Practical work №2

Topic: Quantity and units of measurement of information.

Goals: Acquire practical skills in calculating the amount of information. Explore possible ways information encoding.

The student must

know:

Principles of information coding;

language functions as a way of presenting information;

basic units of measurement of information;

be able to:

solve problems to determine the amount of information;

Theoretical justification.

IN computer science a bit is the smallest "portion" of computer memory required to store one of the two characters "0" and "1" used for intramachine representation of data and commands.

A bit is too small a unit of measure. In practice, a larger unit is more often used - byte, equal to eight bits. It is eight bits that are required to encode any of the 256 characters of the computer keyboard alphabet (256=28).

Even larger derived units of information are also widely used:

· 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes,

· 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 220 bytes,

· 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 230 bytes.

Recently, due to the increase in the volume of processed information, such derived units as:

· 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 240 bytes,

· 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB = 250 bytes.

For a unit of information, one could choose the amount of information needed to distinguish, for example, ten equally probable messages. This will not be a binary (bit), but a decimal (dit) unit of information.

2. Information measurement.

The amount of information contained in the message is determined by the amount of knowledge that this message carries to the person receiving it. With a meaningful approach, a qualitative assessment of information is possible: useful, indifferent, important, harmful ...

A message that reduces the uncertainty of a person's knowledge by half carries 1 bit of information for him.

Let some message contain information about the fact that one of the N equally probable events. Then the amount of information contained in this message is X bits and the number N linked by the formula:

2x=N.

Example1.

There are 32 balls in the lottery drum. How much information is contained in the message about the first drawn number (for example, ball number 15 fell out)

Solution: since the drawing of any of the 32 balls is equiprobable, then the amount of information about one dropped number can be found from the equation:

2x=32.

But 32=25. Therefore, x=5 bits. Obviously, the answer does not depend on which number is drawn.

The alphabetical approach to measuring information allows you to determine the amount of information contained in the text. The set of characters used to write text is called an alphabet. The total number of characters in the alphabet is called the cardinality. If the entire text consists of K characters, then alphabetical approach the size of the information contained in it is equal to:

I = K * i ,

where i – informational weight of one character in the used alphabet (number of bits per character).

Example 2

The book, typed using a computer, contains 150 pages; 40 lines per page, 60 characters per line. How much information is in the book?

Solution: The power of the computer alphabet is 256. One character is equal to 1 byte of information. So the page contains 40*60=240 bytes of information. The amount of information in the book:

240*150=360000 bytes.

360000/1024=351.5625 KB.

Example 3

The message occupies 3 pages of 25 lines. Each line contains 60 characters. How many characters are in the used alphabet if the whole message contains 1125 bytes?

Solution: convert bytes to bits: 1125*8=9000. Let's find the total number of characters in the given text: 3*25*60=4500 characters. Next, we determine the information weight of one character in the alphabet used (the number of bits per character) from the formula I = K * i ,

i = I / K .

Substitute the known quantities: i=9000/4500

i=2.

If the information weight of one character in the used alphabet (the number of bits per character) is 2, then the power of the alphabet is 4 characters: 22=4.

3. Coding information.

In the process of converting information from one form of representation (sign system) to another, coding is carried out. The method of coding depends on the purpose for which it is carried out: reduction of the record, classification of information, ease of processing. The coding tool is the correspondence table, which establishes a one-to-one correspondence between the signs of two different sign systems.

The complete set of characters used to encode text is called the alphabet or alphabet.

Natural language texts, numbers, mathematical and special characters must be able to be entered into the computer. Due to unconditional priority binary system calculus in the internal representation of information in a computer, the encoding of "external" characters is based on the comparison of each of them with a certain group of binary characters. In this case, for technical reasons and for reasons of convenience of encoding-decoding, uniform codes should be used, i.e. binary groups of equal length.

To encode two natural alphabets, it is minimally sufficient to have a uniform code for their group of 8 binary characters; in this case, 256 different characters can be encoded. Since 8 binary characters make up 1 byte, one speaks of "byte" encoding systems.

The two most common systems : EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) And ASCII (American Standard Information Interchange).The first historically gravitates towards large machines, the second is more often used on mini-microcomputers and PCs. Alphabet signs PC hexadecimal numbers are matched according to the rule: the first is the column number, the second is the row number. For example, "B" - code 81, "d" - code A4.

But even 8-bit encoding is not enough to encode all characters. All obstacles can be removed by switching to 16-bit encoding Unicode , allowing 65536 code combinations.

Working process:

1. Explore the theoretical background.

2. Complete practical assignments.

3. Answer test questions as directed by the teacher.

4. Prepare a report.

Practical tasks:

Option 1

1. The message that one pencil was taken out of the box carries 6 bits of information. How many pencils are in the box?

2. When guessing an integer in a certain range, 9 bits of information are obtained. How many numbers does the range contain?

4. How many characters are in the text, if the capacity of the alphabet is 64 characters, and the amount of information contained in it is 1.5 Kbytes?

5. The amount of computer RAM contains 163,840 machine words, which is 0.625 MB. How many bits does each machine word contain?

6. “Low-level directories are nested in directories over high levels and are nested for them. The top nesting level of the hierarchical structure is the root directory.

