What refers to the central part of the PC. Main computer components

What do you, dear reader, know about the computer? Of course, the completeness and depth of your answer will depend on many factors. Some of you will unwittingly turn to superficial knowledge from the school curriculum obtained in computer science lessons. And it is unlikely that the average user thought about what is hidden under the protective cover of the system unit. As a rule, the knowledge of a housewife is based on a visual understanding of the subject of our discussion: an iron or plastic box, a monitor, a keyboard and a mouse. And it is worth agreeing with this, since the objectivity of such an opinion really characterizes a PC of a standard configuration in general terms. However, the components of a computer are something more than the simplicity and limitations of the visible body parts of the system unit and some connected to it. Reading promises to be exciting, and the material of the article is guaranteed to become Starting point for your curiosity.

The main components of a computer: about what a housewife sees

As much as we would not like it, we simply cannot do without computer terminology. So be prepared to get familiar with some specialized words. By the way, this will save you a lot of time in the future. Now let's jump straight into the fascinating theory and consider the basic configuration of a desktop PC as an introductory list.

• The system unit is the body that contains the hardware of the computer.
• Monitor - a device for displaying graphical and symbolic information.
• The keyboard is a keyboard instrument for controlling a computer, through which data and commands are entered.
• A mouse is a manual manipulator that converts mechanical movements into a control signal.

Design features of computing devices

The mentioned components of the computer are integral elements of desktop modifications. Laptops, tablets and handheld electronic devices are of the portable type. computer science. Such devices have a compact body. All the basic hardware components are combined into a single device, resulting in the maximum practicality of the device. The indisputable advantage of portable computers is operational autonomy and mobility in use. There is another type of computer equipment - monoblocks. This type computing devices something between desktop and mobile systems. Borrowed from laptops, the miniaturization of the hardware and the stationary "attachment" to the workplace of traditional PCs isolate this species technology into a separately presented type of computing devices.

Inside the protective case are located what is ultimately the PC hardware configuration. The main part of a computer is considered to be motherboard device, since this element is a kind of spine electronic system, on which, in addition to the mandatory components - the central processor and RAM strips - additional expansion modules can be installed. A special place in the system unit is reserved for the storage device - HDD. Computer components such as the cooling system and power supply are also located inside the PC case. However, portable devices receive power from external power supply devices. Typically, a personal computer is equipped with optical drive for reading and writing data. The main interface panel is displayed outside.

Important parts of the computer: the processor is the "heart" of the PC

This chip performs the function of a computing center. Without a CPU, the computer simply will not work. CPU power is characterized by clock frequency, which is measured in MHz. At the same time, the final indicator of processor performance depends on the level of applied technology. When performing multi-threaded operations (the work of two or more simultaneously used applications), CPUs with a multi-core architecture have an unconditional advantage. This technical part of the computer - the processor - consists of the core and its associated components: the input / output bus and the address bus. The speed of data processing between the specified CPU components is expressed in terms of bit depth. The higher the mentioned indicator, the larger the CPU bus.

RAM: fast CPU helper

This is a volatile component of the system, which is a kind of intermediary between the central processor and the hard drive. However, data exchange can also occur directly between the CPU and RAM of the computer. The RAM module is installed in a special bank slot on the motherboard. The speed of the OS depends on the amount of RAM, which is measured in units of information (MB), as well as the bandwidth of the system bus of the device. To date, there are several types of such memory:

• The obsolete type of RAM is SIMM and DIMM.
• The most common are DDR, DDR2, DDR3.
• A new type of RAM is DDR4.

As you understand, the components of a computer must comply with a certain single standard. When purchasing an additional one, you need to know exactly what type of RAM your motherboard supports.

Hard disk: "iron" memory

Unlike RAM, recorded on HDD data can be stored for a long time. The operation of the hard drive is based on the principle of changing the magnetic field near the recording head. Storage device of this type is a mechanical device, the efficiency of which depends on its inherent characteristics:

• Nominal capacity is the amount of data that can be stored on the HDD.
• Random access time - performing a positioning operation on an arbitrary section of disk space.
• The speed of rotation of the central spindle - the parameter is measured by the number of revolutions per minute.
• Buffer size - intermediate memory, which is calculated in MB.
• Data transfer rate - the ability of a device to read a certain amount of information per second. Sequential access to a certain (meaning external and internal zones) disk part of a personal computer is taken into account.

Upgrading a PC, a compact computing device and service equipment is often associated with increasing the speed of the operating system. And recently appeared solid state drives as well as possible can solve the speed problems of any computer technology. However, the relatively small amount of disk space at the high price of an SSD device is, to put it mildly, an unacceptable solution for many users.

Video card: visual representation

What parts of a computer are responsible for graphics? The answer to this question is quite simple. First of all, this is a video card, then - CPU, and after - RAM PC. It is worth noting that graphics adapters are discrete and integrated. Therefore, it is necessary to consider in more detail the issue of the difference of this kind of equipment.

Integrated graphics chip on the motherboard

As a rule, computers of the lowest price category equipped with integrated video controllers. As you understand, such chips do not have special performance. However, for solving office tasks, viewing multimedia material, and even launching a non-resource-intensive gaming application, this option is quite acceptable. Please note: the video adapter built into the chipset cannot physically be considered a separate package item.

Discrete video card type

To date, this is the most effective method raise graphics capabilities PC. This graphics module is inserted into a special PCI expansion slot on the motherboard. Through the interface connector, which is located on the video card itself and brought out of the system unit, a monitor is connected. The amount of video memory and the bandwidth of its buses, as well as the core frequency, texture and pixel fill rate are the main indicators of the graphics performance of the specified PC component. Now, if someone asks you: “List the components of a computer,” you should consider that, unlike an integrated graphics chip, this is a separately presented module.

