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The right terms of reference for software development is the secret of a successful project. Software of the company's work on the example of "ooo system pc" Software systems examples

Every day, starting a personal computer, laptop or phone, we are faced with programs that serve us. Moreover, if you do not think about it, it seems that the use software starts the moment we launch a shortcut on the desktop. However, this is not the case.

Base

Let's understand what software is. In fact, it is a set of commands and program code enclosed in a graphical shell - an interface. But the interface is different and depends directly on the application and its purpose.

Any software consists of files that contain procedures and functions that the program follows during execution.

One of the first software models was the so-called Turing machine. In 1935, Alan Turing formulated mathematical model, according to which some abstract machine had to move from one state to another, executing elementary commands from a fixed set.

Let's start the analysis of the question of what software is, with its classification.

Operating system

Initially, different classes of software can be distinguished. The first and most basic need to be called system software. Interfaces, programs and codes without which it is impossible to work on a computer or other equipment using any software environment. This is the most essential software in your personal computer.

This class has two important subsections:

Basic software. It includes all kinds of operating systems, regardless of whether they are official or pirated, whether they run public applications or only 1-2 application programs for which this software environment was created. This group also includes various emulators and virtual machines, allowing you to simulate various software environments.
Service software is a separate group. As the name implies, it is designed to serve operating system and her protection. These include search engines, antiviruses, and diagnostic and troubleshooting tools for your PC.

By itself, system software is a collection of various programs and environments designed to support the operation of a personal computer and computer networks. The development of this type of software is a long and painstaking process, since the health of the workplace will depend on it. The system software performs the following tasks:

creating an environment for the functioning of application programs;
PC and network support;
diagnosing and preventing PC and LAN failures;
carrying out additional supporting operations, such as archiving, formatting, defragmentation, and others.

For computer

Another knowledge that enables us to understand what software is is an understanding of how software is developed. For this process, tool software is used, that is, a set of software and hardware tools used to write and compile the system code of application utilities.

Three subgroups can be distinguished in the tool software:

programming languages and systems;
integrated programming environments;
software complexes.

There are a great many programming languages, and all of them are divided into subgroups according to the principle of orientation - according to the scope of the tasks to be solved for the finished product.

It is impossible not to say a few words about what machine-oriented programming languages are. They serve to write software not for the end user, but to create supporting software code directly for the hardware. These languages make it possible to take into account the uniqueness of the architecture and principles of operation of a particular computer or, for example, a working machine in a factory that does not work under common operating systems.

For the user

Machine-independent programming languages perform the function of writing program codes, as well as application programs for ready-made shells and operating systems.

Procedurally oriented programming languages are specialized software. Examples are Pascal, Basic. These simple programming languages are used to write elementary application programs, functions and procedures. And also, to describe the algorithms for solving the tasks.
Domain-oriented languages - allow you to solve problems in narrower specific areas of programming, their examples can be called - Lisp, APL.
Object-oriented languages are more modern and convenient tools for creating application applications and creating different kinds software for the end user. Their main feature is the ability to make ready-made application elements, such as dialog boxes, fields for filling, buttons. To illustrate, languages such as C++ and Visual Basic can be mentioned.

What do we work with

The last class is application software. If you carefully read the article, you should have already guessed that this is nothing more than those programs, applications and games that we deal with in everyday life. But even such a simple concept is divided into subclasses by experts.

Perhaps the most common category of applications is multimedia. That is, video, audio, game playback programs. Anything that serves to entertain the end user. Thus, one of the greatest inventions of mankind from a working scientific tool turned into a means of entertainment for the general public.
Information retrieval software. As you understand, this various browsers and clients of Internet technology designed to receive information from the world wide web.
General purpose. These are the types of software used in everyday life only out of necessity. These are graphic and text editors, mail services, databases.
Problem-oriented. For instance, expert systems or audio and video conferencing systems.
Professional-level software environments. These are accounting and pedagogical systems, access control systems.

illustrative example

Having learned what software is, let's look at some real examples of programs and applications that we may encounter in real life.

1C Accounting. A vivid example of professional software that serves to work with accounting, the legal area, and many more supported and related areas.
Microsoft Office Word. The most understandable and accessible example of general purpose software. Almost everyone in their life has run this software package for writing a resume, abstract or report.
Microsoft Office Access. The simplest implementation of a database, which is also general purpose software.
Everyone has heard about the multimedia category. This is known to all Windows Media Player capable of playing both audio and video files.
Photoshop is another example of general purpose software. Being a professional graphics editor used by many printing companies, it also belongs to the professional level software environment.
If we talk about general-purpose software, then every person who has ever run a computer has come across it. This is the well-known Windows.

All of this is very common software. There is no point in giving examples of other programs. Nowadays, when even a child can develop applications, each user can download any of them to his liking, to replace well-known brands.

installation

Installing the software in most cases will not cause difficulties for regular user. Most of the applications that we use in everyday life are specifically targeted at the uninitiated user. A special module - an installer - is sewn into the finished program.

When you insert the software disc into the drive, the installer will automatically start. By navigating through the dialog boxes, you select the path on your hard drive where the software will be installed. If it is supporting software for your operating system, then it will be automatically installed in the required folder.