7. 123$$333122321$$1

13MB to bytes

128MB to gigabytes

0.12MB to bits

0.01GB to kilobytes

40960 bits to kilobytes

Option 2

1. A group of schoolchildren came to the pool, which has 8 lanes for swimming. The coach said that the group would swim on lane number 5. How much information did the students get from this message?

2. The message that your friend lives on the 9th floor carries 5 bits of information. How many floors are in the house?

3. An information message with a volume of 1/512 part of a MB contains 2048 characters. How many characters are in the alphabet with which this message was written?

4. How many characters does a message contain, written using a 32-character alphabet, if its volume was 1/128 part of a MB?

5. In roulette, the total number of holes is 128. How much information do we get in the visual message about the ball stopping in one of the holes?

6. Using the binary coding rule, determine the minimum length of the given character sequence in bits. ()*&(((())))^&&&*$(

7. Determine the amount of memory needed to store the following information (in ASCII codes).

"Catalogue called special file, in which other files are registered. If a file is registered in a directory, this means that the latter contains all the information that characterizes the file and information about where the file is located on the disk.

25kb to bits

512Kb to gigabytes

0.5MB to bytes

0.075GB to megabytes

81920 bits to kilobytes

Option 3

1. In roulette, the total number of holes is 32. How much information do we get in the message about the ball stopping at number 16.

2. When guessing an integer in a certain range, 7 bits of information were obtained. How many numbers does the range contain?

3. The 256 character alphabet was used to write the text. How much information in kilobytes contains a message containing 3072 characters.

4. How many characters in a text containing 2 KB of information if the capacity of the alphabet is 128 characters.

5. The computer's RAM is 1/8 of a MB. How many machine words are RAM, if one machine word contains 64 bits.

6. Using the binary encoding rule, determine the minimum length of a given sequence of characters in bits. ****???!!$$**!$?*??

7. Determine the amount of memory needed to store the following information (in ASCII codes).“The file system defines the ways of organizing and maintaining the file structure, transforming FAT -tables in hierarchical structure to provide fast and convenient access to data, a simple and user-friendly way to set the data address.

256MB to gigabytes

12.8MB to bytes

0.12MB to kilobytes

0.001GB to bytes

73728 bits to kilobytes

1. Theme, goal.

2. Solution practical tasks by options.

3. Conclusion.

Test questions:

1. What is the smallest unit of information you know.

2. Name the larger derived units of information.

3. Describe how information is measured in a content approach.

4. Describe how information is measured in an alphabetical approach.

Literature

1. Beshenkov S.A., Rakitina E.A. Informatics. Textbook 10 cells. - M., 2010.

2. Mikheeva E.V. Workshop on information: textbook. allowance. - M., 2014.

3. Mikheeva E.V., Titova O.I. Informatics: textbook. - M., 2010.

4. Ugrinovich N.D. Informatics and Information Technology. Textbook 10–11 cells. - M., 2010.

MICROSOFT WORD TEXT PROCESSOR

Goal: To instill in students the skills of working in a word processor Microsoft Word. As a result of the execution this complex laboratory work students must learn to use various ways editing and formatting individual elements text, work with tables and graphic objects, as well as apply additional funds document processing.

Practical work No. 1
Work in text editor MS Word. Formatting and editing MS Word document.

Practical work №2
Use of automated lists in Word documents.
marked, numbered, multilevel lists. Creation of mathematical formulas.

MICROSOFT EXCEL SPEECH PROCESSOR

Goal: To instill in students the skills to work in spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel. As a result of this set of laboratory work, students should learn how to use various ways of editing and formatting individual elements of tables, work with databases and charts, and also use additional tools for processing tabular forms.

Practical work No. 3
MS Excel. Data types, absolute and relative addressing. Standard Features Excel.

Practical work No. 4
Cell format. Borders and shading. Numeric, percentage, money format. Format Date and Time. Application of logical functions IF, AND, OR, NOT in calculations.

Practical work No. 5
Statistical, financial, logical functions. Sorting, modification of the database, organization of the simplest queries. Autofilter, Advanced filter. Summarizing intermediate results.

Practical work No. 6
Linking worksheets, consolidating tables. Creating, editing, formatting a pivot table.

MICROSOFT ACCESS DBMS

Goal: To instill in students the skills of working in a database management system Microsoft Access. As a result of this complex of laboratory work, students should learn how to create relational bases baths, create inter-table links, fill in tables, create forms, reports and queries based on tables.

Practical work No. 7
Creating tables. Table mode. constructor mode. Linking tables. Creation and modification of forms. Creation and modification of reports. Forms in DBMS. Creation and modification of forms.\\

Practical work No. 8
Creating requests various types. Sample request. Query with a parameter. Cross request. Final request.

FOUNDATIONS OF DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Practical work No. 9
Boolean algebra. logical operations. Formulas and their transformation.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Practical work No. 10
Computer architecture. Data storage. Number systems.

ALGORITHMIC SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS, ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITY

Practical work №11-12
Linear algorithmic construction. Branching algorithmic construction. Recursive Algorithm
Block diagrams (block diagram elements, block types).

BASICS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

Practical work No. 13
Basic operations with files and directories in the Explorer program. File search. Search options. Additional features search.

