Learn the basic principles of PL. Here, of course, it all depends on the language you choose, but the PL also has common points, exclusively for writing useful programs important. The sooner you master all these concepts and learn how to put them into practice, the better for you and your programming skills. So here are just a few of the aforementioned "moments":

• Variables - a variable can store and call changing data. Variables can be manipulated, variables have types (in a very simplified way - numbers, symbols, and so on), which determine the type of data stored in the variable. It is customary to set the names of variables in such a way that the person reading source, could get an idea of ​​what is stored in the variable - this way it will be easier to understand the logic of the program.
• Conditional constructions (they are also conditional expressions) are an action that is performed if the expression or construction is true or false. The most common form of such expressions can be called the "If-Then" construction (if-then). If the expression is true (for example, if x = 5), then action #1 will occur, and if it is false (x != 5), then action #2 will occur.
• Functions - in different programming languages ​​they are called differently: somewhere they are procedures, somewhere they are methods, somewhere they are callable units. In fact, functions are mini-programs that are part of big program. A function can be called multiple times, allowing the programmer to create complex programs.
• Data entry is a fairly broad concept that is present in almost every PL. Its essence is the processing of data entered by the user and their storage. How the data will be collected depends on the program and the data input methods available to the user (from the keyboard, from a file, and so on). The concept of data input is closely related to the concept of data output - that is, how the data will be returned to the user (displayed on the screen, written to a file, and so on).

Programming is a whole science that allows you to create computer programs. It includes a huge number of different operations and algorithms that form a single programming language. So, what is it and what are the programming languages? The article provides answers, as well as an overview list of programming languages.

The history of origin and change programming languages should be studied on a par with the history of the development of computer technology, because these concepts are directly related. Without programming languages, it would be impossible to create any program for the operation of a computer, which means that the creation of computers would become a meaningless exercise.

The first machine language was invented in 1941 by Konrad Zuse, who is the inventor of the Analytical Engine. A little later, in 1943, Howard Aiken created the Mark-1 machine, capable of reading instructions at the level of machine code.

In the 1950s, an active demand for software development began, and machine language could not withstand large amounts of code, so new way communication with computers. "Assembler" is the first mnemonic language to replace machine instructions. Over the years, the list of programming languages ​​is only increasing, because the scope of computer technology is becoming more extensive.

Classification of programming languages

On the this moment There are over 300 programming languages. Each of them has its own characteristics and is suitable for one specific task. All programming languages ​​can be divided into several groups:

• Aspect-oriented (the main idea is the separation of functionality to increase the efficiency of program modules).
• Structural (based on the idea of ​​creating hierarchical structure separate blocks of the program).
• Logical (based on the theory of the apparatus of mathematical logic and resolution rules).
• Object-oriented (in such programming, algorithms are no longer used, but objects that belong to a certain class).
• Multi-paradigm (combine several paradigms, and the programmer himself decides which language to use in this or that case).
• Functional (the main elements are functions that change value depending on the results of the calculations of the initial data).

Programming for beginners

Many people ask what is programming? Basically, it is a way to communicate with a computer. Thanks to programming languages, we can put before various devices certain tasks, creating special applications or programs. When studying this science on initial stage the most important thing is to choose suitable (interesting for you) programming languages. The list for beginners is below:

• Basic was invented in 1964, belongs to the family of high-level languages ​​and is used to write application programs.
• Python ("Python") is quite easy to learn due to its simple, readable syntax, but the advantage is that it can be used to create both ordinary desktop programs and web applications.
• Pascal ("Pascal") - one of the oldest languages ​​(1969) created for teaching students. Its modern modification has strict typing and structure, but "Pascal" is a completely logical language that is understandable on an intuitive level.

Is not full list programming languages ​​for beginners. There are a huge number of syntaxes that are easy to understand and will definitely be in demand in the coming years. Everyone has the right to independently choose the direction that will be interesting for him.

Beginners have the opportunity to accelerate the learning of programming and its basics thanks to special tools. The main assistant is the Visual Basic integrated development environment for programs and applications ("Visual Basic" is also a programming language that inherited the style of the Basic language of the 1970s).

Programming language levels

All formalized languages ​​designed to create, describe programs and algorithms for solving problems on computers are divided into two main categories: low-level programming languages ​​(the list is given below) and high level. Let's talk about each of them separately.

