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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

"KHARKIV POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE"

DEPARTMENT "INFORMATION SYSTEMS"

on the topic of: " Technical means information processing"

on the course "Informatics"

Completed by: 1st year student, group: Ek50A

Gorbachenko Alena Dmitrievna

Checked by: Associate Professor of the Department of SI

Tkachenko V.A.

Kharkiv 2010

Introduction

For computer science, a computer is not only a tool for working with information, but also an object of study. You will learn how a computer works, what work you can do with it, what software tools exist for this.

Since ancient times, people have sought to make their work easier. For this purpose, various machines and mechanisms were created that enhance the physical capabilities of a person. The computer was invented in the middle of the 20th century to enhance the capabilities of a person's mental work, that is, work with information.

According to its purpose, a computer is a universal technical tool for a person to work with information. According to the principles of the device, a computer is a model of a person working with information.

A little over 50 years have passed since the first electronic computer appeared. During this short period for the development of society, several generations of computers have changed, and the first computers today are a museum rarity. The very history of the development of computer technology is of considerable interest, showing the close relationship between mathematics and physics (primarily with solid state physics, semiconductors, electronics) and modern technology, the level of development of which largely determines the progress in the production of computer technology.

1. History of computer development

1.1 The first generation of computers (1948 - 1958)

The element base of machines of this generation were vacuum tubes - diodes and triodes. The machines were designed to solve relatively simple scientific and technical problems. This generation of computers includes: MESM, BESM-1, M-1, M-2, M-Z, Strela, Minsk-1, Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural- 3”, M-20, Setun, BESM-2, Razdan. They were of considerable size, consumed a lot of power, had low reliability and weak software. Their speed did not exceed 2-3 thousand operations per second, the capacity of RAM was 2K or 2048 machine words (1K = 1024) with a length of 48 binary characters. In 1958, the M-20 machine appeared with 4K memory and a speed of about 20 thousand operations per second. In the machines of the first generation, the main logical principles construction of electronic computers and the concept of John von Neumann concerning the operation of a computer according to a program entered into memory and initial data (numbers).

computer keyboard monitor mouse

1.2 Second generation of computers (1959-1967)

Semiconductor devices were the element base of machines of this generation. The machines were designed to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, reliability and speed of computers. Reduced size, weight and power consumption. With the advent of second-generation machines, the scope of the use of electronic computing technology has significantly expanded, mainly due to the development software.

Specialized machines also appeared, for example, computers for solving economic problems, for managing production processes, information transmission systems, etc.

1.3 The third generation of computers (1968-13-973)

The element base of the computer - small integrated circuits (MIS). The machines were intended for wide use in various fields of science and technology (calculations, production management, moving objects, etc.). Thanks to integrated circuits, it was possible to significantly improve the technical and operational characteristics of computers. For example, third-generation machines have more RAM than second-generation machines, increased speed, increased reliability, and reduced power consumption, footprint, and weight.

1.4 Fourth generation of computers (1974-1982)

The element base of the computer - large integrated circuits (LSI). Machines were intended to dramatically increase labor productivity in science, production, management, healthcare, service and everyday life. A high degree of integration contributes to an increase in the density of the layout of electronic equipment, an increase in its reliability, which leads to an increase in the speed of the computer and a decrease in its cost. All this has a significant impact on the logical structure (architecture) of the computer and its software.

1.5 Fifth generation

90s; Computers with many dozens of microprocessors operating in parallel, which make it possible to build efficient knowledge processing systems; Computers on ultra-complex microprocessors with a parallel-vector structure, simultaneously executing dozens of sequential program instructions;

Sixth and subsequent generations; optoelectronic computers with mass parallelism and neutron structure - with a distributed network of a large number (tens of thousands) of simple microprocessors simulating the architecture of neutron biological systems.

2. Computer classification

By purpose, computers can be divided into three groups: universal (general purpose), problem-oriented and specialized.

Universal computers are designed to solve a wide variety of engineering and technical problems: economic, mathematical, informational and other problems that are distinguished by the complexity of algorithms and a large amount of processed data. They are widely used in public computing centers and other powerful computing systems.

The characteristic features of mainframe computers are:

high performance;

a variety of forms of processed data: binary, decimal, symbolic, with a large range of their change and a high degree of their representation;

an extensive range of operations performed, both arithmetic, logical, and special;

large capacity of RAM;

advanced organization of the information input-output system, providing connection of various types of external devices.

Problem-oriented computers are used to solve a narrower range of problems associated, as a rule, with the management of technological objects; registration, accumulation and processing of relatively small amounts of data; performing calculations using relatively simple algorithms; they have limited hardware and software resources compared to mainframe computers.

Problem-oriented computers include, in particular, all kinds of control computing systems.

Specialized computers are used to solve a narrow range of problems or to implement a strictly defined group of functions. Such a narrow orientation of computers makes it possible to clearly specialize their structure, significantly reduce their complexity and cost while maintaining high performance and reliability of their operation.

Specialized computers include, for example, programmable microprocessors for special purposes; adapters and controllers that perform the logical functions of controlling individual simple technical devices for coordinating and interfacing the operation of computer system nodes. Such computers also include, for example, on-board computers of cars, ships, aircraft, spacecraft. On-board computers control the means of orientation and navigation, monitor the state of the on-board systems, perform some automatic control and communication functions, as well as most of the functions of optimizing the object's operating parameters (for example, optimizing the object's fuel consumption depending on specific driving conditions). Specialized mini-computers focused on working with graphics are called graphic stations. Specialized computers that connect enterprise computers into one network are called file servers. Computers that provide the transfer of information between various participants in the worldwide computer network are called network servers.

In many cases, the tasks of specialized computer systems can be handled by ordinary mainframe computers, but it is believed that the use of specialized systems is still more efficient. The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness is the ratio of equipment productivity to the value of its cost.

In terms of size and functionality, computers can be divided into super-large, large, small, ultra-small (microcomputers).

