The Internet - the World Wide Web - is a unity of information resources. How is the Internet different from the World Wide Web? name of the world wide web
Scientific and technological progress does not stand still, but remains in constant development, search. Perhaps the most useful invention of mankind is the Internet. At its core, the Internet, the World Wide Web, is a unique tool for exchanging data. The importance of this information space is indisputable also because of the huge communication opportunities between users of all devices connected to the Web.
What is the Internet
The Internet (Wide web) is a virtual environment that guarantees access to information resources, the elements of which are personal computers. They are integrated into a single scheme and endowed with unique addressing functions using high-speed communication links with host computers. Internet is a huge network of countless devices. It serves to exchange information that exists in this network in various forms.
Prototype
The history of the World Wide Web is as follows. In 1969, the ARPANET computer network was created under the auspices of the US Department of Defense. It was she who became the first prototype of the modern Internet. Initially, it allowed several computers that were far from each other to exchange simple information. In the next decade, information technology scientists developed new packet transfer protocols, TCP/IP, which are still in use. In 1983, ARPANET switched to these protocols and scientists began to create an improved network - modern Internet, used by the world wide.
Who created and when
In 1990, the ARPANET ceased to exist and gave way to the Internet. The invention of the World Wide Web made the Internet what we know it to be today. Many people consider the Internet and the World Wide Web to be synonymous. Who created the network such as everyone sees, not everyone knows. At the very beginning of the last decade of the 20th century, scientists Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cayo created a distribution system for accessing information that connects millions of servers connected to the Internet.
Why is it called the World Wide Web
The Internet, which is called the World Wide Web, is a system that has been named so for various reasons, and its abbreviation is "www". Internet is a semantic web, a system that today is the most popular and widely used invention in the field of information technology.
From a technical point of view, the online space is formed by countless computer devices connected to each other. Billions of PC users living in different countries, communicate with each other daily, transmit and can receive useful information, download digital data arrays in the form of applications, programs, utilities; watch videos, listen to music.
First access
To facilitate the exchange of e-mail in 1991, the first corresponding program was introduced. However, all this time the Internet remained only a set of channels for transmitting data from one computer to another, and it was used only by leading scientists in Europe and the United States. The revolutionary solution that helped birth and made the Internet accessible to all computer owners was the emergence and further development of the WWW system.
Structure
Internet- a global computer network consisting of all types of computer networks connected by stereotypical agreements on methods of information exchange and a single address system. The online unit is the local network, whose introduction is associated with some network.
Servers
An Internet server is a hardware and software that provides the operation of any necessary Internet services: http (website), Email(e-mail), ftp (file transfer protocol/method), etc. To host a website on the Internet, an Internet server is required.
Most often, Internet servers are powerful computers equipped with the same powerful software, including support for various programming languages and data transfer protocols, databases, antiviruses and other protection systems.
Browsers
A browser is a world program on a computer, with the support of which they go to the Internet, view information there. It processes data on the global network and allows you to view pages. In fact, this is a program that you can work with online. Quite often, the browser icon is located on the computer desktop. When you click on it, access to the Internet appears.
Hyperlinks
Today, almost all traffic on different sites on the Internet takes place on the basis of links. But they can bring both benefit and harm. Therefore, it is important for the user to understand the principles of operation various types links and be able to recognize links to obviously malicious web resources.
Hypertext
In general and in a simplified form, hypertext is a combination of interconnected collections of text fragments integrated into information system, which allows users to transfer data from 1 text block to another. Online design allows you to implement non-linear reading, in this case, the user has the opportunity to choose necessary information much faster and claim a personal sequence of transition from one part of the word to another.
HTML language
HTML is a hypertext markup language that makes a website the way users see it. It's just that this amazing tool makes websites look nice and modern, while also providing ease of use. HTML assembles the components of a web page in a user-friendly way. His work is comparable to what they actually do text editors. They turn a faceless mass of letters into a document with type and images.
Domains
A domain is a unique combination of characters that allows you to find a site among others. In addition to letters, a domain can contain numbers and symbols ranging from 2 to 63. A domain name can be compared to a home address. To find out where a person lives, you need to know the address of residence, the same applies to the site. Each resource on the Internet has an individual IP address, which looks like this: 195.191.24.196. Such a set of numbers is very difficult to remember, so domains were invented that visually replace the numerical indexes of addresses.
Ways to display information
Information on the Internet can be reflected both inertly (that is, the user can only read it) and actively - during this time, the user has the opportunity to add information and edit it.
