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Comparative characteristics of intel processors. Segmentation of processor solutions based on the Kor architecture

For the first time, AMD processors appeared on the market in 1974, following the presentation by Intel of their first models of the 8080 type, and were their first clones. However, the very next year, the am2900 model of its own design was introduced, which was a microprocessor kit, which began to be produced not only by the company itself, but also by Motorola, Thomson, Semiconductor and others. It should be noted that the Soviet microsimulator MT1804 was also made on the basis of this kit.

AMD Am29000 Processors

The next generation - Am29000 - full-fledged processors that combined all the components of the kit into one device. They were a 32-bit processor based on the RISC architecture with an 8 KB cache. The release began in 1987 and ended in 1995.

In addition to its own developments, AMD also produced processors manufactured under license from Intel and bearing a similar marking. So, the Intel 8088 model corresponded to Am8088, Intel 80186 - Am80186 and so on. Some models were upgraded and received their own marking, slightly different from the original, for example Am186EM - an improved analogue of Intel 80186.

AMD C8080A Processors

In 1991, a line of processors designed for desktop computers was introduced. The series was designated Am386 and used in its work the microcode developed for Intel 80386. For embedded systems, similar processor models were put into production only in 1995.

AMD Am386 Processors

But already in 1993, the Am486 series was introduced, designed for installation only in its own 168-pin PGA connector. The cache ranged from 8 to 16 KB in upgraded models. The family of embedded microprocessors was designated Elan.

AMD Am486DX Processors

K-series

In 1996, the production of the first family of the K series began, which received the designation K5. To install the processor, a universal socket was used, called Socket 5. Some models of this family were designed for installation in Socket 7. The processors had one core, the bus frequency was 50-66 MHz, the clock frequency was 75-133 MHz. The cache was 8+16 KB.

AMD5k processor series

The next generation of the K series is the K6 processor family. When they are produced, their own names begin to be assigned to the cores on which they are based. So, for the AMD K6 model, the corresponding code name is Littlefood, AMD K6-2 - Chomper, K6-3 - Snarptooth. The standard for installation in the system was a Socket 7 and Super Socket 7. The processors had one core and operated at frequencies from 66 to 100 MHz. The cache of the first level was 32 KB. For some models, there was also a second-level cache, 128 or 256 KB in size.

AMD K6 processor family

Since 1999, the release of Athlon models, included in the K7 series, has been widely used and well-deserved recognition of many users. In the same line are the budget models Duron, as well as Sempron. The bus frequency ranged from 100 to 200 MHz. The processors themselves had a clock frequency of 500 to 2333 MHz. Possessed 64 KB of cache in the first level and 256 or 512 KB of cache in the second level. The installation connector was designated as Socket A or Slot A. The release ended in 2005.

AMD K7 Series

The K8 series was introduced in 2003 and includes both single-core and dual-core processors. The number of models is quite varied, as processors have been released for both desktop and mobile platforms. Various connectors are used for installation, the most popular of which are Socket 754, S1, 939, AM2. The bus frequency is from 800 to 1000 MHz, and the processors themselves have clock frequency from 1400 MHz to 3200 MHz. L1 cache is 64 Kb, L2 cache is from 256 Kb to 1Mb. An example of successful use is some models of Toshiba laptops based on Opteron processors, which have a code name corresponding to the kernel code name - Santa Rosa.

AMD K10 Processor Family

In 2007, the release of a new generation of K10 processors began, represented by only three models - Phenom, Athlon X2 and Opteron. The processor bus frequency is 1000 - 2000 MHz, and the clock frequency can reach 2600 MHz. All processors have 2, 3 or 4 cores depending on the model, and the cache is 64 KB for the first level, 256-512 KB for the second level and 2 MB for the third level. Installation is made in sockets of the Socket AM2, AM2+, F type.

The logical continuation of the K10 line is called K10.5, which includes processors with 2-6 cores, depending on the model. The processor bus frequency is 1800-2000 MHz, and the clock frequency is 2500-3700 MHz. We use 64+64 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache and 6 MB L3 cache. Installation is made in Socket AM2+ and AM3.