Low-level languages ​​are designed to create machine instructions for processors. Their main advantage is that they use mnemonic notation, that is, instead of a sequence of zeros and ones (from binary system calculus), the computer remembers a meaningful abbreviated word from in English. The most famous low-level languages ​​are "Assembler" (there are several subspecies of this language, each of which has much in common, but differs only in a set of additional directives and macros), CIL (available in the .Net platform) and JAVA Bytecode.

High-level programming languages: list

High-level languages ​​are designed for convenience and efficiency of applications, they are the exact opposite of low-level languages. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of semantic constructions that concisely and briefly describe the structures and algorithms of the programs. In low-level languages, their description in machine code would be too long and incomprehensible. High-level languages, on the other hand, are platform independent. Instead, compilers perform the translator function: they translate the program text into elementary machine instructions.

The following list of programming languages: C ("C"), C # ("C-sharp"), "Fortran", "Pascal", Java ("Java") - is among the most used high-level syntaxes. It has the following properties: these languages ​​work with complex structures, support string data types and file I/O operations, and also have the advantage of being much easier to work with due to readability and understandable syntax.

Most used programming languages

In principle, you can write a program in any language. The question is, will it work efficiently and without fail? That's why for the solution various tasks you should choose the most appropriate programming languages. The popularity list can be summarized as follows:

• OOP languages: Java, C++, Python, PHP, VisualBasic and JavaScript;
• group of structural languages: Basic, Fortran and Pascal;
• multi-paradigm: C#, Delphi, Curry and Scala.

Scope of programs and applications

The choice of the language in which this or that program is written depends largely on the area of ​​its application. So, for example, to work with the computer hardware itself (writing drivers and supporting programs) the best option will become C ("C") or C ++, which are included in the main programming languages ​​​​(see the list above). And for development mobile applications, including games, Java or C# ("C-sharp") should be selected.

If you have not yet decided which direction to work in, we recommend that you start learning with C or C ++. They have a very clear syntax, a clear structural division into classes and functions. In addition, knowing C or C ++, you can easily learn any other programming language.

Almost every day we use computer technology in our daily life. Even if you do not use the Internet or mobile gadgets, various computer programs surround you everywhere - at the checkout in the store, at the intersection with traffic lights, at ATMs and in many other daily activities, when we do not even think about it. So it's completely invisible modern technologies have become part of our lives. And if you often use a computer or are the owner of a smartphone, then you know all the more perfectly that they are used everywhere and everywhere various programs or applications for completely different needs of a modern person.

Perhaps you never thought that these programs are also created by people - programmers, and they are written in a special language. Moreover, it is important to note that there are a great many programming languages ​​today. It is the same as in each country they speak their own language, and in computer technology different places use their own language - for mobile applications for Android one language, and for iPhone is already another, for creating websites a third language, and for computer games a fourth, and so on.

"What are they needed for?" - you ask. Everything is very simple. Programming languages ​​contain commands given to the computer so that it performs certain functions. You see, computers also have their own special language, or, in other words, a code in which you have to communicate with them. To ask the computer to do something, it needs to write the appropriate command, after which it will process it and give the result. So it's all simple and complicated at the same time.

One of the most base languages is called C++, it has been leading its history since the 80s. In the early days of computers, each developer created his own operating system and programming language for it. With the growth of various companies and their developments, it became clear that it was time to introduce some kind of uniform standards, because. more and more problems of compatibility of hardware and software began to arise. So the first common operating system became Unix, and to it the first programming language C++.

A lot of time has passed since then, new languages ​​have come and gone (not all of them were widely used), and Java has become another popular language, which has some similarities with C ++, but is essentially completely different. The Java language (or Java) is especially used today in the development of a wide variety of web applications, ranging from simple site functions to complex web interfaces. Despite the fact that in recent years a huge number of manuals have appeared on how to learn to program, experts still recommend graduating from specialized universities. Or at least attend specialized courses.

But "older" programming languages ​​are increasingly criticized for their complexity and cumbersomeness. The experience of the last decade and the boom of new devices has shown that commands for computers can be much simpler and shorter. Therefore, the process of development of new languages ​​does not stand still. In the past few years, programming languages ​​such as Scratch and Python have appeared, in which even children learn to “code”. For example, Scratch in foreign schools begins to be studied from the primary grades. And Python allows students high school independently create various new features for the famous Minecraft game. The simplicity of new languages ​​and the exciting presentation format attract more and more students to such a complex science as programming.