The functionality of a computer determines the most important technical and operational characteristics:

speed, measured by the average number of operations performed by the machine per unit of time;

bit depth and forms of representation of numbers with which the computer operates;

nomenclature, capacity and speed of all storage devices;

nomenclature and technical and economic characteristics of external devices for storage, exchange and input-output of information;

types and throughput devices for communication and interfacing of computer nodes with each other (in-machine interface);

the ability of a computer to simultaneously work with several users and execute several programs simultaneously (multiprogramming);

types and technical and operational characteristics of operating systems used in the machine;

availability and functionality software;

the ability to execute programs written for other types of computers (software compatibility with other types of computers);

system and structure of machine instructions;

the ability to connect to communication channels and to a computer network;

operational reliability of computers;

coefficient beneficial use computer in time, determined by the ratio of time useful work and prophylaxis time.

Figure Scheme of classification of computers, based on their computing power and dimensions

Historically, large computers were the first to appear, the element base of which went from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits with an ultra-high degree of integration. The first mainframe computer ENIAC was built in 1946. This machine had a mass of more than 50 tons, a speed of several hundred operations per second, and a RAM with a capacity of 20 numbers; occupied a huge hall with an area of ​​100 sq.m.

The performance of large computers turned out to be insufficient for a number of tasks: forecasting weather conditions, managing complex defense complexes, modeling ecological systems, etc. This was a prerequisite for the development and creation of supercomputers, the most powerful computing systems that are intensively developing at the present time.

The appearance of small computers in the 1970s was due, on the one hand, to progress in the field of electronic element base, and on the other hand, to the redundancy of main computer resources for a number of applications. Small computers are used most often for process control. They are more compact and much cheaper than large computers.

Further advances in the field of element base and architectural solutions led to the emergence of a superminicomputer - a computer that belongs to the class of small computers in terms of architecture, size and cost, but is comparable in performance to a large computer.

The invention of the microprocessor in 1969 led to the appearance in the 70s of another class of computers - the microcomputer. It was the presence of a microprocessor that initially served as the defining feature of a microcomputer. Now microprocessors are used in all classes of computers without exception.

Supercomputers are the most powerful computers in terms of speed and performance. Supercomputers include "Cray" and "IBM SP2" (USA). They are used to solve large-scale computational problems and simulations, for complex calculations in aerodynamics, meteorology, high energy physics, and also find application in the financial sector.

Large machines or mainframes (Mainframe). Mainframes are used in the financial sector, the defense industry, and are used to equip departmental, territorial and regional computer centers.

Medium computers for general use are used to control complex technological production processes.

Mini-computers are oriented to use as control computing systems, as network servers.

Microcomputers are computers that use a microprocessor as the central processing unit. These include embedded microcomputers (embedded in various equipment, apparatus or devices) and personal computers PC.

Modern personal computers have almost the same characteristics as minicomputers of the eighties. On the basis of this class of computers, automated workstations (AWS) are built for specialists of various levels, they are used as a means of processing information in information systems.

Personal computers include desktop and laptop PCs.

Portable computers include Notebook (notebook or notebook) and personal digital assistants (Personal Computers Handheld - Handheld PC, Personal Digital Assistants - PDA and Palmtop).

3 Computer architecture

The classical principles of building computer architecture were proposed in the work of J. von Neumann, G. Goldsteig and A. Burks in 1946 and are known as "von Neumann principles". The authors have convincingly demonstrated the benefits binary system for the technical implementation of convenience and ease of performing arithmetic and logical operations in it. Computers began to process non-numeric types of information - textual, graphic, sound and others, but binary data coding is still information base any modern computer

3.1 Stored program principle

Initially, the program was set by installing jumpers on a special patch panel. It was a very labor intensive task. Neumann was the first to guess that a program could also be stored in the form of zeros and ones, and in the same memory as the numbers it processed. The absence of a fundamental difference between the program and data made it possible for the computer itself to form a program for itself in accordance with the results of calculations.

Von Neumann not only put forward the fundamental principles of the logical structure of a computer, but also proposed its structure (see Fig. 1), which was reproduced during the first two generations of computers.

The control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) in modern computers are combined into one unit - the processor, which is a converter of information coming from memory and external devices.

Memory (memory) stores information (data) and programs. The storage device of modern computers is "tiered" and includes random access memory (RAM) and external storage devices (OVD)

RAM is a device that stores the information with which the computer is working directly at a given time (the executable program, some of the data necessary for it, some control programs). VZU devices are much larger than RAM, but much slower.

3.2 The principle of sequential execution of operations

Structurally, main memory consists of numbered cells. Any cell is available to the processor at any time. This implies the ability to give names to areas of memory, so that the values ​​stored in them can later be accessed or changed during program execution using the assigned names.

4. PC device and their characteristics

Personal computers are computers that can only be used by one user at a time. Personal computers have only one workplace.

The term "configuration" of a computer is understood as a list of devices included in its composition.

In accordance with the principle of open architecture Hardware computers can be very different. But any personal computer has a mandatory and optional set of devices.

Mandatory set of devices:

Monitor - a device for outputting text and graphic information.

Keyboard - a device for entering textual information.

System block - association a large number various computer devices.

4.1 System block

The system unit is the most important unit of the computer. All other blocks, called external or peripheral devices, are connected to it. The system unit contains the main electronic components of the computer. The PC is built on the basis of VLSI (very large-scale integrated circuits), and almost all of them are located inside the system unit, on special boards (the board is a plastic plate on which electronic components are fixed and interconnected - VLSI, microcircuits, etc.). most important fee computer is motherboard. On it are CPU, coprocessor, random access memory - RAM and connectors for connecting controller boards of external devices.

The system block contains:

· power supply - a device that converts the AC voltage of the mains into a DC voltage of different polarity and magnitude, necessary to power the motherboard and internal devices. The power supply contains a fan that circulates air to cool the system unit.

system board (motherboard);

backbone (system bus);

processor;

· sound card;

video card (graphic card);

hard disk drives;

floppy disk drives;

Optical, magneto-optical and other storage media;

drive CD-ROM, DVD-ROM;

4.2 Monitor

Monitor - is one of the main universal means of information output, which shows what the computer is doing at the moment. The monitor is connected to the video card installed in the computer.