PC configuration: expansion of functionality and modernization

After you have learned or refreshed the previously received information about what is inside the PC system unit, let's touch on the question of how it is related to the topic of the presented article.

So, additional parts of a computer are not only peripherals: printers, scanners, web cameras, etc., connected to any interface connector or connected via wireless technology with a PC, but also some components of the system, which are commonly called basic. For example, a user can always add operational resources to his computer by installing in free bank slots system board additional RAM modules. Avid gamers often put two powerful graphics cards on their computers. Audio capabilities can be greatly expanded by connecting a fancy sound adapter. Network and DVB cards, various readers and TV tuners, as well as a lot of other equipment - all this can become elements of modernization, that is, a PC upgrade. The only limit to the flight of the user's fantasy may be insufficient level motherboard technology.

Before I finish

Now you will not be taken by surprise if you are asked: "List the components of a computer." Nevertheless, for the completeness of knowledge about the PC device, there is still something to understand. Indeed, in the previous paragraphs, only casual mention was made of communication capabilities computer. Meanwhile, the PC motherboard is equipped with various interface connectors, among which the main ones can be distinguished:

• PS / 2 - for connecting a mouse and keyboard.
• USB is a universal port for connecting with peripheral devices.
• VGA is a monitor connector.
• RJ45 - for connecting a network connector.

To date, the modern is equipped with various wireless modules. Developers endow the PC with new communication properties. Manufacturers are introducing revolutionary technologies that seemed fantastic yesterday. Electronics is rapidly expanding the boundaries of its influence. However, the process of human thinking will always be the basis for computer technology. Because no one and nothing in the world can think the way a person thinks.

Technical epilogue

You can safely assume that now you know what the parts of a computer are called. However, the information presented is only a drop from the ocean of information on the topic, since to talk about the device of a computer in general terms means to say nothing! Therefore, as mentioned earlier, it is necessary to show curiosity and approach the issue of studying the computer device more seriously. Rest assured, such knowledge will make you much richer. After all, the computer is the future!

KU on the topic: "Computer device and software."

Summary of lesson number 1 on the topic: "Basic computer devices."

Objectives: - to give an idea of ​​the purpose of the computer.

To give an idea about the main devices of a computer, and their characteristics.

Computer hardware is a system of interconnected technical devices that perform the input, storage, processing and output of information (hardware).

The main stages of information processing:

Computer performance is a characteristic that shows the speed at which a computer performs information processing operations.

Main devices: monitor, keyboard, system unit.

1. Monitor - a device for outputting character and graphic information to the screen. Connects to the video card installed in the computer.

A CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor looks like a kinescope on a TV. A liquid crystal monitor (LCD), or flat panel monitor, is made from a liquid substance.

Monitors may have different screen sizes. Screen size is measured in inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm) and is usually 15.17 inches.

Any image on the screen is represented by a set of dots, which are called pixels. The number of dots horizontally and vertically on the screen is called the resolution of the monitor. The clarity of the image on the monitor is determined by the distance between the dots on the screen, or the size of the step. Values ​​range from 0.22 to 0.43 mm.

1. The keyboard is a device for entering textual and numerical information. The place where information is entered on the screen is indicated by a special icon called the cursor. The appearance of the cursor can be different in the form of a blinking dash, a rectangle, etc. The standard keyboard has 104 keys and 3 light indicators informing about the keyboard mode in the upper right corner.

Key groups: 1. alphanumeric.

2. control keys - for entering and executing commands (shift, ctrl, alt).

3. function keys - from F1 to F12.

4. cursor control - to move the cursor on the monitor screen.

5. small numeric keypad(Num Lock indicator light - on, number entry works, off - cursor control works.)

Table of assignment of the main control keys

1. The system unit includes: system or motherboard, processor, memory, highway.

CPU - a device that provides information conversion and control of other computer devices.

A modern processor is a microchip or chip made on a silicon wafer - a crystal. Therefore, it is called a microprocessor. V modern computers it is equal to 2 cm^2. The processor performs arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division). Logical operations are relations between objects.

Processor characteristics: 1. Productivity - the number of elementary operations performed by it in one second.

2. Clock frequency - the number of cycles of the processor per second. A cycle is a small period of time during which an elementary operation can be performed (for example, adding two numbers). The more clock frequency, the more operations per second the processor performs. The clock frequency is measured in MHz. 1 MHz = one million cycles per second.

3. The processor capacity is determined by the number of bits that can be transmitted or processed by the processor at the same time. This piece of information is often called a machine word. The processor can have simultaneous access to 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. As the bit depth increases, the amount of information processed by the processor per cycle increases. The higher the bit depth, the large quantity memory can be used by the processor. Often they specify the processor bit depth and write 64\36, which means that the processor has a 64-bit data bus and a 36-bit address bus.

Memory is a collection of information storage devices.

Characteristics and operations of memory: 1. Addressing - memory consists of cells, each of which stores a certain portion of information. To take information from a cell or put it there, you must specify the address of the cell.

2. Operations with memory: reading and writing.

Reading (reading) information from memory is the process of obtaining information from memory cells located at a given address.

Recording (saving) - information in memory - the process of placing information at a given address for storage.

Access time, or performance, memory - the time required to read from memory or write to it the minimum portion of information.

The amount (capacity) of memory - maximum amount information stored in it.

Classification of types of computer memory by purpose:

Internal memory and its characteristic features: speed and limited capacity.

Read-only memory (ROM) is a device for long-term storage programs and data necessary for the operation of the computer (ROM - read-only memory).

RAM is a device for storing programs and data that are processed by the processor in the current session (random access RAM).