There are more and more tutorials on the Internet for learning various computer languages, so anyone can find something of their own and start trying their hand at creating simple applications or games. Just do not forget that before launching your new program it needs to be tested. For these purposes, there are specially trained people who are called testers. They check the performance of all application functions and identify existing errors that inevitably appear on the first steps of the developer.

After verification, you can safely place your programs on the Internet. And as for free download as well as to generate income. Although at the initial stage, of course, you should not dream of big profits, but over time, the accumulated experience will allow you to create really large unique software products that will be in demand and bought by interested people. But still, the main thing in programmers is enthusiasm. After all, it is thanks to him that extraordinary ideas are born that take on a new life in the virtual world, influencing the real one as well. That is why programming should be done only by those people who really love to create and dream of making the world of the future better and more interesting.

The introduction of computers in all spheres of human activity requires specialists of various profiles to master the skills of using computer technology. The level of training of university students is increasing, who already from the first courses are introduced to the use of computers and the simplest numerical methods, not to mention the fact that in the course and graduation projects, the use of computer technology is becoming the norm in the vast majority of universities.

Computer Engineering It is now used not only in engineering calculations and economics, but also in such traditionally non-mathematical specialties as medicine, linguistics, and psychology. In this regard, it can be stated that the use of computers has become widespread. A large category of specialists has emerged - computer users who need knowledge on the use of computers in their industry - skills in working with existing software, as well as creating your own software, adapted to solve a specific problem. And here descriptions of programming languages ​​come to the aid of the user.

2. What is a programming language

Programming language- a formal sign system designed to describe algorithms in a form that is convenient for the performer (for example, a computer). A programming language defines a set of lexical, syntactic, and semantic rules used in compiling a computer program. It allows the programmer to determine exactly what events the computer will respond to, how data will be stored and transmitted, and exactly what actions should be performed on these under various circumstances.

Since the creation of the first programmable machines, mankind has come up with more than two and a half thousand programming languages. Every year their number is replenished with new ones. Some languages ​​are used only by a small number of their own developers, others become known to millions of people. Professional programmers sometimes use more than a dozen different programming languages ​​in their work.

The creators of languages ​​interpret the concept differently. programming language. Among the common places recognized by most developers are the following:

· Function: programming language is for writing computer programs, which are used to send instructions to the computer to perform a particular task. computing process and organizing the management of individual devices.

· Task: A programming language differs from natural languages ​​in that it is designed to transfer commands and data from a person to a computer, while natural languages ​​are used only for communication between people. In principle, one can generalize the definition of "programming languages" - this is a way of transmitting commands, orders, a clear guide to action; while human languages ​​also serve to exchange information.

· Execution: A programming language may use special constructs to define and manipulate data structures and control the process of computation.

3. Stages of solving the problem on a computer.

Most effective application VT found during laborious calculations in scientific research and engineering calculations. When solving a problem on a computer, the main role still belongs to a person. The machine only performs its tasks according to the developed program. the role of man and machine is easy to understand if the problem solving process is broken down into the steps listed below.

Formulation of the problem. This stage consists in a meaningful (physical) formulation of the problem and the determination of final solutions.

Building mathematical model. The model must correctly (adequately) describe the basic laws of the physical process. Building or choosing a mathematical model from existing ones requires a deep understanding of the problem and knowledge of the relevant sections of mathematics.

World Cup development. Since the computer can perform only the simplest operations, it "does not understand" the problem statement, even in a mathematical formulation. To solve it, a numerical method must be found that makes it possible to reduce the problem to some computational algorithm. In each specific case, it is necessary to choose the appropriate solution from the already developed standard ones.

Algorithm development. The process of solving a problem (computing process) is written as a sequence of elementary arithmetic and logical operations that leads to the final result and is called the algorithm for solving the problem.

Programming. The algorithm for solving the problem is written in a machine-understandable language in the form of a precisely defined sequence of operations - a program. The process is usually done with the help of some intermediate language, and its translation is carried out by the machine itself and its system.

Program debugging. The compiled program contains various kinds of errors, inaccuracies, and omissions. Debugging includes program control, diagnostics (search and determination of the content) of errors, and their elimination. The program is tested on solving control (test) tasks to obtain confidence in the reliability of the results.

Carrying out calculations. At this stage, the initial data for the calculations are prepared and the calculation is carried out according to the debugged program. at the same time, to reduce manual labor in processing the results, convenient forms of issuing results in the form of text and graphic information, in a human-readable form.

Analysis of results. The calculation results are carefully analyzed, and scientific and technical documentation is drawn up.