Monitors are available with different tubes - from 14 to 21 inches. The tube is measured diagonally from corner to corner - this does not apply to the horizontal width. Since the outer edges of the tube are partially hidden by the monitor body, the visible screen diagonal is always less than its specified size.

If you are going to publish books or magazines, or create scale drawings and diagrams, then you will need a 21-inch monitor. But if you are a regular user, then a 15 or 17-inch monitor will be enough for you.

The monitor's control panel may have controls, buttons, or a combination of both. All but the cheapest monitors have setup instructions displayed on the screen. Adjustment options allow you to change the brightness, contrast, and position of the image on the screen.

Some monitors (most of them of an outdated type) have built-in speakers and a microphone, and sometimes a built-in video camera for video conferencing.

4.3 Keyboard

The keyboard ranks first in the hierarchy of input devices. Besides complete set alphabet letters, numbers, and mathematical symbols, the keyboard has control keys such as tab and carriage return. In addition, there are keys associated exclusively with commands - for example, moving the cursor around the screen, moving to the beginning or end of a document, and deleting errors. The main function of the keyboard is to enter numeric and textual information. The keyboard comes in different colors and shapes, but regardless of appearance generates a standard set of digital codes recognized by a computer. The keyboard consists of a microprocessor, as well as 104 keys and 3 light indicators informing about the operating modes in the upper right corner. The cable draws power from the computer and routes it to the keyboard. The contacts under each key are wired to the microprocessor so that each of the keys can be easily identified. When a key is pressed, there is a deviation in the electrical flow. The microprocessor sends a code to the computer called a keyboard polling code. It also detects when two keys have been pressed at the same time, as in the case of using Shift to type capital letters. In cheap keyboards, the contacts under the key resemble sandwiches on a flexible membrane. They break down faster than expensive models that use mechanical per-key switches. The difference is also in the quality of work and the noise produced.

Standard keyboards have a QWERTY layout (the name comes from the first six English letters in the top row) and come in the following types: dirt-repellent and water-repellent; ergonomic keyboards for children and infrared, which do not require a cable connection.

4.4 Ports

Peripheral I/O devices are connected to the ports. Port connectors are usually installed directly on the motherboard and placed on the back of the computer. The ports interact with the southbridge of the chipset, it is also possible that some ports are served by a specialized SuperlO chip, which, in turn, interacts with the southbridge. Ports are also called interfaces. You can find connectors for the following ports (interfaces) on the back of the computer.

Serial port (COM). It has been present in computers for more than two decades, but recently it has not been used very often. Initially, computers had two serial ports COMI and COM2, however, many modern boards have a COMI-only connector, and some newer boards do not have a serial port as obsolete.

Parallel port (LPT). Some models of printers, scanners and other devices are connected to it. The standard parallel port is not very fast, so its accelerated ECP or EPP modes are used. This port is also obsolete and may not be available on some new cards.

game port. Joysticks, steering wheels and other game manipulators are connected to it. Newer computers do not have this port, and modern gaming devices connect using USB.

PS/2 port. Most computers have two of these dedicated ports, one for a keyboard and one for a mouse. If they are not, then the keyboard and mouse should be connected to the USB connector.

USB. The most popular interface for a wide variety of peripherals. The back panel usually has 2 to 8 USB connectors in addition, several connectors may be present on the front of the computer

IEEE 1394 (FireWire). High speed serial port for digital video devices. Not every motherboard supports IEEE 1394, so you usually have to purchase an additional controller to work with digital video.

Audio adapter connectors. Each motherboard comes with a built-in audio adapter, and there are usually several connectors on the back panel for connecting speakers, a microphone, and other audio devices. Recently, more and more often you can find high-quality multi-channel audio adapters (HD Audio), as well as new types of connectors: optical and coaxial.

VGA. Used to connect a monitor. If you have an integrated video adapter, this connector will be present on the back of the motherboard.

4.5 Mouse

The computer mouse doesn't look like its namesake, but the name has stuck with it. The main task of the mouse is to control the movement of the cursor on the screen.

All mice work pretty much the same. The ball inside the mouse rubs against the rollers. At the end of each roller there is a disc and a motion detection sensor. Also, the rotation of the ball is transmitted to two plastic shafts, the position of which is read with great accuracy by infrared optocouplers (that is, "light emitter-photodetector" pairs). One roller rotates as you move the mouse from left to right, and the other as you move back and forth. These movements are captured in the on-screen pointer instruction.

Most mice are optical-mechanical. But there are completely mechanical and optical options. The mechanical parts of the mouse are a rubber-coated steel ball and two (or more) rollers. The rollers work with optical detectors that detect horizontal and vertical movements. Additional rollers are needed to stabilize the ball - to make its movements smoother. As you move the mouse, the rollers capture the degree, speed, and direction. This data is sent to a computer. The user presses one of the mouse buttons. signal is sent to operating system and tells the software which key was pressed. The software then runs the job.

There are three ways to connect a mouse to a computer. Most mice connect to a PS/2 port, which all modern computers. In older computers, mice are connected to a serial port. Some mice are connected via a USB port (this is how laser mice are connected to a computer). Only new computers have this port.

The resolution of mice is usually about 600 dpi (dot per inch - dots per inch). This means that when you move the mouse 1 inch (2.54 cm), the mouse pointer on the screen moves 600 points.

Mice usually have two control buttons that are used when working with the graphical interface of programs. Currently, mice have appeared with an additional wheel, which is located between the buttons. It is intended for scrolling up or down images, texts or Web pages that do not fit entirely on the screen.

Modern models of mice are often wireless - they connect to a computer without a cable, using ordinary batteries.

In laptop computers, instead of a mouse, a touchpad (from the English word TouchPad) is used, which is a rectangular panel that is sensitive to finger movement and finger pressure. Moving your finger across the touchpad surface translates into cursor movement on the monitor screen. Pressing the touchpad surface is equivalent to pressing a mouse button.

5. Structural scheme and PC device

The main device of a PC is motherboard, which defines its configuration. All PC devices are connected to this board using connectors located on this board. The connection of all devices into a single system is provided using a system bus (bus), which is a data transmission line, addresses and control.