Cache - memory (cache, warehouse) - serves to increase computer performance, coordinate the operation of devices of different speeds. It is an intermediate storage device or buffer.

External memory is a long-term storage of information.

A carrier is a material object capable of storing information.

Device external memory(drive) - a physical device that allows you to read and write information on the appropriate media.

Recording density is the amount of information recorded per unit track length.

Comparative characteristics of memory devices

Control questions: 1. What are the characteristics common to all types of memory.

2. What types of memory exist and what is their difference.

3. What is the essence of reading and writing information into memory.

4. What are the features of RAM.

5. What are the features of permanent memory.

6. What characterizes the internal memory of a computer.

7. What is the purpose of the microprocessor.

8. What characteristics of the microprocessor do you know.

9. What is the clock frequency of the processor.

10. What is the capacity of the processor.

11. What is included in the basic computer complex.

12. What is meant by computer hardware.

13. What is the purpose of the monitor and keyboard.

14. It has been established that 1 byte of memory is required to write a character. In a notebook in a cell, consisting of 18 sheets, we write one character in each cell. How many notebooks can be written to one floppy disk with a memory capacity of 1.44 MB.

15. Determine the amount of memory required to store 2 million characters. How many 1.44 MB disks will be needed to record this information.

Summary of lesson number 2 on the topic: "Additional computer devices."

Goals: -

Input devices.

The device driver is a program work manager specific device input / output information.

Input devices according to the method of entering information can be divided into:

1. Devices with direct input - data is read directly by computer devices (manipulators, touch, scanning, speech recognition).

1. Keyboard input devices - manual input from the keyboard.

A mouse is a device with buttons and a ball located on the inside.

Mice differ from each other: - in the way of reading information (mechanical, opto-mechanical and optical).

Number of buttons (2-3),

Way of connection with the computer. (wired and wireless).

Scanner - reading information from paper into a computer.

Scanner characteristics: - color recognition depth,

optical resolution or scan accuracy,

Software,

Design (manual, page, flatbed),

Scan time and document size.

Information output devices.

A printer is a device for printing information on paper.

According to the method of generating output information, printers are divided into:

Sequential, when the document is formed character by character,

Lowercase, when the entire line is formed at once,

Page, when the image of the whole page is formed.

By the number of colors used in printing: black and white and color.

According to the printing method: shock and unstressed.

According to the method of obtaining an image on paper: matrix, inkjet, laser, thermal, lettering.

Characteristics of printers: - width of the carriage, which determines the format of the document,

Print speed, determines the number of characters or pages per second or minute,

Resolution of the printer.

Dot matrix refers to impact printing devices, the image is formed with the help of needles striking the paper through an ink ribbon placed in the cartridge. As a result, an imprint of the symbol remains on the paper. The movement of the needles is controlled by an electromagnet. Dot matrix printers are 9-, 18-, 24 - needle.

Inkjet is a non-impact printing device. Thin jets of ink are ejected from the holes (nozzles) of the cartridge. Droplets are deflected by electromagnets. Number of nozzles from 12 to 64.

Laser A laser beam is used to form images. Using lenses, a thin laser beam forms an electronic image on a light-sensitive drum. Powder particles are attracted to the charged areas of the electronic image - dye (toner), which is then transferred to paper.

Control questions: 1. How it is possible to classify devices of input, output of information.

2. Characteristics of mice.

3. The main groups of keyboard keys.

4. What are the main characteristics of scanners.

5. What is the principle of operation of a dot matrix printer.

6. Give a comparative assessment of the laser and inkjet printer.

Summary of lesson number 3 on the topic: “The main - modular principle of building a computer. Structural scheme computer."

The following devices are located inside the system unit:

Microprocessor,

Inner memory,

Drives,

system bus,

electronic circuits,

Power supply, ventilation, indication and protection system.

All listed devices are placed in the case. Case types: horizontal or desktop, vertical.

The motherboard contains the processor and memory. Connects various devices together.

The computer is based on the principle of program control. All data and commands are stored in coded form in RAM.

The principle of open architecture is the rules for building a computer, according to which each new node (block) must be compatible with the old one and be easily installed in the same place in the computer.

Trunk (system bus) - a system of wires that connects all the devices of a computer and through which information is transmitted. The backbone includes three buses: data bus, address bus and control bus. The processor and RAM are connected to the highway.

Data bus (8, 16, 32, 64 bits). Data is transferred between various devices. The bit depth is determined by the bit depth of the processor, i.e. the number of bits that are being processed at the same time.

Address bus (16, 20, 24, 32, 36 bits). Each device or memory cell has its own address. The address is transmitted over the address bus.

Control bus. Signals are transmitted that determine the nature of the exchange of information along the highway. The signals indicate which operation - reading or writing - needs to be performed.

Computer communication with various input and output devices is carried out through ports. Ports are serial (the number of mice is no more than four, their names are COM1 .... COM4) and parallel (printer, scanner - the number of ports is three and their names are LPT1, LPT2, LPT3).

COMPUTER DEVICE DIAGRAM

Collection encoding storage transmission

information and input and processing and decoding

Tests: 1. What is the principle of program management.

2. What is the motherboard for.

3. What is a port.

4. What is the principle of open architecture.

Summary of lesson number 4 on the topic: “Classification software».

1. Introduction.

To work with a computer, it is important to have not only good Hardware(iron or hardware), but also software (software).

Computer software (software) - a set of all programs used in a computer.

A program is an indication of a sequence of actions (commands) that a computer must perform in order to solve the task of processing information.

Data is information entered into a computer, processed by the computer.

Example: Calculate the volume of a cuboid.

Initial data: Program:

Three numbers a, b, c - 1. Calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe base

The lengths of the edges of the parallelepiped. S=a*b;

2. Calculate volume:

V=S*c.

