A resource is a substance, energy, information that can be used to solve a problem. Creative methods for generating ideas Be used to solve

1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. OPERATING SYSTEMS 1.1 Basic functions of operating systems 1.2 OS classification 1.3 Features of hardware platforms 1.4 Features of areas of use 1.5 Features of construction methods II. REVIEW AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS 2.1. Windows Windows 98/98 SE (Second Edition) 2.3. Windows ME (Millennium Edition) 2.4. Windows XP (Experience) 2.5. Windows Vista 2.6. Windows Windows 8 III. ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF USING WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CONCLUSIONS LITERATURE APPENDICES

2 INTRODUCTION This paper deals with the topic "Operating systems of the Windows family". The operating system (OS) is a set of software tools that manage computer resources, launch application programs and their interaction with external devices and other programs, and also provide a user dialogue with the computer. A resource is any computer computer and the capabilities it provides: central processor, RAM or external memory, external device, program, etc. It provides the user with a convenient way to communicate (interface) with the computer system. The purpose of the work is to consider the main types of operating systems, their shortcomings and the possibility of using them in school. The object of the study was various operating systems of the Windows family, their differences and possibilities of use. The subject of the study was the principle of OS implementation. The main hypothesis of the study was an assumption about the relationship between the characteristics of a computer and the possibility of using one or another type of OS. Research objectives: - analysis of the features of various Windows versions; - selection of the optimal OS for use at school; - research of other operating systems. To achieve the set goals and solve problems, the following research methods were used: - study of literary sources and Internet sources; - analysis of modern operating systems; - survey of users for conducting comparative analysis operating systems; - selection of operating systems.

3 Danae theme is very relevant because no one computer can not work without an operating system. In the theoretical part, an overview of operating systems will be made. In the practical part, testing of operating systems will be carried out.

4 I. OPERATING SYSTEMS An operating system is a program that makes communication between a computer and a human possible. The operating system (OS) is a buffer-transmitter between computer hardware and other programs. The OS takes over the signals-commands that other programs send, and "translates" them into a language understandable to the machine. The OS controls all devices connected to the computer, providing access to them to other programs. Each OS consists of at least 3 mandatory parts. The first is the kernel, a command interpreter, a "translator" from the program language to the "iron", the language of machine codes. The second specialized program for managing various devices that make up the computer. Such programs are called drivers, that is, "drivers", managers. This also includes the so-called "system libraries" used both by the operating system itself and by the programs included in it. The third part is a convenient shell with which the user interface communicates. This is a kind of beautiful wrapper that packs a boring and not interesting core for the user. Comparison with packaging is also successful because it is what they pay attention to when choosing an OS - the core, the main part of the OS, is remembered only later. Therefore, such an unstable and unreliable OS from the point of view of the kernel, like, say, Windows 95, enjoyed such success thanks to a beautiful wrapper-interface. Basic functions of operating systems Modern operating systems are in many ways similar to each other. First of all, this is determined by the requirement of software portability. In the more than four decades that have passed since the development of the first operating systems,

5 the programming community has reached a certain understanding that: - when developing an OS, many standard problems and questions arise; - for most of these problems and issues there is a set of standard solutions; - some of these solutions are much better than all the alternatives. According to modern ideas, the OS should be able to do the following: - Provide loading custom programs into RAM and their execution. - Provide work with long-term memory devices. - Provide more or less standard access to various I/O devices such as terminals, modems, printers. - provide some user interface. The word some here is not accidental - some systems are limited to the command line, while others are 90% composed of user interface tools. There are operating systems whose functions are exhausted by this. One well-known system of this type is the MS DOS disk operating system. More advanced operating systems also provide the following features: - Parallel execution of multiple tasks. - Distribution of computer resources between tasks. - Organization of interaction of tasks with each other. - Interaction of user programs with non-standard external devices. - Organization of machine-to-machine interaction and resource sharing. - Protection of system resources, user data and programs, running processes and itself from erroneous and malicious actions of users and their programs. Kernel functions include:

6 - Managing the execution of processes by creating them, completing or suspending them and organizing the interaction between them. - Scheduling the order in which running processes are given CPU time (scheduling). Processes work with central processing unit in time-sharing mode. The kernel later starts the suspended process. - Allocation to a running process random access memory. The operating system kernel allows processes to share portions of the address space under certain conditions, while protecting the address space allocated to the process from outside interference. If the system needs free memory, the kernel frees the memory by temporarily swapping out the process to external storage devices called swap devices. - Allocation of external memory in order to ensure efficient storage of information and fetching user data. It is in the process of implementing this function that the file system is created. The kernel allocates external memory under user files, mobilizes unused memory, structures the file system in a form that can be understood, and protects user files from unauthorized access. - Controlling process access to peripherals such as terminals, tape drives, disk drives, and network hardware. The execution of the kernel functions is pretty obvious. For example, it learns that given file is an regular file or device, but hides this distinction from user processes. It also, by formatting file information for internal storage, protects the internal format from user processes by returning an unformatted stream of bytes to them. Finally, the kernel implements a number of necessary functions to ensure the execution of user-level processes, with the exception of functions that may be

7 are implemented at the user level OS classification Operating systems may differ in the implementation of internal algorithms for managing the main computer resources (processors, memory, devices), features of the design methods used, types of hardware platforms, areas of use and many other properties. Below is a classification of OS according to several of the most basic features. Peculiarities of Resource Management Algorithms The effectiveness of the entire network OS as a whole largely depends on the effectiveness of algorithms for managing local computer resources. Therefore, when characterizing a network OS, the most important features of the implementation of OS functions for managing processors, memory, and external devices of an autonomous computer are often cited. So, for example, depending on the features of the used processor control algorithm, operating systems are divided into multitasking and single-tasking, multi-user and single-user, systems that support multi-thread processing and do not support it, multi-processor and single-processor systems. Multitasking support According to the number of simultaneously executing tasks, operating systems can be divided into two classes: - single-tasking (eg MS-DOS, MSX) and - multitasking (OC EC, OS/2, UNIX, Windows). Single-tasking operating systems mainly perform the function of providing a virtual machine to the user, making it easier and more convenient

8 the process of user interaction with the computer. Single-tasking OS include controls peripherals, file management tools, means of communication with the user. Multitasking OS, in addition to the above functions, manage the sharing of shared resources such as processor, RAM, files, and external devices. Support for multi-user mode According to the number of concurrent users, operating systems are divided into: - single-user (MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, early versions of OS/2); - multiuser (UNIX, Windows). The main difference between multi-user systems and single-user systems is the availability of means of protecting each user's information from unauthorized access by other users. It should be noted that not every multitasking system is multi-user, and not every single-user OS is single-tasking. Preemptive and non-preemptive multitasking The most important shared resource is processor time. The way in which processor time is distributed among several processes (or threads) that simultaneously exist in the system largely determines the specifics of the OS. Among the many existing options implementation of multitasking, two groups of algorithms can be distinguished: - non-preemptive multitasking (NetWare, Windows 3.x); - preemptive multitasking (Windows NT, OS/2, UNIX). The main difference between preemptive and non-preemptive multitasking is the degree of centralization of the process scheduling mechanism. In the first case, the scheduling

9 processes are entirely concentrated in the operating system, and in the second - distributed between the system and application programs. In non-preemptive multitasking, the active process runs until it, on its own initiative, gives control to the operating system so that it selects another process ready to run from the queue. Multiprocessing Another important property of the OS is the absence or presence in it of means to support multiprocessing - multiprocessing. Nowadays, it is becoming generally accepted to introduce multiprocessing support functions into the OS. Such functions are available in Sun's Solaris 2.x operating systems, open server 3.x from Santa Crus Operations, OS/2 from IBM, Windows NT from Microsoft, and NetWare 4.1 from Novell. Multiprocessor operating systems can be classified according to the way they are organized computing process in a system with a multiprocessor architecture: asymmetric operating systems and symmetric operating systems. An asymmetric OS runs entirely on only one of the system's processors, distributing application tasks across the rest of the processors. A symmetric OS is completely decentralized and uses the entire pool of processors, dividing them between system and application tasks. Above, OS characteristics related to the management of only one type of resource - the processor were considered. An important influence on the appearance of the operating system as a whole, on the possibility of its use in a particular area, is also exerted by the features of other subsystems for managing local resources - subsystems for managing memory, files, and input-output devices. The specificity of the OS is also manifested in the way it implements network functions: recognition and redirection to the network of requests to