AMD64

In addition to the above series, AMD manufactures processors based on the Bulldozer and Piledriver microarchitecture, manufactured according to the 32 nm process technology and having 4-6 cores, the clock frequency of which can reach 4700 MHz.

AMD a10 processors

Currently, processor models designed for installation in an FM2 socket, including hybrid processors of the Trinity family, are very popular. This is due to the fact that the previous implementation of Socket FM1 did not receive the expected recognition due to relatively low performance, as well as limited support for the platform itself.

The core itself consists of three parts, including a graphics system with a Devastrator core that came from Radeon video cards, the processor part of the x-86 core Piledriver and north bridge, which is responsible for organizing work with RAM, supporting almost all modes, up to DDR3-1866.

Most popular models this family - A4-5300, A6-5400, A8-5500 and 5600, A10-5700 and 5800.

The flagship models of the A10 series operate at a clock frequency of 3 - 3.8 GHz, and when overclocked, they can reach 4.2 GHz. The corresponding values for A8 are 3.6 GHz, during overclocking - 3.9 GHz, A6 - 3.6 GHz and 3.8 GHz, A4 - 3.4 and 3.6 GHz.

Almost all modern technology cannot exist without a processor - the core of the electronic component. Despite the sufficient variety of modern manufacturers, the most popular are Intel processors, whose history goes back almost half a century.

The first CPUs appeared back in the 40s of the last century, but only in 1964 with the release of computing devices The IBM System/360 could be said to mark the beginning of the computer age.

4-bit processors

In 1971, Intel introduced the first 4-bit processor, labeled 4004 and manufactured using 10 micron technology. The number of transistors in the chip was 2300, and the clock frequency was 740 kHz.

In 1974, an upgrade was made to the 4040 model. At the same time, the number of transistors increased to 3000 while maintaining the maximum clock frequency.

Both models were used by Nippon in the manufacture of calculators.

8-bit processors

They replaced 4-bit processors and were marked 8008, 8080, 8085. The release was launched in 1972, and the last model appeared on the market in 1976. With the advent of these models, a noticeable increase in the processor clock frequency from 500 kHz to 5 MHz began. At the same time, the number of transistors increased from 3500 to 6500. 3, 6 and 10 micron technologies were used in production.

16-bit processors

The production of 16-bit processors began in 1978 and was initially considered as an intermediate stage before the development and launch of the 32-bit architecture as the most fully meeting modern requirements, especially since increasing competition required newer and more powerful processor models for electronics manufacturers. .

The release of 16-bit processors began with the 8086 model, created using 3 micron technology and clocked at up to 10 MHz. The development of this type of processor ended in 1982 with the release of the 80286, which has a maximum clock speed of 16 MHz. Of the features, we can note the possibility of using hardware protection for multitasking systems.

32-bit processors

The start of the development of 32-bit processors marked the beginning of the development and widespread introduction of computers. It was they who served as the basis for the creation of personal computers, so widely used at the present time. It should also be noted that there are still enough a large number of working computers running 32-bit architecture processors.

The 32-bit architecture includes several lines and microarchitectures:

He-x86 processors
lines 80386 and 80486
architecture and microarchitecture of Pentium, Celeron and Xeon
NetBurst microarchitecture

In 1981, the iAPX 432 was first introduced as the first 32-bit He-x86 processor from Intel. It has an operating frequency up to 8 MHz. Further development of this line includes the i860 and i960 processors released in 1988-89. The same line also included a series of XScale processors, presented to the buyers in 2000. XScale processors are widely used in the production of handheld computers.

Lines 80386 and 80486 were introduced in 1985 and 1989 respectively. Most often they were designated as 386 and 486 processors. Clock speeds started at 20 MHz, and 1 µm technology was used in production.