Methods for intensive reflection of information in the global network include:
- Guest book is a free client program. Guestbook allows guests to express their thoughts about the pages and send them to the creators.
- Forum is considered a networking space for several authors, where articles are connected by a common theme.
- Chat service- for exchange text messages in real time. Chat allows almost all users to know each other at the same time.
- Online diary A consisting of records in reverse chronological order.
- Wiki hypertext environment(Wikipedia) for organizing multi-user collection and structuring of documents and other information.
- Content management systems. Content management system CMS UlterSuite allows you to create websites and maintain them.
Technology
Internet technologies are communication, information and other technologies and offers on the basis of which work is carried out online. Internet-technologies have a great influence on the intellectualization of society and the economy. Worldwide computer technology, educational programs and multimedia files are considered common attributes of everyday life.
Security
There is a chance that a user's computer may become a victim of intruders. By surfing various sites or downloading software from unverified sources, the user himself can infect his personal computer with a virus, which will lead to the loss of device functionality.
Security can be ensured in the following ways:
- Although Windows has a built-in firewall, it is recommended to install a more reliable one.
- The next step is to install anti-spyware and anti-virus software.
- You need to disable all unused services on your device, this will reduce the chances of hackers to gain access.
The user must perform a series of security operations before surfing the endless expanses of the web.
Personal data
Every user who connects to the network can become a victim of an attack on the privacy of personal data. The number of crimes related to the unauthorized use of personal data on the Internet is growing every year. Many users take no action to protect their privacy, even if they are aware of the security practices.
There are reasonable ways to protect against information theft. Virtual Part of the Network (VPN) is not universal way protection against all threats, but only useful tool protection of personal data. Credentials are all that is needed to obtain personal information, so passwords must be strong.
Legislation
Today, almost everyone has access to the Internet, and some cannot even imagine their life without world wide web. However, few people are interested in how various resources are regulated, how prohibited content is controlled and blocked. Sometimes you might think that the world wide web is in complete chaos, but in fact it is not. In Russia, Internet laws have been developing quite rapidly in recent years. There are laws about remote work on the Internet and e-commerce.
Types of storage
When posting information online, most people don't really think about where it goes. And it ends up in data centers. The data center certainly stores all the information posted on the network. These are personal photos, downloaded documents, Skype conversations, blog comments, and other important and unimportant data. In fact, a data center is a huge bank, a repository of content. It is not soldiers who are responsible for the security of data centers, but highly intelligent technologies operating under the gun of video surveillance and control systems.
Development prospects
It is rather difficult to predict the definite development of such a complex and large-scale Internet. There is no doubt that network technologies will play a major role in information society. In real time, online is developing very quickly: in any one and a half to two years, its main quantitative characteristics are multiplied. This applies to the number of users, the number of connected computers, the size of information and traffic, the size of the creation information resources.
Memory
In the mid-90s of the last century, Brewster Kahle decided to keep the memory of the global network alive and announced the birth of the archive of Internet sites. On the this moment there are more than 10 billion pages in the archive that could be irretrievably lost. The accumulated information is updated approximately every 2 months, it is stored on several large servers and for many it has importance. This is an exceptionally huge database in the world. The cost of this work is one million dollars a year. Funding comes from sponsors.
The World Wide Web(Eng. World Wide Web) - a global information space based on the physical infrastructure of the Internet and the HTTP data transfer protocol. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and boom in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web. The word web (English web) and the abbreviation "WWW" are also used to refer to the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web is made up of millions web servers Internet networks around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive, and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically generating resources in response to an HTTP request.
To view the information received from the web server on client computer applied special program-customer - web browser (web-browser). The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext.
The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext . Hypertext is a document or system of documents with cross-references ( hyperlinks). You can navigate through such a document not sequentially, but by activating hyperlinks, go through them to the texts or files associated with the links.
The language used to create, store, and display hypertext is HTML (HyperText Markup Language), language markup hypertext. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout, markup specialists are called webmasters.
An HTML file is the most common resource on the World Wide Web. The HTML file available to the web server is called " web page". A set of web pages related by theme, design or owner forms Web site.
Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web include:
guest books,
Wiki projects
Content management systems.
HTML markup
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is not a programming language, it is a formatting language, i.e. giving appearance web page when viewed in a browser. used to mark up a document. tags. Tags are enclosed in angle brackets, and, with rare exceptions, are paired, i.e. There is an opening and closing tag. For example, to mark the beginning of a new paragraph in a document, the tag
(from paragraph). Then a closing tag must be placed at the end of the paragraph.