Some software, such as software required for application development, does not require installation. A working shortcut is launched in the program folder, followed by a development tool.

Installing software for some PC hardware such as motherboard or BIOS, may require special skills and professional knowledge, so do not hesitate to call a specialist in such cases.

Creation

Software development takes place in several stages.

The initial stage is the stage of the emergence and implementation of the idea. Creation of the design of the future application, as well as its functionality.
Alpha testing is an internal testing process. It and the addition of any functions are carried out within a limited circle of people, usually developers or people close to them.
Beta testing is carried out among consumers at the discretion of the manufacturer. This is the process of debugging a program.
Release Candidate. A program that has passed all stages of testing, with critical bugs found and fixed. Almost ready application for release.
And finally, release. Ready for release and replication product.
The last stage, which continues to last after the release - software support and application maintenance.

conclusions

So, as you now understand, the development and use of software is an inseparable part of our daily lives. It would seem that while performing the simplest actions on a personal computer, every day we encounter a variety of software created through the painstaking work of specialists specifically for users. The classification of programs and applications is so wide that it is impossible to say exactly what you are currently working with.

One of the essential conditions of the software license agreement is an indication of the permitted ways of using such software products. At the same time, we are not talking about a description of the functionality or the procedure for using programs for their intended purpose, as is often the case in many license agreements.

Since the license agreement is aimed at granting the right to use, the absence in it of an indication of the methods of use that meet the requirements of the law or their substitution by fictitious methods automatically entails the possibility of recognizing such an agreement as not concluded.

It's important to know! Copyright regulates the circulation of copies of works, including software. Therefore, legal methods of using the software should be understood only as actions aimed at transferring their copies to third parties. The extraction of useful properties of the software within the framework of the use of its copy does not apply by law to the methods of use.

The main ways of using works are listed in Article 1270 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Among them, the ways of using the software include the following:

software playback, i.e. there is the production of one or more copies of the software or its part in any material form, including recording in the computer memory;
software distribution by selling or otherwise disposing of its copies;
public demonstration of the software, that is, any demonstration of a copy of the software on the screen using a television frame or other technical means in a place open to the public, or in a place where there is a significant number of persons who do not belong to the usual family circle, regardless of whether the software is perceived in the place its demonstration or in another place at the same time as the demonstration of the Software;
import of software instances for distribution purposes;
software copy rental when the program is the main subject of the rental;
software modification, i.e. any changes thereof, including the translation of such a program or such a database from one language into another, with the exception of adaptation, that is, the introduction of changes carried out solely for the purpose of the operation of a computer program or database on specific technical means of the user or under the control of specific user programs;
making software available to the public in such a way that any person can access the Software from any place and at any time of his own choice (making available to the public), i.e. transmission of a copy over the Internet.

The list of ways to use the software established in Article 1270 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is open, i. legislation does not exclude the possibility of the existence of other ways. However, such methods should relate directly to the transfer of software instances, and not to the practical implementation of the functionality embedded in them, as we clearly illustrated above.

Attention! As a result, the use of programs for their functional purpose, the adaptation of programs by customizing them using the inherent internal capabilities do not apply to use. Hence, remote access to software and various cloud services based on it also cannot be considered as a legal way to use it.

Formulate the terms of the license agreement correctly.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

KRASNOGORSK STATE COLLEGE

COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND AUTOMATED SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

on the practice of obtaining primary professional skills

student of group 37

Boyarkin Alexander Sergeevich

Practice leader

from the enterprise _____________ / Dubrov Yu.V.

from KGC _____________ / Studenova O.V./

Introduction

1. Statement of the problem

1.1 Terms of Reference

Reasons for development

Purpose of development

Reliability Requirements

Requirements for information and software compatibility

Technical and economic indicators

Stages and stages of development

2. Main body

2.1 Description of the program

General information

Functional purpose

Description of the logical structure

General information about the program

Used software

Used technical means

Program structure

Program settings

Program check

2.3 Operator's manual

Purpose of the program

Program execution conditions

Program execution

General provisions

Operation of a computer (PC)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I, Alexander Sergeevich Boyarkin, a student of the Krasnogorsk State College, group 37, had an internship at PC System LLC. I was engaged in working with documents (Copying, Printing, Processing ... etc.)

1. Worked on software support.

2. BT hardware consulting

3. Tech. BT service

1 Problem statement

1.1 Terms of Reference

Reasons for development

The basis for the development of the program is the task issued for practice on obtaining primary professional skills by the head of the practice "LLC Sistema PK" Dubrov Yu.V.

Title of work: "MediaPlayer". Artist: Boyarkin A.S.

Purpose of development

The purpose of the software product is to create an application that is able to play MediaPlayer in the format "mp3.mid.wma.etc". The developed software is used for listening to music.

Requirements for the program or software product

The program allows you to listen to audio files

1.1.3.1 Performance requirements

The main functions of the program:

Play music in mp3, wma, etc.

1.1.4 Reliability requirements

The program must:

Work with a given functioning algorithm;

2) Produce uninterrupted work with the data file

1.1.5 Operating conditions and requirements for the composition and parameters of technical means

The operating conditions of the program are the same as those of the computer. The program should be designed for a non-professional user.