The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 and was a processor with a clock speed of 75 MHz, manufactured using a 0.6 micron process. Production of all Pentiums, as well as the simpler Celeron models, continued until 2006. latest model The presented line is the Pentium Dual-Core, manufactured using 65nm technology and having a clock frequency of 1.86GHz.

The NetBurst microarchitecture was first introduced in 2000 with the 1.3MHz Pentium 4 model. As a result of further modernization, the frequency rose to 3.6 GHz, and the used technological process from 0.18 to 0.13 µm.

64-bit processors

Includes several microarchitectures:

netburst
IntelCore
Intel Atom
Nehalem
Sandy Bridge
Ivy Bridge
Haswell
Broadwell
skylake
Kaby Lake

The start of production of 64-bit processors at Intel began in 2004, and in 2005 the Pentium 4D was released, designed for widespread use. In its production, a 90nm process was used, and the frequency was 2.66GHz. Further developments include the 955 EE and 965 EE models at 3.46 and 3.73 GHz.

IntelCore includes processors manufactured using the 65nm process technology. First introduced in 2006, they range from 1.86 GHz to 3.33 GHz with different cache sizes and bus speeds.

The IntelAtom series has been produced since 2008 and is based on the 45nm process technology. It has a frequency from 800 MHz to 2.13 GHz. Fairly simple and cheap processors used in the production of netbooks.

The Nehalem series was presented to the buyers in 2010. The series processors have clock speeds from 1.07GHz to 3.6GHz and include processors with 2, 4 and 6 cores.

SandyBridge and IvyBridge have been in production since 2011 and include models from 1-core to 15-core with frequencies from 1.6GHz to 3.6GHz.

Haswell, Broadwell, Skylake and Kaby Lake include models with 2, 4 and 6 cores with frequencies from 3 GHz to 4.4 GHz.

This article will take a detailed look at the latest generations of Intel processors based on the Core architecture. This company occupies a leading position in the market computer systems. Majority modern computers are assembled on the chips of this particular company.

Intel: development strategy

Previous generations of processors from Intel were subject to a two-year cycle. This strategy for the release of new processors of this company was called "Tick-Tock". The first stage, called "tic", is the transfer of the processor to a new technological process. So, for example, the Evey Bridge (2nd generation) and Sandy Bridge (3rd generation) generations were identical in terms of architecture. However, the production technology of the first was based on the norm of 22 nm, and the second - on 32 nm. The same can be said about Broad Well (5th generation) and Has Well (4th generation). The “so” stage, in turn, implies a fundamental change in the architecture of semiconductor crystals and a significant increase in performance. can lead following transitions as an example:

- 1st generation West merre and 2nd generation "Sandy Bridge". In this case, the technological process was identical (32 nm), but the architecture has undergone significant changes. The northbridge of the motherboard and the built-in graphics amplifier were transferred to the central processor;

- 4th generation "Has Well" and 3rd generation "Evie Bridge". The power consumption level of the computer system was optimized, as well as the clock frequencies of the chips were increased.

- 6th Generation Sky Like and 5th Generation Broad Well: Clock speeds have also been increased and power consumption has been improved. Several new instructions have been added to improve performance.

Core architecture processors: segmentation

CPUs from Intel are positioned in the market as follows:

— Celeron are the most affordable solutions. Suitable for use in office computers designed to solve the most simple tasks.

- Pentium - almost completely identical to the Celeron processors in terms of architecture. However, higher frequencies and increased L3 cache give these processor solutions a definite advantage in terms of performance. This CPU belongs to the gaming PC segment entry level.

- Corei3 - occupy the middle segment of the CPU from Intel. The two previous types of processors, as a rule, have two computing units. The same can be said about Corei3. However, for the first two families of chips, there is no support for Hyper Trading technology. Corei3 processors have it. Thus, at the program level, two physical modules can be converted into four program processing threads. This allows for a significant increase in performance. Based on such products, you can build your own mid-range gaming personal computer, entry-level server, or even a graphics station.

- Corei5 - occupy a niche of solutions above the average level, but below the premium segment. These semiconductor crystals boast the presence of four physical cores at once. This architectural feature provides them with a performance advantage. The newer generation of Corei5 processors has high clock speeds, which allows you to constantly get a performance boost.