The core of a PC is formed by a processor (central microprocessor) and main memory, consisting of random access memory and read-only memory (ROM) or reprogrammable read-only memory (PROM). ROM is intended for recording and permanent storage of data.

Connecting all external devices: keyboard, monitor, external memory, mouse, printer, etc. provided through controllers, adapters, cards.

Controllers, adapters or cards have their own processor and their own memory, i.e. are a dedicated processor.

Microprocessor .

The central microprocessor (a small chip that performs all calculations and information processing) is the core of a PC. IBM PCs use microprocessors from Intel and compatible microprocessors from other manufacturers.

Microprocessor components:

The ALU performs logic and arithmetic operations

Control device controls all PC devices

Registers are used to store data and addresses

· Bus and Port Control Scheme - prepares devices for data exchange between the microprocessor and the input-output port, and also manages the address and control bus.

The main characteristics of the processor:

· Bit depth - the number of binary digits simultaneously processed when executing one command. Most modern processors are 32-bit processors, but 64-bit processors are also available.

Clock frequency - the number of cycles of the device per unit of time. The higher clock frequency, the better the performance.

The presence of a built-in mathematical coprocessor

· Availability and size of cache memory.

· RAM

Random access memory (RAM or RAM) is a memory area designed to store information during one session of working with a computer. Structurally, RAM is made in the form of integrated circuits.

From it, the processor reads programs and initial data for processing into its registers, and writes the results to it. This memory got the name "operational" because it works very quickly, as a result, the processor does not have to wait when reading or writing data to memory.

However, the speed of RAM is lower than the speed of processor registers, so the processor rewrites data from RAM into registers before executing instructions. According to the principle of action, dynamic memory and static memory are distinguished.

Dynamic memory cells are microcapacitors that accumulate charge on their plates. Static memory cells are flip-flops that can be in two stable states.

The main parameters that characterize the RAM are the capacity and the memory access time. RAM type DDR SDRAM (synchronous memory with double data transfer rate) is considered the most promising for PCs.

Cache

The computer needs to provide fast access to RAM, otherwise the microprocessor will be idle and the computer will slow down. Therefore, modern computers are equipped with cache memory or scratch memory.

If there is a cache memory, the data from the RAM is first rewritten into it, and then into the processor registers. When re-accessing the memory, first, the necessary data is searched in the Cache memory and the necessary data from the Cache memory is transferred to the registers, therefore, the performance is increased.

Controllers

Only the information stored in RAM is available to the processor for processing. Therefore, it is necessary that its RAM contains the program and data.

In a PC, information from external devices (keyboards, hard drive etc.) is transferred to RAM, and information (results of program execution) from RAM is also displayed on external devices(monitor, HDD, printer, etc.).

Thus, the computer must exchange information (input-output) between the RAM and external devices. Devices that exchange information between RAM and external devices are called controllers or adapters, sometimes cards. Controllers, adapters or cards have their own processor and their own memory, i.e. are a dedicated processor.

Controllers or adapters (schemes that control external computer devices) are on separate boards that are inserted into unified connectors (slots) on the motherboard

System highway.

The system highway (bus) is a set of wires and connectors that ensure the integration of all PC devices into a single system and their interaction.

To connect controllers or adapters, modern PCs are equipped with slots such as PCI. PCI - E Express slots for connecting new devices to a faster data bus. AGP slots are designed to connect a video adapter

To connect drives ( hard drives and CDs) are used IDE interfaces and SCSI. An interface is a set of means for connecting and communicating computer devices.

Peripheral devices (printers, mice, scanners, etc.) are connected through special interfaces called ports. Ports are installed on the back wall of the system unit.

PC configuration expansion slots (connectors) are designed to connect additional devices to the computer's main data bus. The main expansion boards designed to connect additional devices to the bus include:

Video adapters (video cards)

Sound cards

· Internal modems

Network adapters (for connecting to a local network)

· SCSI - adapters

external memory. Drive classification

Hard drives are used to store programs and data in a PC various types. Drives are devices for writing and reading information from various storage media. There are drives with removable and built-in media.

According to the type of storage media, drives are divided into magnetic tape drives and disk drives. Tape drives include streamers, etc. A broader class of drives are disk drives.

According to the method of writing and reading information to the media, disk drives are divided into magnetic, optical and magneto-optical.

Disk drives include:

floppy disk drives;

drives on non-replaceable hard drives (hard drives);

Removable hard disk drives

drives on magneto-optical disks;

Optical disc drives (CD-R CD-RW CD-ROM) with write-once and

Optical DVD drives (DVD-R DVD-RW DVD-ROM, etc.)

Additional devices

Peripherals are devices that connect to PC controllers and extend its functionality.

According to their purpose, additional devices are divided into:

input devices (trackballs, joysticks, light pens, scanners, digital cameras, digitizers)

output devices (plotters or plotters)
storage devices (streamers, zip drives, magneto-optical drives, HiFD drives, etc.)

exchange devices (modems)

6. Representation of information in a computer, units of information

The computer uses a binary number system, i.e. All numbers in a computer are represented by 0s and 1s, so the computer can only process information presented in digital form.

To convert numeric, text, graphic, sound information to digital, you need to apply coding. Encoding is the transformation of data of one type through data of another type. The computer uses a binary coding system based on the representation of data by a sequence of two characters: 1 and 0, which are called binary digits (binary digit - abbreviated bit).
Thus, the unit of information in a computer is one bit, i.e. a binary digit that can take on the value 0 or 1. Eight consecutive bits make up a byte. One byte can encode the value of one character out of 256 possible (256 = 2 to the power of 8). The larger unit of information is the kilobyte (KB), which is equal to 1024 bytes (1024 = 2 to the power of 10). Even larger data units: megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte (1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB).

Integers are encoded in binary quite simply (by dividing the number by two). To encode non-numeric information, the following algorithm is used: all possible values ​​of the encoded information are numbered, and these numbers are encoded using a binary code.

For example, to represent textual information, a character numbering table or a character encoding table is used, in which each character corresponds to an integer (serial number). Eight bits can encode 256 different characters.