GRAPHICS AND INTERNET

Purpose: To teach students to use the resources of the global Internet as a means of processing information, a means of communication between people, to systematize existing knowledge and strengthen practical skills. Develop self-discovery skills necessary information to solve various problems.

Practical work No. 14
Network configuration. Setting access to files and folders, connection network drive and search for information on it.

Practical work No. 15
Mastering work in graphics editor photoshop.
Fundamentals of composition. Text effects. Imitation of volume in Photoshop. Photomontage.

//inside the task and a brief training material for each job.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1 Informatics: Workshop on computer technology: Tutorial for universities / Ed. N.V. Makarova. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1997
2 Informatics: Textbook for universities / Ed. N.V. Makarova. - 2nd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1998
3 Alferov A.P. Informatics for beginners: Textbook. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1996
4 Mogilev A.V. etc. Informatics: Textbook for students ped. universities / A.V. Mogilev, N.I. Pak - M .: Academy, 1999
5 Informatics: Textbook / Ed. N.V. Makarova. - 3rd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1999
6 Ostreikovskiy V.A. Informatics: Textbook for tech. Universities - M .: Higher. school, 1999
7 Computer science: Basic course/ Under the editorship of S.V. Simonovich - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000
8 Informatics: Basic course: Textbook for higher educational institutions / Ed. by S.V. Simonovich - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001
9 Informatics: Basic course: Textbook for higher educational institutions / Edited by S.V. Simonovich - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003
10 Kozyrev A.A. Yudin A.P. Informatics: Lecture notes. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of Mikhailov V.A., 2000
11 Bogatov D.F. and others. Informatics and mathematics for lawyers: a short course in tables and diagrams: Textbook for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation / Bogatov D.F., Bogatov F.G., Minaev V.A. – M.: Prior, 1998
12 Voroisky F.S. Informatics. New systematized dictionary in computer science: An introductory course in computer science and computer science in terms. - 2nd ed., revised. And extra. - m.: Liberia, 2004
13 Alferov A.P. Informatics for beginners: Textbook. - Rostov-on-Don, 1996
14 Khokhlova N.V. and others. Informatics: Textbook for universities / N.V. Khokhlova, A.I. Istemenko, B.V. Petrenko. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1990
15 Veretennikova E.G. Veretennikova E.G., Patrushina S.M., Savelieva N.G. Informatics: Textbook for universities. - Rostov-on-Don: March, 2002
16 Pasko V. Word 2000: Russified version. - Kyiv: BHV, 1999
17 Marchenko A.I., Pasko V.P. Word 7.0 for Windows 95. - Kyiv: BHV, 1996
18 Kamlish To Word 7.0 Windows 95 for busy / Per. from English. Y.Leontiev. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1997
19 Kamlish To Word 7.0 for the employed / Per. from English. Y.Leontiev. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1997
20 Kolesnikov A. Excel 2000: (Russified version) - Kyiv: Izdat. group BHV, 1999
21 Lavrenov S.M. Excel: Collection of examples and tasks. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2000
22 Lavrenov S.M. Excel: Collection of examples and tasks. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002
23 Rychkov V. Excel 2002: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003
24 Litvin P. et al. Access 2002: Enterprise Application Development: For Professionals / P. Litvin, K. Goetz, M. Gundeloy; Per from English. A. Padalki - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003
25 Litvin P. et al. Access 2002: Enterprise Application Development: For Professionals / P. Litvin, K. Goetz, M. Gundeloy; Per from English. O. Zdir - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002
26 Rybakov V.E., Azov S.V. Norton Commander (3.0) Norton Integration (4.5). - M .: MP "Malip", 1992
27 Kozlovsky E.A. Norton Commander 4.0: A guide to action for cool, soft-boiled and almost raw users. – M.: ABF, 1993
28 Kreinak D, Hebraken D. Internet. Encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000
29 Kotecha H. Windows 95: Step by step / Translated from English. Under the editorship of V. Koshelev. –M.: BINOM, 1997
30 Akhmetov K.S. Windows 95 for everyone. - 2nd ed. Moscow: ComputerPress, 1996
31 Kenin A.M., Pechenkina N.S. Windows 95/NT for users or how to learn how to use a computer. - Yekaterinburg: Planet, 1998
32 Kozlovsky E.A. Windows 95 or an unaccompanied walk through Chicago at night. – M.: ABF, 1995
33 Figurnov V.E. IBM PC for the user. Short course. - M.: INFRA-M, 1998
34 Figurnov V.E. IBM PC for the user. Short course. – M.: INFRA-M, 1997
35 Figurnov V.E. IBM PC for the user. Short course. - M.: INFRA-M, 1996
36 Figurnov V.E. IBM PC for the user. Short course. 7th ed., revised. and additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2002
37 Aladiev V.E. V. E. Aladiev, Yu. Ya. Khunt, M. L. Shishkov. - 2nd ed., revised. and add., M.: Filin, 1999
38 Junt Yu.Ya., Aladiev V.E. Fundamentals of Informatics: Textbook for universities. - 2nd ed., revised. and add., M.: Filin, 1999
39 Miklyaev A. Handbook for users of the IBM PC - 3rd ed., Revised. and additional – M.: Solon-R, 1995
40 Franken T., Molyavko S. MS DOS 6.0 ... for the user. - Kyiv: Trade ed. VNU Bureau, 1993

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Individual.tasks.docx

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Individual tasks for developing skills in working with text WORD editor

 Select material on the specified topic and create a newspaper sheet on this material.