- Corei7 - occupy a niche in the premium segment. In them, the number of computing units is the same as in Corei5. However, they, like Corei3, have support for the Hyper Trading technology. For this reason, four cores at the software level are converted into eight processing threads. It is this feature that makes it possible to provide a phenomenal level of performance that any personal computer assembled on the basis of Intel Core i7. These chips are priced accordingly.

Processor sockets

Generations of Intel Core processors can be installed in different types sockets. For this reason, it will not be possible to install the first chips based on this architecture in the 6th generation CPU motherboard. And the chip with the code name "SkyLike" cannot be installed in system board for second and first generation processors. The first processor socket is called Socket H or LGA 1156. The number 1156 here indicates the number of pins. This connector was released in 2009 for the first CPUs manufactured in 45nm and 32nm process standards. To date, this socket is already considered morally and physically obsolete. The LGA 1156 was replaced in 2010 by the LGA 1155 or Socket H1. This series motherboards support 2nd and 3rd generation Core chips. Their code names are "Sandy Bridge" and "Evie Bridge" respectively. 2013 was marked by the release of the third socket for chips, created on the basis of the Core architecture - LGA 1150 or Socket H2. It was possible to install the processor of the fourth and fifth generations in this processor socket. In 2015, the LGA 1150 socket was replaced by the current LGA 1151 socket.

First generation chips

The most affordable processors were Celeron G1101 (operating at 2.27 GHz), Pentium G6950 (2.8 GHz), Pentium G6990 (2.9 GHz). All of these solutions had two cores. The mid-range segment was occupied by Corei 3 processors with the designation 5XX (two cores / four threads for processing information). Above one step were processors with the designation 6XX. They had identical parameters with Corei3, but the frequency was higher. At the same stage was the 7XX processor with four real nuclei. The most productive computer systems were assembled based on the Corei7 processor. These models were designated as 8XX. In this case, the fastest chip was marked 875 K. Such a processor could be overclocked due to the unlocked multiplier. However, it also had a price to match. For these processors, you can get a significant increase in performance. The presence of the prefix K in the designation of the central processing unit means that the processor multiplier is unlocked and this model amenable to overclocking. The prefix S was added to the designation of energy-efficient chips.

"Sandy Bridge" and planned renovation of the architecture

The first generation of chips based on the Core architecture was replaced in 2010 by a new solution codenamed Sandy Bridge. Key Feature this device was the transfer of the integrated graphics accelerator and the north bridge to the silicon chip of the processor.

In the niche of more budget processor solutions was Celeron processors G5XX and G4XX series. In the first case, two computing units were used at once, and in the second, the third-level cache was cut and only one core was present. One step higher are the Pentium G6XX and G8XX processors. In this case, the difference in performance was provided by higher frequencies. G8XX precisely because of this important characteristic looked much more preferable in the eyes of the user. The Corei3 processor line was represented by the 21XX models. For some designations, the T index appeared at the end. It denoted the most energy-efficient solutions with reduced performance. Corei5 solutions were designated 25XX, 24XX, 23XX. The higher the model is marked, the higher the performance level of the CPU. If the letter “S” is added at the end of the name, then this means an intermediate option in terms of power consumption between the “T” version and the standard crystal. Index "P" means that the graphics accelerator is disabled in the device. Chips with the "K" index had an unlocked multiplier. This marking remains relevant for the third generation of this architecture.

New progressive technological process

In 2013, the third generation of processors based on this architecture was released. The key innovation was a new technological process. Otherwise, there were no significant innovations. All of them are physically compatible with the previous generation of the processor. They could be installed in the same motherboards. The notation structure remains the same. Celerons were designated G12XX, while Pentiums were designated G22XX. At the beginning, instead of "2" was "3". This indicated belonging to the third generation. The Corei3 line had 32XX indexes. More advanced Corei5 processors were designated 33XX, 34XX, and 35XX. The flagship Core i7 devices were labeled 37XX.