Minimum requirements for an electronic computer:

Processor: Intel Pentium

Frequency: 233MHz

RAM: 64 MB

1) Processor: Intel Pentium IV

2)Frequency: 1600MHz

3) RAM: 512MB

4) Keyboard and mouse.

1.1.6 Requirements for information and software compatibility

Operating System: Windows XP or higher

Programming language: Borland Delphi

Transport and storage requirements

The program is delivered on a laser data carrier. Program documentation is supplied in electronic and printed form.

Special requirements

The software should have a simple interface designed for a non-professional user.

Documentation for the accepted operational software (SW) must contain full information necessary for programmers to work with this program.

1.1.7 Requirements for software documentation

The main documents regulating the development of future programs should be the documents of the Unified Program Documentation System (ESPD): system programmer's manual, operator's manual, program description.

1.1.8 Technical and economic indicators

The effectiveness of the software is determined by the convenience of using it to assess the quality of knowledge, as well as the economic benefits received from the implementation of this program.

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1.1.9 Stages and stages of development

Head of production practice:

Studenova O.V

1.1.10 Inspection and acceptance procedure

Control and acceptance of development are carried out on the basis of tests of control and debugging examples. This checks the performance of all program functions.

1.2 Overview of existing solutions

The enterprise does not have a type of this software product For these reasons, it was decided to develop software that solves the problems described above.

1.3 Choosing a programming language

Currently, there are many different programming languages.

Visual Basic is the product of many years of evolution of the Basic language. Basically, this language is intended for creating programs that work in a dialogue mode with the user, "that is, in a visual mode. In terms of its complexity and capabilities, Visual Basic can be put on a par with Borland Delphi 7 or C ++.

Borland Delphi is a universal application development tool for Windows. All the advantages of Borland Delphi cannot be listed - it is a fast compiler, and a convenient development environment, and rich opportunities for working with databases, and a large set of components, this is of course a great visual programming environment, understandable, easy to learn and often does not require knowledge professional developer.

It is the uniqueness of Borland Delphi that allows you to create serious full-featured solutions in a short time. It is convenient in all respects, both for beginners and professionals. For beginners, it allows, with little effort and time, to create application programs that are outwardly indistinguishable from programs created by professional specialists. For professionals Borland Delphi provides the ability to create complex applications that work with any database. Currently Borland Delphi is one of the most popular software products for creating information systems. On its basis, both small programs and enterprise-scale systems are created.

The Borland Delphi integrated development environment was chosen for writing software due to the fact that in this work the task of developing a module was set as part of a project focused on the use of Borland o Delphi.

Unlike the Visual Basic 6.0 language, Borland Delphi has the ability to more convenient operation with databases with less time to connect them, add records to a table, and perform various operations on data in tables, and a more convenient interface for a non-professional user can be performed.

2 Main body

2.1 Description of the program

General information

This software is designed to listen to audio files for students.

The program is implemented in the Borland Delphi programming environment.

Functional purpose

This software solves the following tasks:

opening and displaying the audio player

the ability to select songs in the formats “mp3, wma, etc…”

2.1.3 Description of the logical structure

The program includes:

Browse audio files on your PC

audio file listening function

program technical system

Windows XP and above;

processor: Pentium IV;

frequency: 1600 MHz;

RAM: 512 MB;

video card: 32 MB;

keyboard and mouse.

2.2 System programmer's guide

General information about the program

The developed software is designed for fast and convenient listening to music

This program was created in the Borlabd Delphi programming language using the Borlabd Delphi compiler.

2.2.2 Software used

The program is launched on Windows XP and its later versions. Development environment - Borlabd Delphi.

2.2.3 Technical means used

Minimum hardware requirement for an electronic computer:

Processor: Intel Pentium

Frequency: 233MHz

RAM: 64MB

Free hard disk space: 15 MB

1) Processor: Intel Pentium IV

Frequency: 1600 MHz

RAM: 512Mb

Free hard disk space: 20 MB

Video card: 32 Mb

2.2.4 Program structure

Rice. 1 program structure

Form1 contains:

Label - used to display the file name

Edit - serves to display the playback path

Button - used to display a list of files

OpenDialog - used to open player format files

MediaPlayer - for playing audio files

There is also a Button button on the Form, pressing the button allows you to open a list of all files on your PC

Step 3. Connecting the program to the player file

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);

edit1.Text:= opendialog1.FileName; // Editing the text of the file name

If openDialog1.Execute then begin // If the dialog box is opened, the program will start

MediaPlayer1.FileName:=openDialog1.FileName; //Open a dialog with the file name

MediaPlayer1.Open; // Start the player

Program settings

The program, designed for a non-professional user, does not require any configuration.

Copy the folder to any directory, for example to local disk C:\ (C:\Program Files\BoyaraPlayer) run the file "BoyaraPlayer.exe"

Program check

Test object

The object of testing is a media player that allows you to play music in different formats

Purpose of testing

The purpose of the test is to check the reliability of the program.

Program Requirements

The program should be designed to be user-friendly.

In addition, the program should have a friendly, intuitive interface, similar to that commonly used in standard Windows applications.

Requirements for software documentation

The composition of the program documentation:

program description;

program text;

system programmer's guide;

operator's manual.