4. What are programming languages ​​for?

The process of computer operation consists in executing a program, that is, a set of well-defined instructions in a well-defined order. The machine form of the command, consisting of zeros and ones, indicates what kind of action should be performed CPU. This means that in order to tell the computer the sequence of actions that it must perform, you need to set the sequence of binary codes for the corresponding commands. Machine code programs consist of thousands of instructions. Writing such programs is a difficult and tedious task. The programmer must remember the combination of zeros and ones of the binary code of each program, as well as the binary codes of the data addresses used in its execution. It is much easier to write a program in some language closer to natural human language, and entrust the computer with the task of translating this program into machine codes. Thus, languages ​​​​designed specifically for writing programs arose - programming languages.

There are many different programming languages. In fact, you can use any of them to solve most problems. Experienced programmers know which language is better to use for solving each specific problem, since each language has its own capabilities, orientation to certain types of tasks, its own way of describing concepts and objects used in solving problems.

The whole set of programming languages ​​can be divided into two groups: low level languages and high level languages.

Low-level languages ​​include assembly languages ​​(from the English toassemble - to assemble, assemble). Assembly language uses symbols for instructions that are easy to understand and easy to remember. Instead of a sequence of binary command codes, their symbolic designations are written, and instead of the binary addresses of the data used when executing the command, the symbolic names of this data, chosen by the programmer, are written. Assembly language is sometimes referred to as mnemocode or autocode.

Most programmers use high-level languages ​​to write programs. Like an ordinary human language, such a language has its own alphabet - a set of symbols used in the language. These symbols form the so-called key words of the language. Each of the keywords performs its function, just as in the language we are used to, we have words made up of letters of the alphabet. given language, can perform the functions of different parts of speech. Keywords are connected to each other into sentences according to certain syntactic rules of the language. Each sentence defines some sequence of actions that the computer must perform.

A high-level language acts as an intermediary between a person and a computer, allowing a person to communicate with a computer in a more familiar way for a person. Often such a language helps to choose the right method for solving a problem.

Before writing a program in a high-level language, the programmer must write algorithm problem solving, that is step by step plan steps to be taken to accomplish this task. Therefore, languages ​​that require preliminary compilation of an algorithm are often called algorithmic languages.

Instruction

First choose the programming language you will be learning. Approach this very responsibly, based on the tasks that you are going to solve in the future. For example, if you want to master the language as soon as possible and learn how to write simple applications, then the best choice will be the Delphi language. It is very common; there is a convenient Borland Delphi programming environment for it. The commands of this language are simple and intuitive.

You can write a wide variety of programs in Delphi, but most of the serious software products written in other languages, in particular C++. It is worth noting that hackers are very fond of this language, since it can be used to create very small programs of a few kilobytes in size. The C++ language is universal; almost any application can be written on it. To work with it, there are two main development environments: Borland C ++ Builder and Microsoft visual studio. The latter environment allows you to work with C, C#, VB languages.

Programming language selected. Now download one of the above software environments for it. This special programs, in which you will code your applications. It should be noted that Borland's products are much easier to master than Microsoft's Visual Studio. At the same time, Visual Studio is more universal program allowing programming in different languages.

Regardless of which programming environment you choose, the next steps in learning the language are the same. First of all, you will need various reference books and books on the chosen one, describing its syntax and programming rules. But you should not immediately delve into the study of literature, it is much easier to master the language with specific examples.

Search online step by step descriptions creating simple programs in the language of your choice. It can be text editors, media players, etc. By repeating the process of creating a program step by step, you will become familiar with both the possibilities software environment, and with the rules for writing and compiling programs.

Be sure to accustom yourself to correct style programming. When creating a program, first carefully work out its work on a piece of paper. The more accurate the algorithm, the easier it will be for you to translate it into code. While writing the code, do not be lazy to insert comments; without them, in a couple of months you will hardly be able to figure out the source code of your own application. What now seems simple and clear, will become completely incomprehensible over time. Comments will help you understand your code faster.

One of the mistakes of programmers is the mechanical memorization of some program constructs without understanding their essence. If you do not understand something, understand, look for answers. Incomprehensible moments tend to accumulate: the more of them, the more difficult it will be for you to program. It is not enough to know that “this is how it is done” - you need to understand why such code is used and how it works. You will be able to say that you know how to program when you can, taking a pen and a sheet of paper, without resorting to reference books, translate some algorithm into program code.