Here the data are five numbers: a,b,c,s,v. they are divided into initial, intermediate and final (results).

The program consists of two commands that a person must complete in order to solve the problem.

The computer is the formal executor of the program, i.e. he doesn't understand what he's doing. Any computer work is done with the help of programs.

1. Classification of programs.

All software is usually divided into three classes:

Systemic, applied, instrumental.

System software

A necessary accessory of a computer, as it provides interaction between a person, all computer devices and programs.

the most important system program is an operating system (OS) that is stored on a hard drive.

OS provides:

1. Execution of application programs,
2. Management of computer resources - memory, processor, external devices,
3. Human contact with a computer.

The most famous operating systems include: Windows 98, NT, Unix, MS-Dos.

In addition to the OS, system programs include shell programs (Norton Commander), disk cleanup, disk check.

Application software

PP - special-purpose programs necessary for the user to solve their problems. They are also called applications.

PPOs include:

1. Word processors - for creating text documents,
2. Table processors ( spreadsheets) – for calculations and information analysis,
3. Databases - for organizing and managing data,
4. Graphic packages - for presenting information in the form of figures and graphs,
5. Communication programs - for exchanging information between computers,
6. Tutorials ( electronic textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias),
7. Games.

Tool programs

IP - designed to create new programs. These are programming languages.

1. How software is related to hardware.

As can be seen in the figure, the system environment directly ensures the operation of devices. More user friendly application environment, which to a lesser extent affects the operation of the hardware, and is mainly focused on converting information and issuing results.

Computer resources are the capabilities of hardware and software that can be used to solve a specific problem over a certain period of time.

Computer resources are defined by:

1. processor characteristics,
2. Capacity of internal and external memory,
3. Characteristics of input and output devices.

Control questions: 1. What is called a program?

2. Tell us about the classification of software?

3. Give an example of system programs and their purpose?

4. Examples of application programs and their purpose?

5. How should the term "computer resources" be understood?

Summary of lesson number 5 on the topic: “Operating system: purpose and composition. OS loading. Files.

1. Purpose of the Windows system environment.

The main system program is the operating system. When you turn on the computer, the user, first of all, enters the environment created by operating system. One of the representatives of this class is Windows, which provides management of computer resources, execution of application programs and user interaction with the computer. Windows has a single, objective approach to data and programs. Everything that the user deals with in the system environment are objects, each object is characterized by parameters and actions.

Among OS objects it is necessary to allocate: a file, a folder, graphic objects of the interface. GUI allows for human-computer interaction in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls.

1. File representation.

Imagine a left-luggage office at a train station. Bags, suitcases can be left in the cells, which are located on the racks. Each cell has a specific place in the rack and a number. The employee must write down the passenger's last name, the number of the cells occupied by him and the time the things were deposited - this is enough to find all the things later.

In the computer material carriers for long-term storage information are discs and tapes, laser discs. Data, like things in storage chambers, can be distributed over free areas of the media. The role of "storekeeper" takes on the operating system.

A file is a collection of data stored on an external medium. The file must be given a name by which this data can be found.

The file name consists of two parts: - the actual name given by the user,

And the extension, which depends on the program in which this file was created and the data stored in it, consists of three or less letters.

In addition to the name and type, the file is characterized by: size, date and time of creation.

Icon - elementary graphic object. By the icon, you can find out in which environment the file was created or what type it is.

Actions on files: create, store, close, open, rename, copy, delete.

1. Folder view.

We put things in order at home, we put our things in one box, sisters in another, so as not to confuse anything. So in a computer, on a disk where many files are stored, there must be order. This is what folders are for. They exist as an icon on the screen. In folders, you can combine files on any basis, for example:

1. By topic (folder with games, tutorials),
2. By the name of its owner,
3. By creation time.

A folder can contain other folders besides files.

Folder - windows object, designed to combine files and other folders into groups.

The folder has a name, no extension. The actions are the same as with files.

1. Control file system- file sharing between devices.
2. Command Processor - prompts the user for commands and executes them.
3. Device Drivers - special programs, which provide control over the operation of devices and coordination of information exchange with other devices, and also allow you to configure some device parameters.
4. The graphical interface is a dialogue between the user and the computer.
5. Service programs (utilities) - check the disk, archive files, etc.
6. Reference system.

Summary of lesson number 8 on the topic: "Computer viruses and anti-virus programs."

1. Types of computer viruses.

First mass epidemic computer virus occurred in 1986 when the Brian virus infected floppy disks.

A mandatory property of a computer virus is the ability to reproduce (self-copy) and infiltrate files, boot sectors of disks and documents, invisible to the user.

After infecting a computer, a virus can activate and force you to perform some action. Activation of the virus can be associated with various events (the arrival of a certain date, the launch of a program, the opening of a document).

1. Classification of viruses.

1. By magnitude of harmful effects: non-dangerous, dangerous, very dangerous.
2. By habitat: file, boot, macro viruses, network.

1. Antivirus programs

1. Polyphages checking files, boot disks, etc. these include Dr. Web, Kaspersky.
2. auditors calculation of checksums for files present on the disk.
3. Blockers intercepting virus situations and notifying the user about it.

conclusion

memory

storage

transformation

input

internal

external

RAM

ROM

cache memory

HDD

NGMD

Laz. D.

Mag. L.