2.3 Operator's manual

Purpose of the program

The program is designed for easy use of listening to MediaPlayera

Windows XP and above;

processor: Pentium;

frequency: 233MHz

RAM: 64 MB;

video card: 32 MB;

windows XP SP2 and above;

processor: Pentium IV;

frequency: 1600 MHz;

RAM: 512 MB;

video card: 64 MB;

keyboard and mouse.

3. Safety precautions during operation by operation (PC)

3.1 General

1) This manual provides for safety measures that should be followed during maintenance and operation of the computer (PC).

The instruction is obligatory for persons carrying out any work on the operation and " maintenance COMPUTER (PC), i.e. for engineers, programmers, electronics engineers.

It is forbidden to operate a computer (PC) with the ventilation system turned off.

It is forbidden to operate a computer (PC) at a temperature of more than 35 degrees. C. and humidity over 90%.

5) Employees who have studied the rules for the technical operation of devices are allowed to work on the operation and maintenance of a computer (PC), this manual who have passed the PTB exam and have a certificate for the right to operate electrical installations up to 1000V.

3.2 Operation of a computer (PC)

1) Turn on the computer (PC) according to the instructions for turning it on and off for this computer.

2) Before turning on the computer (PC), it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the hardware log and make sure that all computer devices were in good working order when working earlier.

Conclusion

As part of the practice of obtaining primary professional skills, an application for listening to media files was developed. As a result of the development, the following conclusions can be drawn:

When developing the application, a full cycle of program design was completed from setting the task by the customer to putting the finished application into operation.

The developed application allows:

Listen to MediaPlayer;

Consistently select music with mp3.wma formats for further exploitation;

Further development of the program will be carried out through its modernization: the introduction of new formats, as well as the writing of new, additional modules, as needed.

Thus, summing up the results of the design, it should be noted that the goal and objectives were achieved in it.

Bibliography

GOST 7.1-84 Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and rules for compilation.

GOST 19.201 - 78. Unified system of program documentation. Technical task. Requirements for content and design.

GOST 19.401 - 78. Program text. Requirements for content and design.

GOST 19.402 - 78. Description of the program.

GOST 19.503 - 79. System programmer's guide. Requirements for content and design.

GOST 19.505 - 79. Operator's manual. Requirements for content and design.

GOST 24.207 - 80. Requirements for the content of software documents.

Flenov M.E. The programmer's bible Delphi environment, 2009.

Standards unified system program documentation (ESPD).

Shishkin V.V. Methodical instructions for the course project. -Smolensk, 2002.

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1. Introduction

1.1. Program name

Name of the program: "10-Strike: Inventory of Computers" for accounting computers in the enterprise network "

1.2. Purpose and scope

The program "10-Strike: Computer Inventory" is designed to inventory computers in local networks, it allows network administrators to create and maintain a database of inventory and accounting of computers, components, programs and licenses with the ability to view and trackremote computer configurations. It also allows you to keep track of hardware and software. on them.

AND c Fillers:

Cperformers: no

2. Requirements for the program

2.1. performance requirements

The program should provide the ability to perform the following basic functions:

1) Collection of information in an organization with any structure

1.1. Obtaining information on various data groups (more than 50) of hardware and software;

1.2. Collecting information from the local and remote computers and smartphones under Windows control(WMI, NetBios, registry), Linux and MacOS (via SSH), Android (SSH);

1.3.Three ways to collect information: , , .

Flexible setup collection of information from computers without administrator rights and computers without a network, as well as for computers from remote branches and mobile computers employees on business trips.

2. Reporting preparation

2.1. Maintaining a database of computers with the creation of their own fields for accounting data about the user and inventory;

3. Notification of changes and detected problems

3.1. Control of changes in hardware and software on network computers;

3.2. Notification about changes in configurations on computers;

3.3. Notification about detected problems (little hard disk space, license key expires);

4. Accounting for applications and licenses

4.1. Accounting for license information, accounting for licensed software purchases, detecting problems related to the license policy;

4.2 Application manager. Maintenance of black and white lists of software, prohibited and allowed. Reports on software installations;

4.3. Summary analysis of configurations, filtering data by various categories to find out computers with low performance or find out potential problems.

2.2. Reliability Requirements

2.2.1 Requirements for ensuring the reliable operation of the program

Reliable (sustainable) operation of the program must be ensured by the implementation by the Customer of a set of organizational and technical measures, the list of which is given below:

a) organization uninterruptible power supply technical means;

b) use of licensed software;

c) regular implementation of the recommendations of the Ministry of Labor and social development of the Russian Federation set forth in the Decree of July 23, 1998 On the Approval of Intersectoral Standard Time Standards for Maintenance of PCs and Office Equipment and Maintenance of Software”;
d) regular compliance with the requirements of GOST 51188-98. Data protection. Testing software for availability computer viruses

2.2.2. Recovery time after failure

The recovery time after a failure caused by a hardware power failure (other external factors), a non-fatal failure (not a crash) of the operating system, should not exceed 30 minutes, subject to the operating conditions of the hardware and software.
Recovery time after a failure caused by a malfunction of hardware, a fatal failure (crash) of the operating system, should not exceed the time required for troubleshooting hardware and reinstalling software.

2.2.3. Failures due to incorrect actions of system users

Program failures due to incorrect user actions when interacting with the program through the Web interface are unacceptable.