The current ASCII standard (8 - bit system coding) contains two coding tables - basic and extended. The first table contains 128 basic characters, it contains the English alphabet character codes, and the second coding table contains 128 extended characters.

Since this standard does not include characters of national alphabets of other countries, in each country 128 extended character codes are replaced by characters of the national alphabet. Currently, there are many character encoding tables in which 128 extended character codes are replaced by characters of the national alphabet.

So, for example, the character encoding of the Russian language Widows - 1251 is used for computers that run under Windows. Another encoding for the Russian language is KOI - 8, which is also widely used in computer networks and the Russian Internet sector.

There is currently universal system UNICODE, based on a 16-bit character encoding. This 16-bit system provides universal codes for 65536 different characters, i.e. this table can accommodate characters from the languages ​​of most countries in the world.

To encode graphic data, for example, such a coding method as a raster is used. The coordinates of points and their properties are described using integers, which are encoded using a binary code. So black and white graphic objects can be described by a combination of dots with 256 gradations gray color, i.e. to encode the brightness of any point, an 8-bit binary number is sufficient.

The mode of representing color graphics in the RGB system using 24 bits (8 bits for each of the three primary colors) is called full color. For full color mode in the CMYK system, you must have 32 bits (four colors of 8 bits).

conclusions

The history of PC development consists of 5 stages:

The first generation of computers (1948-1958)

Second generation of computers (1959-1967)

Third generation of computers (1968-1973)

· The fourth generation of computers (1974-1982)

The fifth generation of computers

Each next generation of computers has, in comparison with the previous ones, significantly best performance. Thus, the performance of computers and the capacity of all storage devices increases, as a rule, by more than an order of magnitude.

The development of the PC has led to a faster and the easy way information processing. Computers have become available to everyone, and not just to a separate circle of people. The work of all strata of society has been facilitated.

PC Devices:

· System unit

· Keyboard

Monitor

Nowadays, PC devices also include speakers (for sound reproduction), a printer, a scanner, webcams, and more.

List of used literature

1. Ugrinovich N. D. Workshop on informatics and information technologies. - Binom.Laboratory of knowledge, 2004 - 106 pages.

2. Tsvetkova A.V. Informatics and information technologies, 2008 - 228 pages.

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thesis, added 02/19/2017


Personal computer components: power supply, motherboard, processor device, RAM, video and sound card, network adapter and hard drive. Removable media information. Monitor, keyboard and mouse. Peripherals.

Complex of technical means of information processing- this is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others.

A number of requirements are imposed on the complex of technical means:

Ensuring the solution of problems with minimal costs, the necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability

Ensuring high reliability

Minimum acquisition costs

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, which differ element base, design, use of various storage media, operational characteristics, etc.

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary means of processing.

fixed assets are tools for automated processing of information.

It is known that for the management of certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes the state and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, marketing, financial activity, etc.

The main means of technical processing include: means of registering and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, input means, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these tools are discussed in detail.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, data collection and recording are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic balance, a variety of counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars designed to draw up and record information about business transactions on machine media.

· Means of receiving and transmitting information.

Under the transfer of information refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects formed by data transmission and processing devices is called network . Combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They provide information exchange between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, the volume and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber stations (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

· Data preparation tools represented by devices for preparing information on machine media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

・Input tools serve to perceive data from machine media and enter information into computer systems

· Means of information processing play an important role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Processing tools include computers, which, in turn, are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers.

Microcomputer There are two types: universal and specialized. Both universal and specialized can be both multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers– work in time-sharing mode and in multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.

Mainframes– (main farms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

supercomputer- these are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all network stations and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources.

Universal Server It's called an application server.

Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now Marshall servers are the leader, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

· Means of displaying information used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on machine media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

Monitor- This is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output by a computer.

a printer- This is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

Plotter- This is a device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats to paper.

Auxiliaries- this is equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable.

Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and preventive means. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies, to delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communication tools, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

When designing technological processes, they are guided by the modes of their implementation. The mode of implementation of the technology depends on the volume and time features of the tasks being solved: periodicity and urgency, requirements for the speed of message processing, as well as on the regime capabilities of technical means, and primarily computers. There are: batch mode; real time mode; time sharing mode; regulatory regime; request; dialog; teleprocessing; interactive; single program; multiprogram (multi-processing).

Batch mode. When using this mode, the user does not have direct communication with the computer. Collection and registration of information, input and processing do not coincide in time. First, the user collects information, forming it into packages in accordance with the type of tasks or some other sign. (As a rule, these are tasks of a non-operational nature, with a long-term validity of the results of the solution). After the reception of information is completed, it is entered and processed, i.e., there is a processing delay. This mode is used, as a rule, with a centralized method of information processing.

Dialogue mode(request) mode, in which it is possible for the user to directly interact with the computer system during the user's work. Data processing programs are permanently stored in the computer memory if the computer is available at any time, or during a certain period of time when the computer is available to the user. The interaction of a user with a computer system in the form of a dialogue can be multifaceted and determined by various factors: the language of communication, the active or passive role of the user; who is the initiator of the dialogue - the user or the computer; response time; dialogue structure, etc. If the initiator of the dialogue is the user, then he must have knowledge of working with procedures, data formats, etc. If the initiator is a computer, then the machine itself tells at each step what to do with the various possibilities of choice. This method of operation is called “menu selection”. It provides support for user actions and prescribes their sequence. In this case, less training is required from the user.

The interactive mode requires a certain level of technical equipment of the user, i.e. the presence of a terminal or PC connected to the central computer system by communication channels. This mode is used to access information, computing or software resources. The ability to work in an interactive mode can be limited in terms of the start and end time of work, or it can be unlimited.

Sometimes a distinction is made between dialogue and interrogative modes, then the query is understood as a one-time access to the system, after which it issues a response and turns off, and the dialog is the mode in which the system issues a response after the request and waits for further user actions.