Input Devices

CPU

Output devices

memory

Software

Systemic

Applied

instrumental

Hardware

System Programming

Tool programs

Preview:

Computer device diagram

Keyboard

a printer

Monitor

Drive

controller

controller

controller

controller

RAM

ROM

CPU

Data bus

MAIN Address bus

Control bus

Preview:

Exercise 1

Question:

Scanner is:

1) information storage device

2) information processing device

3) a device for outputting information to paper

4) paper input device

Task # 2

Question:

Specify the printer type with the worst print quality:

1) jet

2) matrix

3) laser

Task # 3

Question:

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line key:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) PgDown

2) End

3) PgUp

4) Home

Task # 4

Question:

Specify a device that is not an output device:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) microphone

2) monitor

3) printer

4) sound speakers

Task # 5

Question:

The mouse is a device:

1) reading information

2) modulation and demodulation

3) long-term storage of information

4) to connect the printer to the computer

5) input information

Task # 6

Question:

The keyboard is

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) manipulator type input device

2) character information input device

3) information output device

4) symbol type information storage device

Task # 7

Question:

Mouse click:

Choose one of 3 answer options:

1) moves the object

2) opens the object

3) indicates an object

Task # 8

Question:

The key completes the input of the command:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) Enter

2) Space

3) Shift

4) backspace

Task # 9

Question:

To connect a computer to telephone network used:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) plotter

2) printer

3) fax

4) scanner

5) modem

Task # 10

Question:

ROM is used to:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) user program storage during operation

2) storage of constantly used programs

3) program storage first bootstrap computer and testing its nodes

4) records of especially valuable application programs

5) permanent storage of especially valuable documents

Task # 11

Question:

Processor speed depends on:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) the amount of information processed

2) organization of the operating system interface

3) external storage capacity

4) clock frequency

5) the presence or absence of a connected printer

Task # 12

Question:

Specify devices that are not input devices:

Choose from 4 answer options:

1) scanner

2) monitor

3) mouse

4) keyboard

Task # 13

Question:

A computer is (select the full correct definition):

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) device for processing analog signals

2) a device for working with texts

3) multifunctional electronic device to work with information

4) electronic computing device for processing numbers

5) a device for storing information of any kind

Task # 14

Question:

Video card is:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) information input device

2) a microcircuit that displays information on the screen

3) text recognition device

4) information output device

Task # 15

Question:

For long-term storage of information is used:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) external media

2) processor

3) power supply

4) drive

5) RAM

Task # 16

Question:

Indicate the statement characterizing the dot matrix printer:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) high speed printing

2) high quality printing

3) the presence of a print head

4) silent operation

Task # 17

Question:

Purpose of the Shift key:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) print capital characters

2) command input

3) go to the top of the page

4) deleting a character

Task # 18

Question:

The personal computer will not function if you disable:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) RAM

2) mouse

3) printer

4) drive

5) scanner

Task # 19

Question:

Specify the most complete list main elements of a personal computer:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) CPU, RAM, I/O devices

2) scanner, mouse, monitor, printer

3) microprocessor, coprocessor, monitor

4) monitor, hard drive, printer

5) ALU, CU, coprocessor

Task # 20

Question:

RAM addressability means:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) the ability to store programs and data

2) the presence of a number for each cell of RAM and the ability to access it

3) discreteness of structural units of memory

4) nonvolatile memory

5) volatility of RAM

Task # 21

Question:

At runtime application program stored:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) in video memory

2) in RAM

3) in the processor

4) in ROM

5) hard drive

Task # 22

Question:

When turning off the computer information:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) erased on a floppy disk

2) disappears from persistent storage

3) erased on the hard drive

4) erased on CD

5) disappears from RAM

Task # 23

Question:

The microphone is:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) audio information output device

3) sound information processing device

4) audio information storage device

Task # 24

Question:

The main-modular principle of the architecture of a modern personal computer implies such a logical organization of the hardware components of a computer, in which:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) each device communicates with others directly, as well as through one central backbone

2) all devices communicate with each other through a backbone that includes data, address and control buses

3) devices communicate with each other in a certain fixed sequence (ring)

4) Each device communicates with others directly

5) devices communicate with each other through the central processor, to which they are all connected

Task # 25

Question:

Acoustic speakers are:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) sound information processing device

2) audio information input device

3) audio information storage device

4) audio information output device

Task # 26

Question:

The processor includes:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) display processor, video adapter

2) scanner, ROM

3) cache memory, video memory

4) RAM, printer

5) arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers

Task # 27

Question:

The device is designed to enter information:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) monitor

2) processor

3) printer

4) keyboard

5) ROM

Task # 28

Question:

Additional keyboard is activated by the button:

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) power

2) ScrollLock

3) CapsLock

4) NumLock

Answers:

1) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

2) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

3) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

4) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

5) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

6) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

7) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

8) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

9) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

10) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

11) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

12) Correct answers (1 b.): 2;

13) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

14) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

15) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

16) Correct answer (1 b.): 3;

17) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

18) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

19) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

20) Correct answer (1 point): 2;

21) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

22) Correct answer (1 b.): 5;

23) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

24) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

25) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

26) Correct answer (1 b.): 5;

27) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

28) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

Test

The main devices of the computer "live" in the system unit. These include: motherboard, processor, video card, RAM, hard drive. But outside of it, usually on the table, no less important computer devices also “live”. Such as: monitor, mouse, keyboard, speakers, printer.

In this article, we will look at What does computer consist of what these devices look like, what function they perform and where they are located.

System unit.

In the first category, we will analyze those devices, or they are also called components that “hide” in the system unit. They are the most important for his work. By the way, you can immediately look into the system unit. This is not difficult. It is enough to unscrew the two bolts at the back of the system unit and move the cover to the side, and then we will see a view of the most important computer devices, in order, which we will now consider.

The motherboard is printed circuit board, which is designed to connect the main components of the computer. Some of them, for example, a processor or a video card, are installed directly on the motherboard itself in a slot designed for this. And the other part of the components, for example, a hard drive or a power supply, is connected to the motherboard using special cables.