3. Operating conditions

3.1. Climatic operating conditions

The climatic operating conditions under which the specified characteristics must be ensured must meet the requirements for technical equipment in terms of their operating conditions.

3.2. Requirements for qualifications and number of personnel

Several administrators can work with the programcdifferentiation of access rights.

In this case, the first user who runs the program gets full access to the database. Other users will work in read-only mode and will receive a notification with the name of the computer that blocked access when the program starts. In this mode, they can view and search for information, create reports, but not update the database (for example, MS Word works the same way when opening files over a network)

The list of tasks performed by the administrator may also include:

a) the task of maintaining the operability of technical means;

b) the tasks of installing (installing) and maintaining the operability of system software - the operating system;

c) the task of installing (installing) the program.
d) the task of creating backups information base.

e) matching license keys and serial numbers software products

f) identifying users who violate license agreement, as well as keeping records of licenses;

g) adding computers from the range of IP addresses, etc.;

3.3. Requirements for the composition and parameters of technical means

There are no special requirements for the composition and parameters of technical means.

Successfully works with base more than 10000 computers.

3.4. Requirements for information and software compatibility

3.4.1. Requirements for information structures and solution methods

Using to collect information from computers and conduct an inventory, the program is installed only on the administrator's computer anddoes not require installation of programs on users' computers. The data collection process is carried out in background, multiple computers are polled in parallel, freeing up time to view data and prepare reports. Polling is carried out using the WMI and SSH protocols, allowing you to poll Windows, Linux and MacOS computers, as well as Android devices.

The organization structure is imported from Active Directory.

To poll computers running Linux, you can use the protocolSSH. Must be on carsSSH-server.

The program can work with MS SQL, MySQL, Oracle DBMS. Russian DBMS Linter and Postgre are supported.

3.4.1.2. Requirements for queries of data users from the database

Users and administrators work with the database through the Web interface.

The program collects data using WMI technology.

If for some reason it is impossible to use WMI on the network (security policy or Windows Home versions), the program supportstwo more alternative ways collection of informationfrom computers: using agents and clients. Clients allow even computers to be polled without network and travel laptops.

3.4.2. Requirements for source codes and programming languages

Additional requirements are not presented.

The system software used by the program must be a licensed localized version of the Windows Vista/7/8/10 operating system.

3.4.4. Requirements for the protection of information and programs

There are no requirements for the protection of information and programs.

3.5. Special requirements

The program must ensure the simultaneous operation of several administrators and users through the Web interface.

4. Requirements for software documentation

4.1. Preliminary composition of program documentation

The composition of the program documentation should include:

4.1.1. technical task;

4.1.2. program and test methods;

4.1.3. operator's manual;

5. Technical and economic indicators

5.1. Economic benefits of development

Estimated economic efficiency is not calculated. The analogy is not carried out due to the uniqueness of the requirements for development.

6. Stages and stages of development

6.1. Development stages

Development should be carried out in three stages:

1. development of technical specifications;

2. working design;

3. implementation.

6.2. Development stages

At the stage of development of the terms of reference, the stage of development, coordination and approval of this terms of reference must be completed.
At the stage of detailed design, the following stages of work should be performed:

1. development of the program;

2. development of program documentation;

3. test program.

At the implementation stage, the development stage, the preparation and transfer of the program, should be completed.

6.3. The content of the work by stages

At the stage of development of the terms of reference, the following works should be performed:

formulation of the problem;

definition and clarification of requirements for technical means;

definition of requirements for the program;

determination of stages, stages and terms of development of the program and documentation for it;

coordination and approval of the terms of reference.
At the stage of program development, work must be done on programming (coding) and debugging the program

At the stage of development of program documentation, the development of program documents should be carried out in accordance with the requirements for the composition of the documentation. At the testing stage of the program, the following types of work must be performed:
a). development, coordination and approval of test methods;b). carrying out acceptance tests;

c)correction of the program and program documentation based on test results.

At the stage of preparing and transferring the program, work must be done to prepare and transfer the program and program documentation to operation at the Customer's facilities.

7. Procedure for control and acceptance

7.1. Test types

Acceptance tests must be carried out at the Customer's site within the agreed time frame. Acceptance tests of the program must be carried out in accordance with the Program and test methods developed by the Contractor and agreed by the Customer. The progress of the acceptance tests is documented by the Customer and the Contractor in the Test Protocol.

7.2. General requirements for acceptance of work

Based on the Test Protocol, the Contractor, together with the Customer, signs the Program Acceptance and Commissioning Certificate.

Web search technology

With the growth in the number of sites and the increase in the amount of information posted on the pages of the Internet, it became necessary to structure links on various topics. For this purpose, thematic directories were created, in which links to Internet resources sorted by topic were stored. Links were placed in directories either by site owners or by specialists, employees of directories. In response to a request, the client could receive relatively a large number of links. At the same time, the degree of compliance of the page theme with the query theme (relevance) was high.

Gradually, the process of cataloging and searching for links to pages was automated. Search engines have emerged that crawl existing Internet resources and index sites for keywords frequently found on pages. The role of man in this process has decreased. The number of links-responses to the request has increased. But the relevance at the same time was lower than in the directories. Search algorithms, the software involved in the systems are constantly being improved. And now the line between directories and search engines is gradually blurred. Most successful directories have included search engines, thereby expanding the boundaries of the search for requested topics.