Real time mode. Means the ability of a computing system to interact with controlled or controlled processes at the pace of these processes. The reaction time of the computer must satisfy the pace of the controlled process or the requirements of users and have a minimum delay. As a rule, this mode is used in decentralized and distributed data processing.

Teleprocessing mode allows a remote user to interact with the computer system.

interactive mode implies the possibility of two-way interaction between the user and the system, i.e. the user has the ability to influence the data processing process.

Time Sharing Mode implies the ability of the system to allocate its resources to a group of users in turn. Computing system serves each user so quickly that it gives the impression of several users working at the same time. This possibility is achieved through the appropriate software.

Single program and multiprogram modes characterize the ability of the system to work simultaneously on one or more programs.

Regulatory regime characterized by the certainty in time of individual tasks of the user. For example, receiving results summaries at the end of the month, calculating payroll sheets for certain dates, etc. Terms of decision are set in advance according to the regulations, as opposed to arbitrary requests.

The following methods of data processing are distinguished: centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.

Centralized suggests presence. With this method, the user delivers the initial information to the CC and receives the results of processing in the form of effective documents. A feature of this processing method is the complexity and laboriousness of establishing a fast, uninterrupted connection, a large workload of CC information (since its volume is large), regulation of the timing of operations, organization of system security from possible unauthorized access.

decentralized treatment. This method is associated with the emergence of PCs, which make it possible to automate a specific workplace.

distributed way data processing is based on the distribution of processing functions between different computers included in the network. This method can be implemented in two ways: the first involves the installation of a computer in each network node (or at each level of the system), while data processing is carried out by one or more computers, depending on the actual capabilities of the system and its needs at the current time. The second way is to place a large number of different processors inside one system. This way is used in banking and financial information processing systems, where a data processing network is needed (branches, departments, etc.). Advantages of the distributed method: the ability to process any amount of data within a given timeframe; high degree of reliability, since in case of failure of one technical means it is possible to instantly replace it with another; reduction of time and costs for data transmission; increasing the flexibility of systems, simplifying the development and operation of software, etc. The distributed method is based on a complex of specialized processors, i.e. Each computer is designed to solve certain tasks, or tasks of its own level.

Integrated way of processing information. It provides for the creation information model managed object, that is, the creation of a distributed database. This method provides maximum convenience for the user. On the one hand, databases provide for collective use and centralized management. On the other hand, the amount of information, the variety of tasks to be solved require the distribution of the database. Integrated information processing technology improves the quality, reliability and speed of processing. processing is carried out on the basis of a single information array, once entered into the computer. A feature of this method is the technological and time separation of the processing procedure from the procedures for collecting, preparing and entering data.

The complex of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, maintenance and other means. A number of requirements are imposed on the complex of technical means:

Ensuring the solution of problems with minimal costs, the necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability

Ensuring high reliability

Minimum acquisition costs

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in element base, design, use of various information carriers, operational characteristics, etc.

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. This main and auxiliary processing means.

Auxiliary means are equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and preventive means. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies, to delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communication tools, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

Fixed assets are tools for automated processing of information. It is known that for the management of certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes the state and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, marketing, financial activity, etc. The main means of technical processing include: means of registering and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, input means, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these tools are discussed in detail.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, it is widely used devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and data logging. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars designed to draw up and record information about business transactions on machine media.

Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects formed by data transmission and processing devices is called a network. They combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They provide information exchange between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, the volume and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber stations (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Data preparation tools represented by devices for preparing information on machine media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

Input Tools serve to perceive data from machine media and enter information into computer systems

Information processing tools play an important role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Processing tools include computers, which, in turn, are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers. Microcomputer There are two types: universal and specialized.

Both universal and specialized can be both multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers– work in time-sharing mode and in multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.

Mainframes– (main farms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

supercomputer- these are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all network stations and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. The universal server is called - server-application. Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now Marshall servers are the leader, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

Means of displaying information used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on machine media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

Monitor- This is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output by a computer.

a printer- This is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

Plotter- This is a device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats to paper.

Technology - this is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor methods, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, ways of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology - this is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment. Their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, high initial costs and high technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.

The purpose of management information technology is to meet the information needs of all employees of the company, without exception, dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of management.

This technology is designed to work in the environment information system management and is used when the tasks being solved are worse structured when compared with the tasks solved with the help of information technology for data processing.

Management information technology is ideally suited to meet the similar information needs of employees of various functional subsystems (divisions) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or ad hoc management reports.

To make decisions at the level of managerial control, information must be presented in an aggregated form, so that trends in data changes, causes of deviations and possible solutions can be seen. At this stage, the following data processing tasks are solved:

assessment of the planned state of the control object;

assessment of deviations from the planned state;

Identification of the causes of deviations;

· analysis possible solutions and action.

Information technology management is aimed at creating various types of reports.

Regular reports are generated according to a set schedule that determines when they are generated, such as a monthly analysis of a company's sales.

Special reports are created at the request of managers or when something unplanned happened in the company. Both types of reports may take the form of summary, comparative and extraordinary reports.

V summarizing In reports, data is combined into separate groups, sorted and presented as intermediate and final totals for individual fields.

Comparative reports contain data obtained from various sources or classified according to various criteria and used for comparison purposes.

emergency reports contain data of an exclusively (emergency) nature.

The use of reports to support management is particularly effective in the implementation of so-called management, but variances. Deviation management assumes that the main content of the data received by the manager should be deviations of the state of the company's economic activity from certain established standards (for example, from its planned state). When using the principles of variance management in a company, the following requirements are imposed on the generated reports:

a report should only be generated when a deviation has occurred

information in the report should be sorted by the value of the indicator that is critical for this deviation;

It is desirable to show all deviations together so that the manager can catch the connection between them;

· In the report it is necessary to show the quantitative deviation from the norm.

Main Components

Input information comes from operational level systems. The output information is formed in the form management reports v convenient for decision making. The contents of the database are converted by appropriate software into periodic and ad hoc reports for the decision makers of the organization. The database used to obtain the specified information must consist of two elements:

1) data accumulated on the basis of an assessment of the operations conducted by the firm;

2) plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents that determine the planned state of the control object (firm division).