 Please note that in the newspaper you must indicate the name (think creative and beautiful) of the topic or newspaper, the number and date of issue, the names and addresses of the creators.

 Provide texts with titles, pictures, quotes.

 Remember that editorials are usually placed on the first page, and the articles themselves are arranged in columns.

Topics for Newspapers:

1. Newspaper dedicated to the New Year.
2. Newspaper dedicated to February 23.
3. Newspaper dedicated to March 8.
4. Newspaper dedicated to teacher's day.
5. A newspaper covering events in your educational institution at this moment.
6. Newspaper dedicated to the events in KVN (club of cheerful and resourceful).
7. Newspaper dedicated to the graduating class (course).
8. Newspaper about your class (group).
9. Newspaper-dedication to high school students (to students).
10. A newspaper that tells about what happens in computer science lessons.

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OPTION #1

Create text with the following content and format.
Pay attention to the points:
1) All text is in Times New Roman font; the size of the main text is 12 pt, choose the size and style of the headings yourself so that you get a text similar to this one.
2) The title “Quads” is a WordArt object.
3) Near the heading “Parallelogram”, put a regular footnote on the text: “Gusev V.A., Mordkovich A.G. Mathematics: Ref. materials. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988. - p. 399".

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Test on the topic "Word word processor"

OPTION #2

Create text with the following content and format.
Pay attention to the points:
1) All text is in Times New Roman font; the size of the main text is 12 pt, choose the size and style of the headings yourself so that you get a text similar to this one.
2) The heading “Cast formulas” is a WordArt object.
3) Near the word “displayed”, put a regular footnote on the text: “The derivation of each formula can be accompanied by a picture.”

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Tools for working with text documents.

Main groups of operations.

processor windowword.

Basic page settings.

Tools for working with text documents

When preparing printed materials, creating multimedia publications and electronic publications for computer networks, the user solves three tasks:

Preparetext documents (uses text editors and word processors).

Prepareillustrations (uses graphic editors).

Make up text blocks and illustrations , by creating an original layout of a printed publication suitable for document reproduction by printing methods (uses desktop publishing systems) or an electronic document distributed by computer network(uses web page editors).

Successful Solutionfirst task is the main condition for the creation of professional documents. Therefore, the process of preparing text documents for their further processing should be given special attention.

Text Documents representblocks of text , consisting of words typed in symbols (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, etc.). To work with text documents, text editors (for example, Notepad or WordPad) and word processors (for example, Word) are used. It should be noted thatopportunities word processorWord are so wide that it allows for the layout of documents.

Main groups of operations:

Entering text - allows you to translate text from its external form into an electronic document, that is, into a file stored on a computer. Text entry can be done by typing using the keyboard or by scanning a paper original, followed by pattern recognition to convert the document from a graphic character representation format to a text format.

Editing (Editing) - allows you to change an existing electronic document by adding or deleting its fragments, rearranging parts of the document, merging several files into one or, conversely, splitting a single document into several smaller ones. Entering and editing text is often done in parallel. During these operations, acontent document.

Formatting - registration appearance document. Formatting commands allow you to precisely define how the document will look on the monitor screen or on paper after printing to the printer.

All electronic text documents require input and editing, but not all require formatting. Therefore, there are two types of programs -text editors (perform 1 and 2 groups of operations) andword processors (perform all 3 groups of operations).

Everythingtext editors store "clean" text in the file and thereforecompatible with each other (that is, a document created in one of text editors, can be successfully read and, if necessary, edited in another). And variousword processors write formatting information to the file in different ways and thereforeincompatible together.

However, many word processors have the optionconverting text from one format to another (for example, inWord To do this, you need to run the command: menuFile (left-click on this command in the horizontal menu - in the future, these words will be implied by me)Save as... (left click on this command in vertical menu- in the future, these words will be implied by me)in the dialog boxSaving a file in fieldFile type select the required format from the list.

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Window word processor

Before you start working with documents, you need to study the main elements of the Word processor window:

System menu icon button.

Title bar (if the document window is open in full screen, then the titles of the program and the document are written through a dash, in one line)

Program size control buttons.

Document size control buttons.

Horizontal menu (hereinafter referred to as menu for brevity).

Toolbar Standard.

Formatting toolbar.

Horizontal ruler.

Left - 9. Vertical ruler.

On right -10. A vertical scroll bar, in its lower part there are buttons for moving to another page (or to another object - in Word 97).

At the bottom of the window are:

Horizontal scrollbar.

Buttons for switching operating modes.

Status bar.

In the center, in the working area of ​​the window - 14. Document page.

Jump Button Groups

1

1 - back to previous page

2

2 - next page

word 97

1

1 - back to previous page

3

3 - to the transition object (to a page, section, table, footnote, title, figure, etc.)

2

2 - next page

Groups of buttons for switching operating modes in different versions Word are different:

Assignment of operating modes

1 - normal mode used for simple text entry and editing. In this mode, the computer's processor with data is faster, but it is advisable to use it only for speed dial document test, because this mode does not display special page elements, images, or columns of text. You cannot format text in this mode.