The processor is a microchip and at the same time the "brain" of the computer. Why? Because he is responsible for the execution of all operations. How better processor the faster it will perform these very operations, respectively, the computer will work faster. The processor of course affects the speed of the computer, and even very strongly, but from your hard drive, video card and RAM will also depend on the speed of the PC. So the most powerful processor does not guarantee a high speed of the computer if the rest of the components are outdated.

3. Video card.

A video card, or otherwise a graphics card, is designed to display images on a monitor screen. It is also installed in the motherboard, in a special connector PSI-Express. Less commonly, a video card can be built into the motherboard itself, but its power is most often enough only for office applications and browsing the Internet.

RAM is such a rectangular bar, similar to a cartridge from old game consoles. It is intended for temporary data storage. For example, it stores the clipboard. We copied some text on the site, and immediately it got into the RAM. Information about running programs, computer sleep mode and other temporary data is stored in RAM. A feature of the RAM is that the data from it is completely deleted after the computer is turned off.

A hard drive, unlike RAM, is designed for long-term storage of files. In another way it is called Winchester. It stores data on special plates. Also recently there has been a proliferation SSD drive and.

Their features include high speed, but there is immediately a minus - they are expensive. A 64 GB SSD drive will cost you the same price as a 750 GB hard drive. Imagine how much an SSD for several hundred gigabytes will cost. Wo, woo! But do not be upset, you can buy a 64 GB SSD drive and use it in the form system disk, that is, install Windows on it. They say that the speed of work increases several times. The system starts very quickly, programs fly. I am planning to upgrade to an SSD as well regular files stored on a traditional hard drive.

A disk drive is needed to work with disks. Although it is already much less often used, nevertheless, on stationary computers he hasn't interfered yet. At a minimum, a drive will come in handy for installing the system.

6. Cooling systems.

The cooling system is the fans that cool the components. Usually three or more coolers are installed. Be sure to have one on the processor, one on the video card, and one on the power supply, and then on request. If something is warm, then it is desirable to cool. Fans are also installed hard drives and in the body itself. If the cooler in the case is installed on the front panel, then it takes heat, and the coolers installed on the rear compartment supply cold air to the system.

The sound card outputs sound to the speakers. It is usually built into the motherboard. But it happens that it either breaks down, and therefore is bought separately, or initially the quality of the standard PC owner is not satisfied and he buys another sound system. In general, the sound card also has the right to be in this list of PC devices.

The power supply is needed in order for all the above computer devices to work. It provides all components with the necessary amount of electricity.

8. Housing

And so that the motherboard, processor, video card, RAM, hard drive, floppy drive, sound card, the power supply and perhaps some additional components had to be put somewhere, we need a case. There, everything is neatly installed, twisted, connected and begins daily life, from switching on to switching off. The required temperature is maintained in the case, and everything is protected from damage.

As a result, we get a full-fledged system unit, with all essential devices computer required for its operation.

Peripherals.

Well, in order to fully start working on a computer, and not look at the “buzzing” system unit, we need Peripherals. These include those computer components that are outside the system unit.

The monitor itself is needed to see what we are working with. The video card sends the image to the monitor. They are connected to each other with a VGA or HDMI cable.

The keyboard is designed to enter information, well, of course, what kind of work without a full-fledged keyboard. Type text, play games, surf the Internet, and everywhere you need a keyboard.

3. Mouse.

The mouse is needed to control the cursor on the screen. Move it in different directions, click, open files and folders, call various functions and much more. Just like without a keyboard, without a mouse, nowhere.

4. Speakers.

Speakers are needed mainly for listening to music, watching movies and playing games. Who else uses speakers today more than they are played daily ordinary users in these tasks.

A printer and a scanner are needed to print and scan documents and everything that is needed in the field of printing. Or MFP, multifunctional device. It will come in handy for all those who often print, scan, make photocopies and do many other tasks with this device.

In this article, we only briefly reviewed the main computer devices, and in others, links to which you see below, we will take a closer look at all the most popular peripheral devices, as well as components that are part of the system unit, that is, components.

Enjoy reading!

The modern world is so mobile that a computer is absolutely indispensable. An electronic computer has appeared in various fields of human activity, therefore, for full-fledged work, you need to competently approach the choice of this device.

Personal computer device

To understand what a computer consists of, you need to look at the standard set of devices. However, it is worth distinguishing several types of electronic computers:

So, the main components of the architecture of a personal computer are the processor, internal memory, video system, input-output devices. It must be recalled that this characteristic applies to stationary machines. More specifically, the following components can be distinguished:

• monitor (display, screen);
• system unit;
• keyboard;
• manipulators:
  • mouse,
  • joystick,
  • trackball;
• I/O devices:
  • scanner;
  • Webcam;
  • tablet;
  • microphone;
  • a printer;
  • acoustic system.

Of course, the monitor, keyboard and manipulators are included in the category of input-output devices, but they are distinguished as the main parts of a computer, because no stationary computer can do without them.

System unit

To understand what the system unit of a computer consists of, you need to clarify that it contains all the electronic stuffing of the computer:

• motherboard;
• disk drives;
• hard drives;
• adapters and controllers;
• power unit.

There are also such types of drives and hard drives:

• floppy disk drives;
• drives on hard drives (non-removable hard drives);
• removable hard drives;
• optical disk drives;
• flash drives.

What do you need to "build" your computer?