When introducing information technology into a firm, it is necessary to choose one of two main concepts that reflect the prevailing points of view on the existing structure of the organization and the role of computer information processing in it.

First concept focuses on existing firm structure. Information technology is adapting to the organizational structure, and there is only a modernization of working methods. Communications are poorly developed, only jobs are being rationalized. There is a distribution of functions between technical workers and specialists. The degree of risk from the introduction of new information technology is minimal, since the costs are insignificant and the organizational structure of the company does not change.

The main disadvantage of such a strategy is the need for continuous changes in the form of information presentation, adapted to specific technological methods and technical means. Any operational solution gets stuck at various stages of information technology.

TO virtues strategies can be attributed to the minimum degree of risk and cost.

Second concept I am oriented towards future firm structure. The existing structure will be modernized.

This strategy involves the maximum development of communications and the development of new organizational relationships. The productivity of the organizational structure of the company increases, since data archives are rationally distributed, the volume of information circulating through system channels is reduced, and a balance is achieved between the tasks to be solved.

Its main disadvantages include:

Significant costs at the first stage associated with the development of a general concept and examination of all departments of the company;

the presence of psychological tension caused by the proposed changes in the structure of the company and, as a result, changes in the staffing table and job responsibilities

The advantages of this strategy are:

Rationalization of the organizational structure of the company;

maximum employment of all workers;

high professional level;

· integration of professional functions through the use of computer networks.

The new information technology in the company should be such that the levels of information and the subsystems that process it are interconnected by a single array of information. There are two requirements for this. First, the structure of the information processing system must correspond to the distribution of powers in the firm. Secondly, the information within the system must function in such a way as to adequately reflect the levels of control.

To support new economic mechanisms NIT adequate to market relations should be developed. In particular, in modern conditions, banking and investment activities are undergoing changes, taxation is being improved, new types of management activities and market entities are emerging, which requires effective applied information technologies.

banking systems. The development and improvement of banking structures creates a need for new services of financial institutions. The decentralization of the banking system leads to a fundamentally new organization that requires the development of a concept for the integrated informatization of individual institutions to improve the efficiency of their own functioning, as well as to interact with each other, with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and with foreign partners. Banking information technologies should provide sufficient efficiency in the organization of settlements. In addition, this area of ​​banking is the most labor-intensive, contains a large amount of calculations and is characterized as routine.

The use of simulation modeling to build banking technologies is one of the most promising approaches to solving strategic problems. A banker can imitate the financial performance of a bank, evaluate the effectiveness and consequences of decisions made, and thus determine his policy in the financial market. Closely related to this area is the development expert systems, focused on both bank customers and bank specialists.

An extremely important issue of informatization of banking activity remains the organization of communication between Russian banks. Existing paper technology usually takes 2-3 days to transfer money. In this case, the delay may be due to both the very form of organization of settlements and the state of communications. The introduction of BAT can contribute to a way out of this crisis. Since independently developed and modernized software complexes are too expensive, the role of organizations specializing in the field of banking technologies and capable of solving banking problems in a comprehensive manner is increasing. The emerging products, called "banking platforms", which, from the point of view of a single unified functional base, common decision of all banking tasks, will determine the quality standards and functionality of automated banking information processing systems.

Exchange technologies. Experience has shown that the design of exchange computer systems is a logically complex, time-consuming and time-consuming work that requires high qualifications of all specialists involved in its implementation. The design of such complexes is traditionally based on intuition, expert assessments, expensive experimental checks of the functioning of the complex, and practical experience. In addition, with an increase in the number of users of exchange technology, the role of high performance of its functioning, which significantly depends on the design ideology, increases.

The introduction of modern exchange information technologies into practice should help to increase the economic efficiency of the exchange by expanding the scope of its activities in the regions of the country, accelerating the turnover of working capital, involving mass suppliers, intermediaries and buyers in the exchange process, ensuring the possibility of actively committing not only large-scale, but also medium- and small-scale transactions in mass quantities, automating labor-intensive and lengthy routine processes, collecting and analyzing applications from brokerage firms for buying and selling by computer, conducting automated trading (rate calculation, conclusion of transactions, execution of trading contracts and clearing settlements) by unified rules that ensure the protection of the interests of the investor, equal rights of all bidders, etc.

Management technologies. In market conditions, all procedures of production management are filled with new content. Any production is connected with flows of both internal and external information. Among the variety of incoming information, a manager needs only strictly defined ones to make a decision, and all the rest are information noise. In addition, most information does not appear where it is needed, so the ability to overcome this distance is of great importance for the successful solution of emerging problems. The resolution of the communication problem affects the speed of information receipt and its timeliness, which contributes to more effective work enterprises. This far from complete range of problems reveals the need to build a special management information system that contributes to their optimal solution. Currently, there are two main approaches to the construction of such systems. These are MIS-systems (ManagementInformationSystems), which, by the right time, in the "most convenient form, taking into account the generally accepted principle of economy, provide the information necessary for the manager about the past, present and future in accordance with the situation that has arisen. The second approach is based on DSS-systems (DecisionSupportSystems) , which are focused on the intellectual support of decision-making processes and aim to support the decisions being made.

The principle of selective distribution of information involves the systematization of information in accordance with the following requirements:

information must correspond to the level of management, which is expressed in its enlargement and compaction when moving from the lower to the upper level;

information should correspond to the nature of management and correspond to the totality of management objectives, i.e. for each level of control, information is provided that allows you to perform all the functions of the control process. For example, at the analysis stage, not only current, but also past and forecast data are used, actual values ​​are compared with planned ones, and the causes of deviations are identified.

Marketing technologies. A comprehensive study of marketing information flows requires the analysis of large amounts of information of a commercial and statistical nature. Marketing information technology is a set of procedures and methods designed to organize prospective and ongoing marketing research.

Tax information systems. The transformation of the tax system necessitates the modification, and sometimes even a radical restructuring of the relevant information technologies. Since the tax system of modern Russia has no analogues, in solving the problem of informatization of the activities of tax services, one cannot count on borrowing foreign software and mathematical products. Therefore, if effective technologies for collecting and processing the necessary information have been created to implement the official tax policy, then such a policy, no matter how successful and promising it may be, is doomed to failure. Reform ideologists who want to stimulate production and capital accumulation through a fair distribution of the tax burden need to clearly understand the possibilities of NIT.