2 - page layout mode . The document appears on the screen exactly as it will appear when printed on paper. This mode is very convenient to format the document. So if your keyboard typing speed is not fast enough,I recommend that you work in markup mode.

3 - structure mode useful for working on a document outline (composing, viewing, editing), especially if your document consists of many pages.

4 - mode electronic document most convenient when it comes to viewing a finished document. Left opens additional panel with the content of the document. It gives a visual representation of the structure of the document and provides a convenient transition to any section. In this mode, the buttons for switching operating modes disappear on the screen, therefore, to exit to another mode, execute the command: menuView Page layout (for example).

Understanding the Windows Clipboard

Clipboard is a special area of ​​the computer's RAM that can be temporarily stored Windows objects, created in any program (text fragments, pictures, diagrams, etc.). Objects can be in this areadelete (and then they are removed from the document where they were created) orcopy (and then they remain in the document where they were created, and their copy is placed in the clipboard).

Only one object can be buffered at a time. It remains there until a new object is placed there or until the computer is turned off. As long as the object is stored on the clipboard, a copy of it can be pasted into another document as many times as desired.

This technique is widely used for working with one document, with several documents created in one program, as well as with documents created in different programs, and this is very convenient.

Example: on the web pages of this lesson there are pictures, the text for which is written inWord , copied to the clipboard and pasted into drawings created in a graphics editorAdobe Photoshop (See the lesson start page:Lesson 1. Theory - drawings "Lesson1", "Theme of the lesson", "A little theory", etc.)

1. Tocopy object to clipboard

2. Toinsert object from the clipboard, you need to:

3. Tocut object to the clipboard (be careful - when performing this operation, the object will disappear from the document!),

This operation is used much less frequently than the copy operation.

Basic Page Options

The term "default"

This term is widely used when working with a computer.

Examples:

1. When creating a document, the program window can be configured differently, as there are several settings

toolbars,

the size of the document in the window,

symbol size,

its style (bold, italic, etc.), etc.

Until the user has chosen another way of setting, the program offers one of the options. This option is called "default".

2. After starting the program, the first time you save a document, the program will most likely prompt you for a folderMy documents. And, if you do not find your folder, it will save your document in this folder, that is, it will offer you it by default.

Another thing is, if you are not alone, but there are other users working on your computer, it is not advisable to use this folder: each user should have his own folder. The number of documents (files) created by each user is gradually growing, and if you keep them all together, confusion will eventually come. That's why

1. Be sure to create your own folder on your hard drive, give it your name
and keep your documentsonly in her!

2. To keep documents organized, create several folders in it according to
related documents to topics, andnesting depth
folders into each othernot limited .

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7. Task to fix. Working with the clipboard (commandsCopy AndInsert ).

1. First, count the number of paragraphs (their -11 ), means the keyEnter you need to click in this text no more10 times (at the end of the last Word paragraph put it on himself)!

2. Since the text of each next paragraph contains the text of the previous one, to use the capabilities of the computer, select the paragraph, copy it to the clipboard, place the cursor in the new paragraph where you want to insert the text of the previous paragraph and paste the fragment from the buffer.

3. When entering a poetic text, a paragraph is a stanza. The transition from a line to the next line within a paragraph should be forced, since the cursor has not had time to reach the end of the line yet. To do this, press the keys in sequenceShift (press and hold) andEnter (press and release both keys), in the future, for brevity, I will writeShift+Enter. The non-printable character for such a forced jump is the character.

Text
(write it in one column!):

And this is wheat

In the House,
that Jack built.

And this is a cheerful tit bird,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

Here is the cat

Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

Here is a dog without a tail

Which scares and catches a tit,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

And this is a hornless cow,
Kicking an old dog without a tail,
Who pats the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches a tit,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

And this is an old woman, gray-haired and strict,
Who milks a hornless cow,

Who pats the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches a tit,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

And this is a lazy and fat shepherd,

Who milks a hornless cow,
Kicked an old dog without a tail,
Who pats the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches a tit,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

Here are two roosters
who wake up that shepherd,
Who quarrels with a strict cowshed,
Who milks a hornless cow,
Kicked an old dog without a tail,
Who pats the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches a tit,
Which deftly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the House,
that Jack built.

Translation by S. Ya. Marshak

8. The arrangement of text on the page (formatting) is the topic of the next lesson.

9. Save Document: MenuFile Save .

10. Close the processor window. To do this, use one of the methods: click on the buttonin the upper right corner of the program window.

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Task number 1 "Formatting text"

Target: learn how to format text (paragraphs and symbols); insert characters in a font other than the main one.

Type the following text, stretching it to the page and observing all paragraph and character formats: alignment; left and right indents; spacing between paragraphs; type, size and style of fonts; spacing between characters. pay attention to , located after the proposed text for typing (the keys will tell you which formats to apply). Write the text to your folder under the namemath_games.doc .

Keys to task 1

1. For the entire text (which we will type in tasks #1-#11), set the left indentation to 0 cm, the right one to 15.5 cm, Times New Roman font, character size 12 pt, justified alignment.