Fourth Generation Core Architecture

The fourth generation of Intel processors was the next step. In this case, the following marking was used. Central processing units of the economy class were designated as G18XX. Pentium processors - 41XX and 43XX had the same indexes. Corei5 processors could be recognized by the abbreviations 46XX, 45XX and 44XX. The designation 47XX was used to designate Corei7 processors. The fifth generation of Intel processors based on this architecture was mainly focused on use in mobile devices. For desktop personal computers, only chips related to the i7 and i5 lines were released, and only a limited number of models. The first of them were designated as 57XX, and the second - 56XX.

Promising Solutions

In early autumn 2015, the sixth generation of Intel processors debuted. On the this moment this is the most current processor architecture. In this case, entry-level chips are referred to as G39XX for Celeron, G44XX and G45XX for Pentium. Corei3 processors are designated 61XX and 63XX. Corei5, in turn, are designated as 64XX, 65XX and 66XX. Only one 67XX solution has been allocated for flagship models. The new generation of processor solutions from Intel is only at the beginning of development, so such solutions will remain relevant for a long time to come.

Overclocking Features

All chips based on this architecture have a locked multiplier. For this reason, overclocking of the device can only be done by increasing the frequency of the system bus. In the last sixth generation this opportunity increase system performance manufacturers motherboards should be disabled in BIOS. In this regard, the processors of the Corei7 and Corei5 series with the K index are an exception. These devices have an unlocked multiplier. This allows you to significantly increase the performance of computer systems built on the basis of such semiconductor products.

User opinion

All generations of Intel processors listed in this material have a high degree of energy efficiency and a phenomenal level of performance. Their only drawback is that they are too expensive. The reason here is only that Intel's direct competitor, AMD, cannot oppose worthwhile solutions. For this reason, Intel sets the price tag on its products based on its own considerations.

Conclusion

In this article, the generations of Intel processors for desktop personal computers were considered in detail. Such a list will be quite enough to understand the designations and names of processors. There are also options for computer enthusiasts and various mobile sockets. This is all done to ensure that the end user can get the most optimal processor solution. To date, the sixth generation chips are the most relevant. When assembling a new PC, you should pay attention to these models.

Let's see what are the main differences between the processors of the world leaders - Intel and AMD.

We will also consider their positive and negative sides.

Major CPU manufacturers

Everyone is well aware that the market computer science there are two leading companies that develop and manufacture the Central Processing Unit (central processing unit), or, more simply, processors.

These devices combine millions of transistors and other logical elements, and are electronic devices highest difficulty.

The whole world uses computers, the heart of which is an electronic chip either from Intel or AMD, so it's no secret that both these companies are constantly fighting for leadership in this area.

But let's leave these companies alone and move on to ordinary user, which faces a dilemma of choice - which is still preferable - Intel or AMD?

Say what you like, but there is no and cannot be an unequivocal answer to this question, since both manufacturers have a huge potential, and their CPUs are able to meet the current requirements.

When choosing a processor for your device, the user primarily focuses on its performance and cost - relying on these two criteria as the main ones.

Most of the users have long been divided into two opposing camps, becoming ardent supporters of Intel or AMD products.

Let's look at all the weak and strengths devices of these leading companies, so that when choosing a particular one, it should not be based on speculation, but on specific facts and characteristics.

Advantages and disadvantages of Intel processors

So, what are the advantages of Intel processors?

First of all, this is a very high performance and speed in applications and games, which are most optimized for Intel processors.
Under the control of these processors, the system works with maximum stability.
It is worth noting that the memory of the second and third levels in the Intel CPU operates at higher speeds than in similar processors from AMD.
Multithreading plays a big role in performance when working with optimized applications, which is implemented by Intel in CPUs such as Core i7.