Among the main directions of the concept of informatization of the tax system, it is advisable to single out:

· Creation of a unified complex information and analytical system designed to serve the tax services;

development of a modern communication network that provides information exchange both within the system and with external objects;

· preparation of cedars in the new information environment.

The following are proposed as the main principles of informatization of tax services:

· the complexity and consistency of informatization, its subordination to solving the problems facing the tax service at the present time and in the future;

· activity in meeting the information needs of users;

phasing and continuity in informatization;

distribution of information storage and processing;

· compatibility of system-wide and specialized databanks for input, output and basic tasks;

providing the user with convenient access to information within his competence; one-time input of information and its multiple, multi-purpose use; ensuring the required confidentiality of information

The technological process of data processing in information systems is carried out using:

technical means of collecting and recording data;

means of telecommunications;

storage, retrieval and data retrieval systems;

funds computational processing data;

technical means of office equipment.

In modern information systems, technical means of data processing are used in a complex manner, on the basis of a technical and economic calculation of the feasibility of their use, taking into account the price / quality ratio and the reliability of the technical means.

Information Technology

Information technology can be defined as a set of methods– techniques and algorithms for data processing and tools– software and technical means of data processing.

Information technology can be roughly divided into categories:

Basic information technologies are universal technological operations of data processing, which, as a rule, do not depend on the content of the information being processed, for example, launching programs for execution, copying, deleting, moving and searching for files, etc. They are based on the use of widely used software and hardware for data processing.

Special information technologies - a set of information-related basic information technologies designed to perform special operations, taking into account the content and / or form of data presentation.

Information technologies are a necessary basis for the creation of information systems.

Information Systems

An information system (IS) is a communication system for collecting, transferring, processing information about an object, supplying employees of various ranks with information to implement the management function.

IS users are organizational units of management - structural units, management personnel, performers. The content basis of IS is functional components - models, methods and algorithms for the formation of control information. The functional structure of IS is a set of functional components: subsystems, task complexes, information processing procedures that determine the sequence and conditions for their implementation.

The introduction of information systems is carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the production and economic activities of the facility through not only processing and storing routine information, automating office work, but also through fundamentally new management methods. These methods are based on modeling the actions of the organization's specialists when making decisions (artificial intelligence methods, expert systems, etc.), using modern means of telecommunications (e-mail, teleconferences), global and local computer networks, etc.

Classification of IP is carried out according to the following criteria:

nature of information processing;

scale and integration of IS components;

information technology architecture of IS.

According to the nature of information processing and the complexity of IP processing algorithms, it is customary to divide into two large classes:

IS for operational data processing. These are traditional ISs for accounting and processing large volume primary data using strictly regulated algorithms, a fixed database structure (DB), etc.

Support and decision-making IS. They are focused on the analytical processing of large amounts of information, the integration of heterogeneous data sources, the use of methods and tools for analytical processing.

Currently, the main information technology architectures have developed:

IS with centralized data processing,

file server architecture

client-server architecture.

Central processing involves the integration of the user interface, applications and database on one computer PS.

V architecture “file server” many network users are provided files host computer on the network, called file server. These can be individual user files, database files, and application programs. All data processing is carried out on users' computers. Such a computer is called workstation(RS). It installs the PS of the user interface and applications that can be entered both from the PC input devices and transmitted over the network from the file server. The file server can also be used for centralized storage of individual users' files that they send over the network from the PC. Architecture file server” is mainly used in local computer networks.

V architecture “client-server“The software is focused not only on the collective use of resources, but also on their processing at the location of the resource at the request of users. Client-server architecture software systems consist of two parts: server software and user-client software. The operation of these systems is organized as follows: client programs run on the user's computer and send requests to the server program that runs on the shared computer. The main data processing is performed by a powerful server, and only the results of the query are sent to the user's computer. So, for example, a database server is used in powerful DBMS, such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc., working with distributed databases. Database servers are designed to work with large amounts of data (tens of gigabytes or more) and a large number of users, while providing high performance, reliability and security. The "client-server" architecture, in a certain sense, is the main one in the applications of global computer networks.

The complex of technical means of information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, maintenance and other means. A number of requirements are imposed on the complex of technical means:

Ensuring the solution of problems with minimal costs, the necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregability

Ensuring high reliability

Minimum acquisition costs

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in element base, design, use of various information carriers, operational characteristics, etc.

Classification of technical means of information processing

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary means of processing.

Auxiliaries are equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable. Auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and repair and preventive means. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies, to delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communication tools, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

Fixed assets are the tools of labor for automated information processing. It is known that for the management of certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes the state and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, marketing, financial activity, etc. The main means of technical processing include: means of registering and collecting information, means of receiving and transmitting data, means of preparing data, input means, means of processing information and means of displaying information. Below, all these tools are discussed in detail.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the labor-intensive processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, data collection and recording are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, banknote counting machines, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production registrars designed to draw up and record information about business transactions on machine media.

Means of receiving and transmitting information. Information transfer refers to the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. An interacting set of objects formed by data transmission and processing devices is called a network. Combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They provide information exchange between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing facilities, the volume and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission means are represented by subscriber stations (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Data preparation tools are represented by devices for preparing information on machine media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

Input means are used to perceive data from computer media and enter information into computer systems.

Means of information processing play the most important role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Processing tools include computers, which, in turn, are divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers. Microcomputers are of two types: universal and specialized.

Both universal and specialized can be both multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in time-sharing mode (servers), and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers- work in time-sharing and multi-tasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and ease of operation.

Mainframes- (main farms) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. It is also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

supercomputer- these are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server - a computer dedicated to processing requests from all network stations and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. The universal server is called - server-application. Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now Marshall servers are the leader, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

Information display means are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on machine media, printing, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user from the keyboard or output by a computer.

The printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

The plotter is a device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats to paper.