2. The left indent for the line with the character set "G96" is 1 cm.

3. Before the paragraph containing the words "Domoryad Alexander Petrovich", set the indent to 140 pt. For this and the five paragraphs following it, the left indent is 5 cm. For three paragraphs, the sparsity is set to 2 pt. spacing between characters. Note that combinations "Mathematical games and entertainment" And"Favorites" highlighted in bold.

4. The formatting settings for a paragraph beginning with the words "Submitted to the set" are as follows: indent before the paragraph 50 pt, left indent 0 cm, font size 10 pt (all other settings are the same as for the entire text). Note that the symbol " ¼ " can be found among the elements of the "Courier New" font, and the symbol " " is in the font "Symbol".

5. Before the next paragraph, indent 200 pt. In the future, the font size is 12 pt.

6. Before the paragraph "The book presents ..." indent 24 pt.

7. The paragraph “ISBN 5-09-001292-X…” is indented 24 pt, all characters in it are in bold. Please note that the character set "BBK 22.1ya2ya72" is moved to the right edge, which is done without using tabs or a large number gaps .

It is enough to do the following:

set the width alignment;

after typing "LBC 22.1ya2ya72" press the keys (Shift + Enter) (forced end of the line, which is used when you yourself need to determine the end of the line inside the paragraph);

notice that the distances between the four words of the line are the same, and we need only the distance between the combinations “ISBN 5-09-001292-X” and “BBK 22.1ya2ya72” to “stretch”;

to fix the flaw, replace the spaces that do not need to be stretched with non-stretchable spaces by pressing the keys (Shift + Ctrl + Space).

8. The paragraph "© Publisher ..." has the right alignment. The "©" symbol can be found, for example, among the elements of the "Syimbol" font.

Selected document to view№10.docx

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Task number 10 "Creating a title page"

Target: consolidate the ability to create drawings using Word; learn how to insert and edit pictures from a ClipArt collection or from a file; learn how to work with WordArt objects.

Open file math_games.doc . INearly plain text (make the first page of text the second by inserting a page break), create a title page similar to the one following this paragraph. pay attention to . Write the document to your folder under the namemath_games.doc .

Keys to task 10

1. The frame of the title page is created using two rectangles: blue and white on top of it with rounded corners. To do this: stretch a rectangle over the entire typing strip, fill it with blue and place it behind the text; using the AutoShapes button, select a rounded rectangle in the main shapes, stretch it over the first one and fill it with white, then place it behind the text.

2. The elements of the title of the book "Math games and entertainment" and "Favorites" are WordArt objects. You can use the Add WordArt button on the Draw panel to create such an object.

3. Place the phrases "A.P. Domoryad" and "Publishing House" Shkolnik "Volgograd, 2003" using the "Inscription" button.

4. A picture with a person can be found among the pictures using the menu item "Insert > Picture > Pictures ..." (ClipArt pictures). If such a picture could not be found, paste it from the file circus.wmf , which is located in the archive (when completing task #2, you should have extracted all the files from this archive and placed them in your folder). Set the desired size of the picture, respecting the proportions.

5. A drawing with cubes can also be found among the pictures in the ClipArt collection or in the file block.wmf (archive WorkFile.rar). But in this case, you will first have to edit the drawing, i.e. remove gold bars and shadows from them, move the cubes to each other. To change an embedded picture, use the menu item "Edit > Edit Picture" (before that, you need to select the desired picture).

Notes:

First, delete unnecessary objects (mark and use the Delete key).

Before moving one cube to another, group all the objects included in it.

Don't forget to reduce the borders of the picture so that the picture doesn't include all the freed area on the left.

Selected document to view№11.docx

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Selected document to view№2.docx

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Task number 2 "Text DOS, text formatting"

Target: learn how to convert DOS text to Word format text; copy part of the text; format text as required; use a numbered list.

1. To complete the task, you will need a file preamble.txt , which is contained in the archive . Extract all files from the archive to your folder and open the text located in the filepreamble.txt , converting it from "DOS Text" format to " Word Document". Copy the contents of this file to the end of the text you wrote under the namemath_games.doc .

2. Edit the copied text as required: left indent 0 cm; right margin 15.5 cm; red string 1cm; single line spacing; there are no indents before and after paragraphs; width alignment; character size 12 pt; font "Times New Roman"; normal style; character color is black.

3. Correct the errors that are underlined with a red wavy line, or skip those underlined words that you think are not misspelled.

4. Please note that at the beginning of the text you must use a numbered list, the format of which can be changed using the menu item "Format > List ...".

5. Remember to write down the text under the same name math_games.doc .

Selected document to view№3.docx

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Task number 3 "Tables, columns, assigning keys to symbols"

Target: learn to use tables in the text; arrange text in several columns; assign "hot keys" to inserted characters.

Open file math_games.doc math_games.doc .

Keys to task 3

1. The heading of the text is a level 1 heading, with the following settings formatting: font "Times New Roman"; character size 14 pt; bold; center alignment.