Now a search engine is a software and hardware system with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information in . This is usually the site that hosts the system interface. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) - a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company.

Most search engines search for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can search for files on , products in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups.

The first search engine for the World Wide Web was "Wandex", a defunct index. With help special program"World Wide Web Wanderer" automatically or according to a given schedule, any actions were performed through the same interfaces as a regular user. Developed by Matthew Gray of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. Also in 1993, the Aliweb search engine appeared, which still works today.

The first full-text (so-called "crawler-based", that is, indexing resources with the help of a robot) search engine was WebCrawler, launched in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it allowed users to search for any keywords on any web site. page - this has since become the standard in all major search engines. In addition, it was the first search engine, which was known in wide circles. In 1994, "Lycos" was launched, developed at Carnegie Melon University.

Many other competing search engines soon emerged, such as Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista. In a sense, they competed with popular online directories such as Yahoo!. Later directories merged or added search engines to themselves to increase functionality. In 1996, a morphological extension to the Altavista search engine and the original Russian search engines Rambler and Aport became available to Russian-speaking Internet users. On September 23, 1997, the Yandex search engine was opened.

Recently, the practice of using cluster analysis methods (“intelligent” grouping of results when searching for files, websites, and other objects, providing the user with the ability to quickly navigate, select a obviously more relevant subset and exclude a obviously less relevant one) and search by metadata has become increasingly popular. . Of the international machines of this kind, Vivísimo's Clusty is the most famous. In 2005, with the support of Moscow State University, the Nigma search engine was launched in the Russian expanses, which supports automatic clustering. In 2006, the Russian metamachine Quintura was opened, offering visual clustering in the form of a tag cloud. Nigma also experimented with visual clustering.

In addition to search engines for the World Wide Web, there were also search engines for other protocols, such as Archie for searching anonymous FTP servers and "Veronica" for Gopher searches.

According to Net Applications, in November 2011, the distribution of search engine usage was as follows:

In Belarus, the situation with search engines looks like this (according to Liveinternet):

Working with the thematic catalog: refining the topic, searching by keywords in the catalog or in the current section

Directory of Internet sites, or directory of Internet resources, or simply Internet directory - a structured set of links to sites with a brief description of them. In a search engine database, web sites are grouped into hierarchical subject directories, which are analogous to a subject directory in a library. Top-level topics such as Internet, Computers, Science and Education, and so on, contain nested directories. For example, the Internet catalog may contain subdirectories Search, Mail, etc. Sites within the catalog are divided into topics, and within the topics they can be ranked either by citation index (as in Yandex or Google catalogs), or by date added, or alphabetically, or by another option. Search directories are created manually, i.e. information in them is entered by people.

Searching for information in a directory is reduced to selecting a specific directory, after which the user will be presented with a list of links to the Internet addresses of the most visited and informative web sites. Each link is usually annotated, i.e. it contains a short commentary on the content of the document.

The peculiarity of catalogs is that they are more effective when searching for collections of information on a specific general topic, for example, “trade union movement”, “newspaper editorial offices in the Urals”, and not when searching for an answer to a specific question.

Global directories: Open Directory Project, also known as DMOZ.Directory, Yahoo!, AboutUs.org,.
Russian catalogs: @mail.ru catalog, Yandex, Wapalta catalog, RINTooby, Amiso catalog.
Belarusian catalogs: TUT.BY, URL.BY, OPEN.BY.

Working with search engines

The search server contains a large number of links to a wide variety of documents, and all these links are organized into subject directories. For example: sports, movies, cars, games, science, etc. Moreover, these links are set by the server independently, automatically by regularly viewing all the links that appear in world wide web web pages. In addition, search engines provide the user with the ability to search for information by keywords. After entering keywords search server starts viewing documents on other web servers and displays links to those documents in which the specified words are encountered. Typically, search results are sorted in descending order by a special document rating that indicates how well a given document matches the search criteria or how often it is requested on the web.

Keyword search

The search for a document in the database of the search engine is carried out by entering queries in the search field. The request must contain one or more keywords that are the main ones for this document. Some time after sending the request, the search engine will return a list of Internet addresses of documents in which the specified keywords.

To obtain top scores search, you need to remember a few simple rules:

Don't search for information on just one keyword.
It is best not to enter keywords in capital letters, as this may result in the same words written in lower case not being found.
If your search doesn't return any results, check for spelling errors in your keywords.
Modern search engines provide the ability to connect to the generated query of a semantic analyzer. With its help, you can, by entering a word, select documents in which there are derivatives of this word in various cases, tenses, etc.

Searching web pages in search engines in advanced search mode

To perform advanced Internet searches, regular expressions must be used. Regular expressions allow you to search for some pattern of a word or expression, which includes both the letters of the word to be found and the characters to be replaced by other, arbitrary characters.

The following characters are used in regular expressions:
? - a symbol indicating that any letter or number can appear in place of this character. For example, the regular expression m?l matches the words "small", "mayor" and "chalk".
* - a character indicating that an arbitrary number of any characters can occur in its place, including an empty set of characters. For example, the regular expression "M*" means any word that begins with an uppercase Russian letter "M".