.When arranging tags, the rule is observed: tags are closed in the reverse order of their appearance. For example, if a word in the text should be bold (tag from bold) and at the same time in italics (tag from italic), then this can be done in one of the following ways: word , or word .
Below is the text of some html document and the result of its display in the browser:
Good day, dear visitor !
I hope you got exactly where you wanted to go.
Here you will find poems , songs And scenarios for the organization of any holidays.
And now a special gift for September 1b>
He is used to the "fives" -
Russian five and singing.
I always have his diary
Spoils the mood.
Scientific and technological progress does not stand still, but is in constant development, search, improvement. Perhaps the most useful invention of the human genius - the Internet, was invented relatively not so long ago, by the standards of the development of civilization. At its core, it is a unique data exchange tool.
The Internet (Network, Internet) is a virtual environment that guarantees access to information resources, the elements of which are personal computers. They are combined into a single scheme and endowed with unique addressing features, using high-speed communication lines with host computers.
The Internet is a vast network of countless devices. It serves to exchange information that exists in this network in various forms. Nowadays, not only computers can connect to the Internet. Mobile phones, tablets, game consoles, other gadgets and even TVs can easily go online at any time.
The importance of this information space is undeniable due to the amazing possibilities of communication between users of all devices connected to the Web.
In technical terms, the online space is formed by countless computer devices connected to each other. Billions of PC users living in different countries communicate with each other every day, transmit and receive useful information, download digital data arrays in the form of applications, programs, utilities; watching videos, listening to music.
The online environment has another important property - unlimited possibilities for storing information. Transmitted over the Internet personal experience in addition, it is a unique platform for informing the masses for modern media and a colossal repository of world knowledge.
What is the Internet?
In order for PC owners living on different continents to be able to freely use search services network resources- at the bottom of the ocean, trunk cables are laid through which useful information is pumped around the clock.
The personal computer is controlled by special protocols. This is a kind of instruction that allows you to set the rules for communication between devices. A single criterion for constructing a software protocol is an IP address. Thanks to this structure, any participant receives his own digital address, with the help of which the search and identification takes place.
For example, after entering the name “novichkam.info” into the browser line, in a matter of moments the client finds himself on a web site offering help to beginners. In technical terms, the software robot simply finds the IP address code that is assigned to a particular site.
The machine algorithm includes the following operations:
- the request is fixed by the main server, where the name of the required thematic data array is stored;
- the name of this resource is found in memory, i.e. discovery of the required IP address;
- the client goes to the website.
Other protocols exist, such as HTTP. Requests in another way are carried out with the addition of a prefix http://
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)
For most representatives target audience of great interest is the definition of an Internet service as the World Wide Web (WWW or simply WEB). Its definition refers to a set of interconnected web pages, access to which is provided by a limited number of PCs connected to the Web.
Kit text files, marked up in HTML with link transitions, hosted on electronic platform, got the name of the website. You can get acquainted with the content of a particular website by activating the browser to search for the address name.
Web - today is positioned as the most demanded and popular service in the online space, i.e. the Internet. An important element of the WEB are hypertext links. By clicking on the link required document or by requesting a unique URL (named code, path) in the browser, a person can view the desired array of text.
Addressing system
If you enter an incorrect address name in the search bar or follow a broken link, the browser will promptly signal an error (confirm the absence desired page). Often, upon request, a person gets access to an advertising (fraudulent) site.
In this situation, you should correct the inaccuracy in the query string field without attempting to explore the advertising website for security reasons. The fact is that these sites can be infected with a virus. If the resource was created for the purpose of fraud, then it would be useful to familiarize yourself with our section, where the most popular methods of fraud on the network are perfectly described.
In the address of any site, the main thing is the domain, which serves for ease of remembering. The domain usually displays the address home page. However, it should be understood that for the technical download of the page, the computer device uses IP with the protocol “12.123.45.5” . Agree, this combination is much more difficult to remember than Domain name our site.
It is important to know that entering "http://" or the prefix "WWW" in search line not required at all. Better use the service search engine, where the mistake made will be immediately corrected, and the domain can be entered without a zone that causes confusion.
What does the Internet give us?