2. Note that the text often uses symbols  ,  And , which are located among the symbols of the "Symbol" font. Of course, you can always use the insert symbol or copy the symbol to the right place, but it is better to assign "hot keys" to frequently used symbols. Assign to symbol key (Ctrl+a), character - key (Ctrl+b), symbol key (Ctrl+g).
To assign a key (Ctrl+a) to a character perform the following procedure: select the menu item "Insert > Symbol"; set the font "Symbol"; tick symbol in the table; press the "Key" button; in the "New keyboard shortcut" field, press (Ctrl + a) and confirm the choice with the enter key; close dialog boxes.
Now when you press the key (Ctrl + a), a character will be inserted into the text .
Note that the symbol is used only twice in the text, so it does not have to correspond to " hot key».

3. Symbol "  ” is located among the symbols of the “Symbol” font.

4. Attention! First, arrange all the tables in a row one after the other, and after filling them in, you will scatter them into different columns of text.
Note that the tables are very similar, so you can first create, format and fill one of them, and then copy it and make the necessary corrections.
To insert a table, you can use the menu item "Table > Add > Table". Remember to center both the table itself and its contents. The first row of the table contains bold characters.

5. After creating three tables, mark them and break the marked text into three columns. To do this, you can use the menu item "Format > Columns ...".

Selected document to view№4.docx

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Task number 4 "Tables, columns, lists"

Target: learn how to change table borders; use text wrapping around tables; use a list and arrange it in multiple columns.

Open file math_games.doc . At the end of the plain text, type the text that follows this paragraph, following all formats. pay attention to , located after the text suggested for typing. Write the text to your folder under the namemath_games.doc .

Keys to task 4

Practical work in informatics.

The task:

A) come up with three numbers in the decimal number system, in each of them the number of digits of the integer part is at least 3 and in the fractional part at least 2 digits

B) Convert invented numbers to binary, octal and hexadecimal and then back to decimal

C) add all three numbers in about all indicated number systems.

D) subtraction, multiplication and division

E) binary decimal representation of numbers. Add two numbers with at least 4 characters.

Theory.

When converting numbers from a decimal number system to a system with base P > 1, the following algorithm is usually used:

1) if the integer part of the number is translated, then it is divided by P, after which the remainder of the division is remembered. The resulting quotient is again divided by P, the remainder is remembered. The procedure continues until the quotient becomes zero. Remainders from division by P are written out in the reverse order of their receipt;

2) if translated fractional part numbers, then it is multiplied by P, after which the integer part is stored and discarded. The newly obtained fractional part is multiplied by P, and so on. The procedure continues until the fractional part becomes zero. The integer parts are written out after the binary point in the order they were received. The result can be either a finite or a periodic binary fraction. Therefore, when the fraction is periodic, you have to cut off the multiplication at some step and be content with the approximate notation of the original number in the system with the base P.

Example:

1. Convert this number from decimal to binary: a) 464 (10) ; b) 380.1875 (10) ; c) 115.94 (10) (get five decimal places in binary representation).

Solution.

464 | 0 380 | 0 |1875 115 | 1 |94

232 | 0 190 | 0 0|375 57 | 1 1|88

116 | 0 95 | 1 0|75 28 | 0 1|76

58 | 0 47 | 1 1|5 14 | 0 1|52

a) 29 | 1 b) 23 | 1 1|0 c) 7 | 1 1|04

14 | 0 11 | 1 3 | 1 0|08

7 | 1 5 | 1 1 | 1 0|16

a) 464 (10) = 111010000 (2); b) 380.1875 (10) = 101111100.0011 (2) ; c) 115.94 (10)  1110011.11110 (2) (in this case, six decimal places were obtained, after which the result was rounded).

If you need to convert a number from a binary number system to a number system whose base is a power of two, it is enough to combine the digits of a binary number into groups of as many digits as the exponent, and use the algorithm below. For example, if the translation is carried out in the octal system, then the groups will contain three digits (8 = 2 3). So, in the integer part we will group from right to left, in the fractional part - from left to right. If the last group lacks digits, add zeros: in the integer part - on the left, in the fractional part - on the right. Then each group is replaced by the corresponding digit of the new system.

Convert from binary to hexadecimal number 1111010101.11 (2) .

0011 1101 0101 ,1100 (2) = 3D5,C (16) .

When translating numbers from a number system with a base P in the decimal number system, it is necessary to number the digits of the integer part from right to left, starting from zero, and in the fractional part, starting from the digit immediately after the decimal point from left to right (initial number -1). Then calculate the sum of the products of the corresponding values ​​of the digits on the basis of the number system in a degree equal to the number of the digit. This is the representation of the original number in decimal notation.

2. Convert the given number to the decimal number system.

a) 1000001 (2) .

1000001 (2) =1 2 6 +0 2 5 +0 2 4 +0 2 3 +0 2 2 + 0 2 1 +1 2 0 = 64+1=65 (10) .

Comment. Obviously, if there is a zero in any digit, then the corresponding term can be omitted.

b) 1000011111.0101 (2) .

1000011111,0101 (2) =12 9 + 12 4 + 12 3 + 12 2 + 12 1 + 12 0 + 12 -2 + 12 -4 = 512 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 0,25 + 0,0625 = 543,3125 (10) .

c) 1216.04 (8) .

1216,04 (8) =18 3 +28 2 +18 1 +68 0 +4 8 -2 = 512+128+8+6+0,0625 = 654,0625 (10) .

d) 29A.5 (16) .