If you want to “create” your own computer yourself, you need to know how to assemble the system unit in the first place. First you need to determine what type of device the “created” machine will belong to: a budget option, a productive one, or an advanced one. The first category includes a computer that will perform all the tasks of a novice user: watching videos, playing games, browsing the Internet and office programs. The second point includes models that are able to perform the same tasks, but with greater performance. Naturally, such a PC can be improved for the time being, since the main components will become obsolete and will be replaced by new ones. The third category includes machines that are particularly powerful. The disadvantage of such computers is their high cost.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the main component of the computer, since the rest of the computer is connected to it. When choosing a motherboard, you need to pay maximum attention, since the performance of the system and the possibility of improving it depend on it. The motherboard can be considered as a "collection" of devices, such as:

• CPU;
• memory;
• mathematical processor;
• expansion slots;
• chipset.

Usually on this component of the computer you can find built-in elements, for example, a network, sound and video card. This situation should not cause any concern, because at any moment you can replace the integrated device with an external one. After all, when assembling a computer, you need to take into account what the computer consists of, since each type of it needs different parts. In some cases, the use of integrated elements is unacceptable. The manufacturer cannot foresee what one user needs in terms of performance, and what another. Therefore, motherboards are equipped with special expansion slots, thanks to which it becomes possible to improve the computer.

CPU

The processor is understood as the main device of the computer, which controls the operation of all components of the machine and processes all incoming information. The main characteristics and components of the CPU are:

Processor bit depth refers to the amount of information that the CPU can process in one clock cycle. Today, most computers are equipped with processors that handle 64 bits, although 32-bit instances are also found. Cache memory is a kind of buffer for temporary storage of data that may be needed at any time by the processor. The CPU accesses such information much faster than information from internal memory. The system bus is responsible for combining the processor and RAM. Modern CPUs operate at a frequency that exceeds the performance of this board. The difference between the frequency of the processor and the system bus is called the multiplier. The larger the multiplier, the greater the ability to overclock the CPU.

RAM

The main purpose of RAM is the ability to temporarily store information and support running software. Another name for this device is RAM (Random Access Memory). So, RAM is also included in the list of what a computer consists of, and these components must be mandatory. Information from RAM is erased when the power is turned off or rebooted. RAM refers to dynamic RAM, referred to as DRAM. Today, DDR2 memory is the most popular, but soon its niche will be occupied by DDR3, which is distinguished by a particularly large throughput and low power consumption. However, its disadvantage can be called a fabulous price. Experienced users recommend purchasing a motherboard with DDR3 support so that in the future it will be possible to install this type of memory in the slot, although DDR2 does not differ much in performance from its descendant. It is also worth paying attention to the number of slots for RAM: there should be at least 4 of them. This arrangement of things will make it more expedient to increase the internal memory indicator. Today, for the normal operation of a computer, 2 GB is already required, and in the near future, all 4 GB may be needed.

HDD

The hard drive, known as HDD, hard drive and screw, is an indispensable computer device that is necessary for the permanent storage of numerous information. When the power is turned off, the information will not disappear anywhere. A hard drive is both an electronic and a mechanical device that is subject to wear and tear on some parts.

For HDD connections one of three interfaces may be required:

All three varieties are still in use, although the first two types were developed back in 1986. If you bought a new hard drive and it is already connected to your computer, you need to partition it into several logical partitions. There are several programs that will help to cope with the task. Their main functions include:

• creating a new disk;
• deleting a section;
• dimension change;
• formatting, etc.

video card

A special device of a personal computer that displays an image on a monitor is called a video card. We can say that it is the most important component. Other names for a video card: video card, video adapter, graphics adapter.

The main parts of the device are:

• video memory;
• video processor;
• digital-to-analog converter;
• video card BIOS.

Graphics adapters are divided into two types:

The first type is built into the motherboard. In the event of a breakdown, it cannot be replaced by another integrated part. However, you can use an external video card, which is also inserted into a dedicated slot on the motherboard.

The main characteristics of the graphics adapter include:

• the amount of video memory;
• RAMDAC frequency;
• type of video memory;
• bit depth of the memory bus;
• clock frequency of the video processor;
• connectors.

Monitor

To display graphical and textual information, a monitor is needed, known as a display, a screen. There are two types of this device: on liquid crystals; on cathode ray tubes. Recently, the first type of monitors has become very popular, because it is compact, less dangerous for vision, and gives greater image clarity.

The main characteristics of any display are:

• diagonal;
• permission;
• screen grain size;
• regeneration frequency;
• imaging;
• color display accuracy;
• viewing angle;
• power consumption and radiation;
• interface;
• scope.

In addition to the main types of monitors, there are others that are used in everyday life much less often:

• plasma screens;
• organic LED;
• vacuum fluorescent;
• electrostatic emission displays;
• electroluminescent.

Keyboard

A keyboard is required to enter textual information and control the computer. In a stationary computer, it acts as a separate unit equipped with a main and additional module. The keyboard is included in the list of devices that determine what the computer consists of. You can work without a keyboard, but it is extremely inconvenient. In laptops this device built into the body. The modern device has 105 keys. If there are more buttons, then they are designed to control multimedia content.

The keyboard connects to the computer using one of three methods:

Some devices are equipped with a built-in touchpad, similar to the pointing device used in a laptop. In addition, you can look at the keyboard, the shape of which differs from the classic. The ergonomic device is divided into two parts, where the hands are located at a certain angle to each other.

Mouse

For convenient cursor control, the "mouse" manipulator is usually used. This device is classified according to the following criteria: by the number of buttons; by connection method; by way of action. According to the first attribute, mice are divided into two-button and three-button. According to the second - to devices connected via cable or wirelessly. According to the third, they are optical and mechanical. Recently, optical specimens equipped with a micro-camera from below have gained particular popularity. It is necessary to fix the position of the mouse so that the signal can be processed by the CPU in the future. Optical Models characterized high precision, no need for periodic cleaning and the presence of a mat.

a printer

If you need to print information on paper, then you can not do without printers. This external devices connected to a computer with a cable. As a rule, they are connected via a USB port. There are monochrome (black and white) and color devices. In addition, printers are dot-matrix, inkjet, laser. The first type is used extremely rarely today due to its numerous and significant drawbacks - high cost, low print quality, high noise, low print speed. Inkjet printers paint is applied through nozzles (special holes), and under the influence of an electric current, the ink is fixed on paper. The disadvantages of this type are low speed work, as well as the fact that when the ink dries in the matrix, it is necessary to replace the entire part. Laser printers printed with heat-fixed toner. There is only one drawback of such a device: the relative high cost.