These characters can be combined. For example, the pattern: "(?* )" will search for all non-empty expressions enclosed in regular (round) brackets.

Other regular expressions are rare. These are: "[", "]", "(,)", "^". Note that regular expressions "replace" characters, so they cannot search for themselves.

Usage regular expressions allows many times to "reduce entities" when searching for keywords. For example, typing the query: new?? car* you will get a response containing the words "new", "new", "car", "cars", etc. This query is processed much faster and more accurately than a simple enumeration of words.

With a combination of queries containing several words, a situation may arise when you need to find not just keywords, but, for example:

so that all keywords are present in the text of the pages found;
so that at least one word is present in the text of the found pages (this mode is used when searching initially);
so that certain words are necessarily present in the text of the pages found, and others are not found.

To write such queries, you need to use Boolean algebra expressions: "AND", "OR", "NOT". They are designated respectively as "&", "|" and "~". request<выражение 1> & <выражение 2>satisfies the mandatory simultaneous presence of both expressions in the response. request<выражение 1> | <выражение 2>satisfies the presence of at least one expression in the response. And finally the request<выражение 1>~<выражение 2>is executed only if the first expression is present and the second expression is absent in the response. Queries can be combined using parentheses, for example: old?? | antique??) & car* .
Many search engines allow you to take into account the distance between words when searching. Conventionally, the “distance” between words is the number of extraneous words that occur together with the words for which the full-text search is conducted. Let's take an example. If a search query is specified in the form of the following phrase: wide table, then the distance between these words in the text for different phrases will be:

wide table - two words;
wide desk - three words;
wide open space opened from the window. The lieutenant sat down at the dinner table. - eight words (excluding stop words "for" and "from", as well as punctuation marks).

If the user is looking for a table to buy, then the last fragment will not interest him. To search for stable phrases, select the "words together" search option of the advanced search, or use keywords to limit the distance. **
Some search engines provide the option to "search by country" and "search by region". To do this, the user writes (or selects) the name of the country and region in a special field of the request form. In this case, responses to the request are "filtered" by the Internet addresses of servers located in the given region.

Some search engines provide content filtering by file type. So, by default, the search is conducted only on Web pages (html-files). When the filter is enabled, the search will also be carried out in files of the format Adobe Acrobat(.pdf), Microsoft Word (.doc), Microsoft Excel(.xls), Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt), and Macromedia Flash (.swf). It is only necessary to take into account that the indexed content of these files is much less than HTML, therefore, if a search using this filter gives a negative result, this does not mean that there are no such fragments in these files - most likely, they simply are not in the index.

The built-in filter of some search engines allows you to check and reject web pages uploaded to the web server earlier or later than certain dates. With this filter, you can cut off "dead" pages that have not been updated for a long time.
The file size filter allows you to cut off files that are too small (less than 1 KB) or too large. large files or web page.

By default, the search engine only looks for original pages, not their copies on other websites (the so-called "mirrors", "mirror" in English). To prevent the system from ignoring mirrors, you must enable this option.

In the general case, the case of writing letters in search words and operators does not matter. That is, words such as horse and horse, and and aND are perceived by search engines as the same. However, in some search engines, in order to improve the quality of the search, the case of words in the query is taken into account. First of all, it concerns the processing of proper names. For example, if a query in Rambler consists of two, three or four words, each of which begins with an uppercase letter, then these words are considered proper names. The search engine automatically changes the distance limit between query words from the default value to (n-1)*2, where n is the number of words in the query. This allows you to find a group of query words, within which there is no more than one "extra" word or punctuation mark, for example: "Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky", "L.N. Tolstoy, Rostov-on-Don.

You can use double quotes to search for quotes. Query words enclosed in double quotes are searched in documents in the formats and in the order in which they occur in the query. Therefore, double quotes can also be used simply to find a word in a given form (by default, words are found in all morphological forms).

For each word of the query, a search is conducted taking into account the rules of word formation and morphology of the corresponding language. For example, searching for the word "person" will find documents containing the words "person", "person", "human", and even "people". To search for only one specific form of a word, you need to put it in double quotes, or use the search for the exact phrase in the advanced search.

Some words and symbols are excluded from the query by default due to their low information content. These are the so-called stop words, the most frequent words in Russian and English: prepositions, particles, conjunctions and articles. The presence of these words can slow down the search and negatively affect the completeness of the results. If you still want to include these words in your search, use double quotes.

If the query consists of several words, and at the same time some of them could not be found at all, then the search results for the partial query are returned. Missing words are excluded from this partial search result. At the same time, the corresponding diagnostics are displayed on the search results page. If the query was composed of two or more words without the use of operators and query language constructs, then documents will be found that contain all the words of the query. At the same time, for each request there is always a so-called context limit - a positive number, by default equal to a distance of 40 words.

A document in which all query words occur will only be returned if the word distance between occurrences of those query words is less than this number. For example, the query: "red army" will find those documents in which the words "red" and "army" are at least one less than 40 words apart. The value of the context restriction can be changed by the construction "(number, query)", where the number is any positive number, and the query is any query that is correct from the point of view of the search engine, consisting of more than one word. Thus, the query "(2, red army)" will only find those documents in which at least once there is not a single word between the words "red" and "army" (because only in the case of their immediate neighborhood the difference in the ordinal numbers of words less than two, that is, equal to one).