29A.5 (16) = 216 2 +916 1 +1016 0 +516 -1 = 512+144+10+0.3125 = 656.3125 (10) .

To perform arithmetic operations in the number system with base P you must have appropriate addition and multiplication tables. For P= 2, 8 and 16 tables are presented below.

Correspondences are shown in the tables.

1. Addition and multiplication binary numbers

1. Addition and multiplication of octal numbers

1. Adding hexadecimal numbers

Practical work No. 1

Topic: Educational informational resources. Software installation.

Goals: study educational resources published on the Web, get acquainted with popular resources to find information of educational value on a given topic.

The student must

know:

about the main educational resources and their purpose;

be able to:

to search for information of educational value on a given topic in a distributed resource of the Internet.

Theoretical justification.

The current stage of development of education is associated with the widespread use of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and the opportunities provided by global network Internet. In this regard, it is of decisive importance remote access to educational resources published on the Web, and the possibility of prompt communication of all participants in the educational process.

What do the statistics say?

Let us again turn to the experience of those who already use the Internet in their activities. One of the resources of the network, which specializes in conducting polls on the orders of users (the same resource may be useful for you if you ever decide to conduct a survey yourself), conducted a study to find out in which areas users most often search for information on the Internet ? The answers are given in alphabetical order and opposite each of them is indicated the percentage of participants (out of a total number of 100%) who marked this direction.

The results of a survey conducted by the server, what information on the Internet is most interesting to users.

Business

home, family

Internet

Computers

Culture and art

Medicine and health

Science and education

Society

Entertainment, recreation

Information of a reference nature (weather, exchange rates, timetables for trains, planes, etc.)

Other

Below statistics data of visits of one of the popular Russian-language search engines are given Rambler - resource popularity rating, where information about the attendance of the relevant sections is collected and processed automatically.

Chapter

Popularity, %

Entertainment

12,90

Media and periodicals

11,29

Business and Finance

5,95

Services

4,97

classifiers

4,13

Sport

3,58

Games

3,40

MP3 (Computer Music Recordings)

2,86

Politics

2,76

Computers

2,70

The above statistics give you some opportunity to understand the range of interests and rating preferences of Internet users.

Thus, you see that no matter what question you ask, you will surely be able to get an answer to it to one degree or another through the Internet. And if you consider that specific specialists stand behind each resource, then you also get the opportunity to contact them with a question (for example, using e-mail).

So, on the Internet you can find either a ready-made answer to any question that interests you, or at least specialists who could answer it for you (and most often both).

Possibilities of using Internet resources in education

The meaningful use of educational Internet resources is an opportunity to:

• present your own interesting ideas and developments to a wide audience;
• get acquainted with a lot of interesting materials of colleagues;
• engage in joint work to study a problem and discuss the results;
• find friends and like-minded people among colleagues in different cities and countries;
• and maybe go to other cities and countries to develop joint ideas and sum up the results;
• improve or learn a foreign language;
• in progress teamwork come to a greater mutual understanding with colleagues not only from their own school, but also from other cities and countries.

Working process:

1. Explore the theoretical background.

2. Complete practical tasks.

3. Answer the control questions as directed by the teacher.

4. Prepare a report.

Practical assignments.

Task 1) Olympiads and competitions

Give a description of the resource at the following addresses:

http://www.vspu.ac.ru/de/index.htm

http://www.eidos.ru/olymp/index.htm

http://school.holm.ru/olimpia

http://www.mccme.ru/olympiads

http://www.vkids.ru

Task 2) Web Page Contest

Find the addresses of the following international competitions:

ThinkQuest

Virtual classroom

Task 3) Network projects

Give a description of the projects located at the following addresses:

http://www.edu.yar.ru/russian/projects/index.htmlhttp://www.botik.ru/ICCC/NewPage/ICCCpageRus/Projectshttp://www.websib.ru/noos/projects/index.html

http://school-sector.relarn.ru

http://www. yearn. spb. en

http://www.eun.org

Task 4) Creative projects

1. Analyze the site of the creative project "My Pushkin" of the Eidos Center ( http://www.eidos.ru)

2. Find 2-3 more sites on the Internet where creative projects are located

Task 5) Using Web 2.0 technology (WikiWiki) for educational purposes

Ø Analyze examples of wikis:

http://en.wikipedia.org – Wikipedia in Russian

http://www.letopisi.ru – Educational wiki project “Letopisi.ru”

Test questions:

1. What is information, what properties it is characterized by.

2. List and describe the radical changes in the information field known to you, which can be called information revolutions.

3. List the main types of information threats.

4. List the methods of information protection.

5. Name the possibility of using Internet resources in education.

6. Name what information on the Internet is most interesting to users.

7. Name the popular resources according to the statistics of visits of the search engine Rambler.

1. Theme, goal.

2. Answers to practical tasks.

3. Conclusion.

Literature

1. Beshenkov S.A., Rakitina E.A. Informatics. Textbook 10 cells. - M., 2010.

2. Mikheeva E.V. Workshop on information: textbook. allowance. - M., 2014.

3. Mikheeva E.V., Titova O.I. Informatics: textbook. - M., 2010.

4. Ugrinovich N.D. Informatics and information technologies. Textbook 10–11 cells. - M., 2010.