Scanner

The device needed to digitize information through image analysis is called a scanner. An ergonomic model for work is a tablet copy. It is understood that an object will be placed on the glass of the tablet. It must be placed with the side to be scanned down. The object is protected by a special cover. Under the glass of the tablet there is a mechanism developed from a set of mirrors and rulers. During operation, the platform moves and transmits a full-fledged image to the screen. The scanner is capable of digitizing photographs, text, film, barcodes, etc.

This device has the following features:

• hardware resolution;
• optical resolution;
• color depth;
• type of optical system;
• way to connect to a computer.

How to choose a computer

When choosing a computer, it is necessary to determine what tasks it should perform. There are three options for the purpose for which the selection of a computer is carried out:

• viewing mail, film; listening to music; chatting in Internet;
• games; viewing mail, film; listening to music; chatting in Internet;
• work in powerful programs; watching high definition video.

In each of the three situations, the computer will be selected in a special way. So, for the first case, it is necessary to choose computers that do not differ in special performance, with average characteristics. In the second situation, you need to consider the type of game. This is what determines how powerful the car should be. In the third case, you will need a powerful processor, a large amount of RAM, performance graphics card. When choosing any computer, you need to remember that the machine must be balanced. This means that all components should be approximately equal in performance. V otherwise the computer will function incorrectly and irrationally.

Conclusion

Today, almost every home has a computer. Its role is difficult to overestimate, because the number of areas in which computers are used is constantly growing. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study its main components in order to understand the principle of operation of the technological achievement of mankind.

1) keyboard

2) printer

3) cathode ray monitor

5) processor

Task # 22

Question:

Specify the most complete list of the main devices of a personal computer:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) monitor, hard drive, printer

2) microprocessor, coprocessor, monitor

3) central processor, RAM, input-output devices

4) scanner, mouse monitor, printer

5) ALU, CU, coprocessor

Task # 23

Question:

The backbone-modular principle of the architecture of modern personal computers implies such a logical organization of its hardware components, in which:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) devices communicate with each other through the central processor, to which they are all connected

2) each device communicates with others directly

3) each device communicates with others directly, as well as through one central backbone

4) devices communicate with each other in a certain fixed sequence (ring)

5) they all communicate with each other through a backbone that includes data, address and control buses

Task # 24

Question:

Read Only Memory is used to:

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) storage of constantly used programs

2) permanent storage of especially valuable documents

3) user program storage while working

4) records of especially valuable application programs

5) storage of computer bootstrap programs and testing of its nodes

Task # 25

Question:

Read Only Memory refers to _____________ memory

Choose one of 5 answer options:

1) Auxiliary

2) Internal

3) External

4) Optional

5) Virtual

Answers:

1) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

2) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

3) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

4) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

5) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

6) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

7) Correct answers (1 b.): 2; 4;

8) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

9) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

10) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

11) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

12) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

13) Correct answer (1 point): 3;

14) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

15) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

16) Correct answer (1 b.): 1;

17) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

18) Correct answer (1 b.): 3;

19) Correct answer (1 b.): 4;

20) Correct answer (1 point): 4;

21) Correct answer (2 points): 1;

22) Correct answer (1 b.): 3;

23) Correct answer (1 b.): 5;

24) Correct answer (1 point): 5;

25) Correct answer (1 b.): 2;

Test: C:\Users\Technoshock\Desktop\ISE(test).mtf

Test

Exercise 1

Question:

CASE technologies use

Choose from 5 answer options:

1) programmers

2) designers

3) analysts,

4) testers

5) customer representatives

Task # 2

Question:

Automation of this kind of activity, which is strictly and completely described and does not change significantly over a fairly long period of time, is effectively implemented using the model:

1) spiral

2) V-shaped cascading

3) advanced cascade

4) cascading

Task # 3

Question:

The Semantic Web is...

1) a model that basically uses the inference rule that generates the rule

2) a model based on the formalization of knowledge in the form of a directed graph with labeled vertices and arcs.

3) is a technological model of human memory and consciousness systematized in the form of a unified theory.

4) this is a network model with connections of various types

Task # 4

Question:

IS helps to solve unstructured tasks, carry out long-term planning

1) operating level

2) strategic level

3) tactical level

Task # 5

Question:

The life cycle of an IP begins with

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) the moment of the appearance of the IP project

2) the moment of making a decision on its creation

3) the moment of creation of the IP protection system

4) the moment of implementation of IS

Task # 7

Question:

CRM (customerrelationshipmanagement) - it

Choose one of 4 answer options:

1) customer relationship management system

2) a universal system for solving applied problems of financial analysis

3) customizable IS for financial monitoring and planning of enterprises and regional economic associations

4) a system for automating marketing research and analyzing internal data on the market activity of an enterprise and its competitors

Task # 8

Question:

simultaneously a wallet, a means of payment, and a bank account.

Choose from 4 answer options:

1) magnetic card

2) optical card

4) cards with embossed elements

Task # 9

Question:

The development of an information system security system is carried out

Choose one of 3 answer options:

1) after the development of IS

2) in parallel with the development of the IS itself

3) before the development of IS

Task # 10