM tables that support full-text search and InnoDB tables that support transactions at the individual record level. Moreover, MySQL comes with a special EXAMPLE table type that demonstrates how to create new types of tables. Thanks to its open architecture and GPL licensing, new types of tables are constantly being added to the MySQL database.</p> <p>MySQL 5.1 continues the path to the SQL:2003 standard. MySQL 5.1 contains the following innovations.</p> <p>Sharding is the ability to split one large table into multiple parts located on different file systems based on a user-defined function. Under certain conditions, this can give a significant increase in performance and, in addition, it makes it easier to scale tables.</p> <p>The behavior of a number of statements has been changed to be more compatible with the SQL2003 standard.</p> <p>Row-based replication, in which only information about actually changed table rows will be written to the binary log instead of the original (and possibly slow) query text. Row replication can only be used for certain types of sql queries, in terms of MySQL - mixed replication.</p> <p>Built-in scheduler of periodically launched jobs. In syntax, adding a task is similar to adding a trigger to a table; in ideology, it is similar to crontab.</p> <p>An additional set of functions for XML processing, an implementation of XPath support.</p> <p>New troubleshooting tools and performance analysis utilities. The possibilities for managing the contents of log files have been expanded, logs can now be saved in the general_log and slow_log tables. The mysqlslap utility allows you to <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/computer/nagruzochnoe-testirovanie-standartnyi-nagruzochnyi-test-chto-takoe-razmer/">Stress Testing</a> Database with a record of the response time for each request.</p> <p>To simplify the upgrade operation, the mysql_upgrade utility has been prepared, which will check all existing tables for compatibility with <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/internet/skachat-programmu-total-commander-na-russkom-yazyke-total-commander-skachat-besplatno/">new version</a> and make appropriate adjustments if necessary.</p> <p>MySQL Cluster is now released as a standalone product based on MySQL 5.1 and the NDBCLUSTER repository.</p> <p>Significant changes in the operation of MySQL Cluster, such as, for example, the ability to store table data on disk.</p> <p>Reverted to using the built-in libmysqld library that was missing in MySQL 5.0.</p> <p>API for plugins that allows you to load third-party modules that extend functionality (for example, full-text search) without restarting the server.</p> <p>Implementation of the full-text search parser as a plug-in.</p> <p>New Maria table type (fault tolerant clone of MyISAM).</p> <p><u><b>web</b>-<b>Apache server</b> </u></p> <p>During the execution of the project was selected <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/components/moduli-rasshireniya-dlya-veb-servera-apache-ustanovka-modulei/">Apache web server</a>. Why Apache? The fact is that this is the most common server at the moment, and it is unlikely that it will lose its popularity in the next few years. It is installed by most hosting providers. In addition, and not least, there is its Windows version, which is almost identical in functionality to its Unix counterpart.</p> <p>According to Netcraft, the total number of Web sites under its management reached 2 million by the end of 1998 (55% of the total number of sites) and is constantly growing. For comparison: share <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/graphics/call-licenzii-primery-licenzirovaniya-serverov-microsoft-vidy-licenzii-windows-server/">Microsoft servers</a> accounts for 25%, Netscape - 7%. Being free <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/computer/ne-mogu-otkryt-obraz-diska-kakimi-programmami-mozhno-otkryt/">open program</a>, designed for free Unix systems (FreeBSD, Linux, etc.), Apache software <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/office/prezentaciya-na-temu-klassifikaciya-kompyuterov-klassifikaciya/">functionality</a> and reliability is not inferior to commercial servers, and extensive configuration options allow you to customize it to work with almost any specific system. There are server localizations for various languages, including Russian.</p> <p>Historically, Russian texts on the Internet can be represented in different encodings, of which koi8-r (or simply koi8) and Windows-1251 are the most common: most servers and workstations running Unix work with the first, the second is standard for all <a href="https://polarize.ru/en/office/kak-vklyuchit-bluetooth-na-noutbuke-vklyuchenie-adaptera-bluetooth-na-raznyh/">Windows versions</a>. Since the Windows-1251 encoding is naturally used on the vast majority of client machines, the share of those who surf the Russian part of the WWW using koi8 does not currently exceed 5%. However, documents are stored in this encoding on many Unix servers, mail messages are most often transmitted in it, and almost always letters in teleconferences, many Russian-language IRC channels work with it (by the way, the abbreviation KOI stands for "information exchange code"). To solve the problems that arise when text encodings do not match on the server and the client machine, the Apache-RUS Russian module for the Apache Web server was created.</p> <h3>Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below</h3> <p>Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.</p> <h3>Similar Documents</h3> <ul><p>Consideration of the concept and classification of Web-technologies. 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