- unlimited communication and communication
Many are looking for like-minded people here, communicating on popular social projects and forums. Others like unique service personal communication via ICQ or Skype. Dating website visitors expect to find their other half here;
- unlimited possibilities of entertainment and organization of personal leisure
Here you can listen to popular music tracks for free, enjoy the latest filmography of film studios, play various games, including gambling, get acquainted with the works of modern authors and classics of the literary genre, take polls, tests, etc.
- self-education
In the mass communication environment, one can not only read useful articles, but also participate in trainings, master classes, watch video tutorials;
- creative development of personality
Here you can meet rare people, visit their professional projects for creative and personal improvement;
- purchase of goods and services
Customers of virtual supermarkets can buy goods without leaving their homes. Online you can buy shares of industrial companies, book tickets, book a hotel room, etc.;
- new ways to make money
There are more ways to make money on the Internet. For example, you can open an online store by creating your own blog (website). For those who are just trying their hand at this field, it is easier to start with freelancing: writing articles on order, selling photos, offering services for creating and promoting various projects, doing web design and programming.
- much more. The information on our website will help you learn not only all the possibilities of this global network, but also perfectly while being in it.
Structure and principles of the World Wide Web
World Wide Web around Wikipedia
The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive, and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or their parts) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform resource locators (URLs) are used to locate resources on the network. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the DNS domain name system. Domain Name System) - a domain name (or directly an address in a numerical notation) is included in the URL to designate a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server.
To review the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Much of the information on the Web is hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language is traditionally used (Eng. Hyper Text Markup Language), a hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout, markup masters are called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in a file, such an HTML file is the main resource of the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A set of web pages forms a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.
World Wide Web Technologies
To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource naming system (eng. Uniform Resource Name).
A popular development concept for the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make the information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a network in which each resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the right resources, process information, classify data, identify logical relationships, draw conclusions, and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented well, the Semantic Web has the potential to revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-friendly description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF format (Eng. Resource Description Framework ), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New in this area is RDFS (English) Russian (English) RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.
History of the World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author HTTP technologies, URI/URL and HTML. In 1980 he worked for the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN ) consultant for software. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he own needs Wrote the Enquire program Enquire, loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.
The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (). Resource defined concept world wide web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later hosted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.
The first photo on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the bandleader after the CERN Hardronic Festival.
But still theoretical basis The webs were laid down much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945 Vannaver Bush developed the concept of Memex (English) Russian - auxiliary mechanical means of "expansion of human memory". Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which gives out the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted a comprehensive indexing of texts and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the information you need. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).
- The Semantic Web involves improving the connectivity and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
- The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, performed by the users of the Web themselves. Within the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web feed formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semantized portions of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate information space, however, very lenient requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such areas. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.
There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, summarizing several directions of development of the World Wide Web at once.
Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web
Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web include:
It should be noted that this division is very conditional. So, say, a blog or a guest book can be considered as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.
Part of the information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.
The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web (wild, wild Web) - by analogy with the title of the movie of the same name Wild Wild West (Wild, Wild West).
see also
Notes
Literature
- Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystick, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
- Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
- Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Links
| Protection of confidential data and anonymity on the Internet at Wikibooks |
- Official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (English)
- Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The Origins and Future of the World Wide Web = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. - New York: HarperCollins Publishers (English) Russian . - 256p. - ISBN 0-06-251587-X, ISBN 978-0-06-251587-2(English)
| Web and websites | |
|---|---|
| globally | |
| Locally | |
| Site types and services |
|
| Creation and service |
|
| layout types, pages, sites |
|
| Technical | |
| Marketing | |
| Society and culture | |
| semantic web | |
|---|---|
| Basics | The World Wide Web · Internet · Hypertext · Database · Semantic networks · Ontologies · Description logic |
| Subsections | Linked Data · data web · Hyperdata · Dereferenceable URIs · Rule bases · Data Spaces |
| Applications | Semantic Wiki · semantic publishing · semantic search · semantic computing · semantic advertising · semantic reasoner · semantic matching · semantic mapper · semantic broker · semantic analytics · semantic service oriented architecture |
| Related topics | Folksonomy · Library 2.0 · Web 2.0 Links · Information architecture · Knowledge Management · collective intelligence · Thematic maps · Mindmapping · metadata · Geotagging · web science |
| Standards |
Syntax: RDF (RDF/XML · Notation 3 · Turtle · N-Triples) · SPARQL · URI · http · XML Schemes, ontologies:RDFS · OWL · Rule Interchange Format · Semantic Web Rule Language · common logic · |