Advantages and disadvantages of AMD processors

The advantages of AMD processors are, first of all, their affordability in terms of cost, which is perfectly combined with performance.
A huge plus is the multiplatform, which allows you to replace one processor model with another without the need to change the motherboard.
That is, a processor designed for socket AM3 can be installed on socket AM2 + without any negative consequences.
Not to mention multitasking, which many AMD processors are great at doing up to three applications at the same time.
In addition, the FX series processors have pretty good overclocking potential, which is sometimes extremely necessary.

The disadvantages of AMD's CPU include higher power consumption than Intel's, as well as work on more low speeds cache memory of the second and third levels.
It should also be noted that most processors belonging to the FX line require additional cooling, which will have to be purchased separately.
And another disadvantage is that under AMD processor fewer games and applications have been adapted and written than for Intel.

Actual connectors from Intel

Today, many leading manufacturers of central processing units are equipped with two current sockets. Intel has the following:

LGA 2011 v3 is a combined connector, which is focused on the operational assembly of high-performance personal computer both for servers and for the end user. The key feature of such a platform is the presence of a RAM controller that successfully operates in multi-channel mode. Thanks to this important feature, PCs with such processors are characterized by unprecedented performance. It must be said that an integrated subsystem is not used within the framework of such a platform. Unleashing the potential of such chips is possible only with the help of discrete graphics. For this, only the best video cards should be used;
Thanks to the LGA, you can easily organize not only a high-performance computing system, but also a budget PC. For example, a socket LGA 1151 great for creating a computer station of an average price policy, at the same time it will have a powerful built-in graphics core series Intel Graphics and support DDR4 memory.

Current AMD Connectors

Today, AMD is promoting the following processor sockets:

the main computing platform for such a developer is considered AM3+. The most productive CPU is considered the lineup FX, which includes up to eight compute modules. In addition, such a platform supports an integrated graphics subsystem. However, here the graphics core is included in the motherboard, and is not integrated into semiconductor crystals;
the latest modern AMD processor socket - FM3+. AMD's new CPUs are intended to be used in desktop computers and media centers not only at the entry-level, but also at the middle level. Thanks to this ordinary user, for a fairly small amount, the most advanced integrated solution will be available.

Working Capabilities

Many people first of all pay attention to the price of the processor. It is also important for them that he can easily solve the tasks assigned to him.

So, what can both organizations offer on this point. AMD is not known for outstanding achievements.

But this processor is an excellent value for money and good performance. If it is properly configured, then you can expect stable operation without any complaints.

It is worth noting that AMD has managed to implement multitasking. Thanks to such a processor, various applications are easily launched.

With it, you can simultaneously install the game and surf the vast expanses of the Internet.

But Intel is known for more modest results in this area, which confirms the comparison of processors.

It will not be superfluous to pay attention to the possibility of overclocking, during which the performance of the AMD processor can easily be increased by twenty percent compared to the standard settings.

To do this, you just need to use additional software.

Intel outperforms AMD in almost everything except multitasking. In addition, Intel is working with

So you should choose the motherboard and power supply much more carefully to prevent freezing with insufficient power.

Intel and AMD Power Consumption Graph Same story with heat dissipation. It is high enough for older models. As a result, a standard cooler can hardly cope with increased cooling.

Therefore, when buying a CPU from AMD, you must additionally purchase high-quality cooling from any decent company. Do not forget that high-quality fans make much less noise.

socket type and performance

Separately, it should be said about performance. After AMD acquired ATI, its creators managed to successfully integrate most graphic capabilities processing in the processor cores. Such efforts have paid off.

Those who use AMD chips for games should have no doubts that they get good performance, which is much better than equivalent chips from Intel (this is especially true for those who use a card with ATI graphics).

If it comes to a lot of multitasking, then it is better to opt for Intel, as it has HyperTreasing technology.

However, this advantage can only be used when software application able to support multitasking, that is, the ability to divide tasks into several small parts.

If the user needs a gaming processor, it is better to combine an AMD processor with a video card.

So, there is a big difference between intel and amd processor sockets. When choosing the appropriate option, consider the differences between them listed in this article. This will greatly simplify the choice of the appropriate option.