Search engines cannot physically create indexes in all languages. All search engines have a "national" component. Some of the search engines look for texts only on English language(Yahoo.Com, Alta Vista.Com), some in Russian and English (Rambler), some index pages in several languages. For example, the Yandex search engine is able to index files in Russian, English, German, French, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Google stands apart among these search engines: its base server (www.google.com) indexes files in English, and national servers (www.google.de, www.google.fr, www.google.ru) - in their national languages. All index bases are in one global network, therefore, we can say that Google is one of the few search engines that searches immediately in all languages on the web.

Features of compiling queries in various search engines

Licensing and legal features of a free software product

Free Software was defined by Richard Stallman in 1986. However, this phenomenon itself existed before. In fact, most software until the 1980s was distributed by the principles behind Free Software.
Free software can be considered free software if it provides the user with the following four freedoms:

freedom to run the program for any purpose;
the freedom to study how the program works and adapt it to the needs of the user ( necessary condition this freedom is access to source codes);
freedom to distribute a copy;
freedom to distribute modifications and enhancements

Free Software Foundation (Free Software Foundation, founded in 1985 by Richard Stallman) divides software into free (Free Software), semi-free (Semi-free Software) and proprietary (Proprietary Software). Free software must have all four freedoms listed above. Semi-free allows the same freedoms, only with respect to non-commercial use. All other software is proprietary.

The term "Open Source" (Open Source, hereinafter "OPO") was proposed in 1998 by Erok Raymond and Bruce Perens as an alternative to the term Free Software, since the word "free" in the English "Free Software" was often erroneously read as "free" ( and not "free"), which scared off commercial entrepreneurs. The concepts of Free Software and Open Source are close, many licenses satisfy both of them, while the definition of Free Software is more strict and requires the mandatory granting of freedoms to redistribute, modify, study and redistribute improved versions, while Open Source concentrates on open source codes as an effective method development.

In relation to paid software can be divided into:

Free (Freeware). The license of such software allows free distribution of binary copies of the software. The term is not synonymous with Free Software because Freeware can be distributed without source code and other freedoms, and Free Software is not necessarily free.
Shareware. As a rule, free copies have limited functionality, work for a limited period of time, or have an advertising feature that turns off after payment.

The quality of open source Free Software tends to be higher because the closed source source hides the shortcomings and mistakes of the developer from colleagues and clients. With open source, the share of responsibility of the developer is higher, including his reputational responsibility.

Any user can participate in the development of Free Software. As a result, Free Software can better reflect the subject area and be more user-friendly. It should be noted that this effect is most pronounced in areas that cover a fairly large number of IT specialists, such as software development, science, education, portals of public services to the population.

With the availability of source codes and the freedom to use them, Free Software allows you to realize the full benefits of code reuse.

The effect of supporting a Free Software project by the IT community can be so great that even a small student project can turn into a cutting-edge one. software, which competes on an equal footing with the leaders of the IT industry, and will be supported by the largest commercial and government organizations. A striking example is the kernel of the Linux operating system.

Video footage

How it works information Center Google
(English)

Matt Cutts (Google) explains how Google search works
(English)

How to search for people using Yandex

Frequently asked Questions

What is the main difference between Yandex, Rambler, Google browsers?

Yandex generalizes all word forms (plural and singular, cases), omits prepositions (for, on, under, etc.) and interrogative forms (what, when, how, etc.). That is, with the help of Yandex, you will not receive a specific answer to the query "House" or "House", but only the total number of requests for all word forms of a particular single word.

Besides standard information for queries, as well as phrases and related topics, the search engine provides the ability to filter out results by region, city, and also by month.
Taking into account the fact that Yandex is the most popular search engine in Runet, such statistics are the most representative in assessing the state of affairs in Runet.

Rambler in this regard, it is more accurate, and its reports, by default, issue combinations of queries, in the form in which they were entered into the search bar by the user. To issue a report similar to the Yandex report, Rambler provides a query language. For example, to get all word forms from the word "Tree", you will need to enter "Tree*".

Interface Google contains a rather complex query language that allows you to limit your search to specific domains, languages, file types, etc. For example, searching for "intitle:Google site:wikipedia.org" will return all Wikipedia articles in all languages that contain the word Google in the title.
For search results, Google previously provided the ability to re-search, allowing you to search in more detail. For a more detailed search, users had to specify additional parameters by which the results were selected, which made it possible to immediately display not only the query, but also the context where it is applied. This opportunity simplified the search procedure by eliminating the need to open each result.

What is a meto search engine?

A metasearch engine (metasearch engine) is a search engine that, unlike classical search engines, does not have its own database and its own search index, but forms search results by mixing and re-ranking search results from other search engines.

How to expand search capabilities?

1. In each search engine, as a rule, there is an advanced search function. It can be used to find necessary information on a specific site, in a specific region and in a specific language. You can also refine the search by many other parameters: file type, result accuracy, etc. These parameters may vary in different search engines.
2. More operational way- use, such as AND or &, OR or |, NOT, ?, *, "", (), etc.

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