10 remote resources, sending messages over the network, making remote requests. When implementing network functions, a set of tasks arises related to the distributed nature of storing and processing data on a network: maintaining reference information about all resources and servers available on the network, addressing interacting processes, ensuring access transparency, data replication, coordinating copies, maintaining data security Features of hardware platforms The properties of an operating system are directly affected by the hardware it targets. By type of equipment, operating systems of personal computers, minicomputers, mainframes, clusters and computer networks are distinguished. Among the listed types of computers, there can be both uniprocessor variants and multiprocessor ones. In any case, the specifics of hardware, as a rule, are reflected in the specifics of operating systems. The network OS incorporates means of transmitting messages between computers over communication lines, which are completely unnecessary in a standalone OS. Based on these messages, the network OS maintains the division of computer resources between remote users connected to the network. Multiprocessor systems require a special organization from the operating system, with the help of which the operating system itself, as well as the applications it supports, can be executed in parallel by the individual processors of the system. The parallel operation of individual parts of the OS creates additional problems for OS developers, since in this case it is much more difficult to ensure consistent access of individual processes to common system tables, to eliminate the effect of races and other undesirable consequences of asynchronous execution of work. Other requirements apply to operating systems

11 clusters. A cluster is a loosely connected collection of several computing systems, working together to run common applications, and presented to the user as a single system. Along with operating systems that target a very specific type of hardware platform, there are operating systems specifically designed to be easily portable from one type of computer to another type of computer, the so-called mobile OS. The most striking example of such an OS is the popular UNIX system Features of areas of use Multitasking operating systems are divided into three types in accordance with the efficiency criteria used in their development: - batch processing systems (for example, OC EC), - time-sharing systems (UNIX, VMS), - real-time systems (QNX, RT / 11 ). Batch processing systems were intended for solving tasks of a mostly computational nature that did not require fast results. Time-sharing systems are designed to correct the main drawback of batch processing systems - the isolation of the user-programmer from the process of performing his tasks. Each user of the time sharing system is provided with a terminal from which he can conduct a dialogue with his program. Since only a slice of processor time is allocated to each task in time-sharing systems, no task takes the processor for long, and the response time is acceptable. Real-time systems are used to control various technical objects, such as, for example, a machine tool, a satellite, a scientific experimental facility, or technological processes such as electroplating line, blast furnace process, etc. Some

12 operating systems can combine the properties of systems of different types, for example, some tasks can be performed in batch processing mode, and some - in real time or time sharing mode. In such cases, the batch processing mode is often called the background mode Features of construction methods When describing an operating system, the features of its structural organization and the basic concepts underlying it are often indicated. These basic concepts include: - Ways to build the core of the system - monolithic kernel or microkernel approach. Most operating systems use a monolithic kernel, which is linked as a single program running in privileged mode and using fast transitions from one procedure to another without requiring switching from privileged mode to user mode and vice versa. An alternative is to build an OS based on a microkernel, which also operates in privileged mode and performs only a minimum of hardware management functions, while higher-level OS functions are performed by specialized OS components - servers operating in user mode. With this construction, the OS runs more slowly, since transitions between privileged mode and user mode are often performed, but the system is more flexible - its functions can be increased, modified, or narrowed by adding, modifying, or excluding user-mode servers. In addition, the servers are well protected from each other, as are any user processes. - Building an OS based on an object-oriented approach makes it possible to use all its advantages, which have proven themselves at the application level, inside the operating system, namely:

13 accumulation of successful solutions in the form of standard objects, the ability to create new objects based on existing ones using the inheritance mechanism, good data protection due to their encapsulation in internal structures object, which makes the data inaccessible for unauthorized use from the outside, the structuredness of the system, consisting of a set of well-defined objects. - The presence of several application environments makes it possible to simultaneously run applications developed for several operating systems within one OS. Many modern operating systems simultaneously support MS-DOS, Windows, UNIX (POSIX), OS/2, or at least some subset of this popular set. The concept of multiple application environments is most simply implemented in an OS based on a microkernel, on which various servers work, some of which are implemented by application environment one or another operating system. - The distributed organization of the operating system makes it easier for users and programmers to work in network environments. The distributed OS implements mechanisms that enable the user to represent and perceive the network in the form of a traditional single-processor computer.

14 II. REVIEW AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS 2.1. Windows 95 Work on a new version of the operating system, which was supposed to be the successor to the popular Microsoft Windows 3.1, began in 1992 and lasted a little over 3 years. When creating a new operating system, the following goals were pursued: - the new system should have a new, more user-friendly interface user; - provide work in a protected mode; - have built-in support for various networks; - have support for Plug-and-Play technology; - have support for the Win32 API programming interface; - be stable and reliable. Officially, the name of the new Microsoft Windows 95 operating system was announced on September 8, 1994, and the release of one of the most successful Microsoft OS took place on August 24, 1995. More than 1 million units were sold worldwide in four days of sales. copies of Windows 95, and by October 17, that number had reached 7 million. The user interface has undergone the greatest changes in Windows 95. It was with Windows 95 that the era of the “Start button” began. Already familiar to Microsoft users windows windows and special programs gave way to the "desktop", a new metaphor for the user interface. Now the display screen was a desktop surface, on which files are shown as icons placed in special folders. To work with Windows 95 programs, one Start button (or "Start" in the Russian version) was used, and a special panel was intended to access already running programs.

15 tasks, usually located at the bottom of the screen. This new interface user interface, implemented in Windows 95, was the most convenient and intuitive way to work. In terms of software architecture, Windows 95 is a 32-bit, multithreaded, preemptive multitasking operating system. The most important changes in Windows 95 were driven by Microsoft's commitment to making it compatible with existing 16-bit applications designed for Windows 95. previous versions Windows. Windows 95 could automatically recognize a large number of components and had a much improved setup and configuration mechanism. All this significantly reduced the risk of critical errors. Although it soon became clear that the new system is also subject to sudden "fainting" and is not stable. This is not surprising: the model of multitasking and resource allocation Windows 95 fully inherited from its predecessors Windows 98/98 SE (Second Edition) Windows system 98 evolutionarily develops Windows 95. It continues the fourth generation of Windows, opened by Windows 95. In June 1997, the first public version of the product appeared, which accumulated everything that had been accumulated during the two years of development of Windows 95, and was called "Microsoft Memphis". Very soon, the Memphis project received an official Windows name 98. The American version of Windows 98 officially appeared on June 25, 1998 after almost a year of beta testing and exactly two years and ten months after the introduction of its predecessor. Windows 98 contains all updates from previous Windows 95 interim releases (Service Pack 1 and OSR 2) in combination with bus support

16 Universal Serial Bus (USB), Internet Explorer 4 interface and a number of new features. New features and new applications have been added to the system, the system interface has been improved, bugs found over the past three years have been fixed as much as possible, but still the base code for Windows 98 is windows code 95. This is a 32-bit Plug and Play operating system compatible with Windows 95, but with higher performance and stability. Compared to Windows 95, Windows 98 includes improved power management, multi-monitor support, better memory management, and support for new types of hardware and many new device models, such as newer printer models. The system is optimized for the new ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) computers with BIOS supporting fast loading. Support for the OnNow specification allows you to put your computer into a low power mode. Especially to support new large (with a volume of more than 2 Gb) hard drives Windows 98 introduces the new FAT32 file system, which was first introduced with the Windows 95 OSR2 release. FAT32 develops the former system based on the 16-bit FAT file allocation table (in the same context as FAT32, it is now more commonly referred to as FAT16). FAT32 works with hard drives up to 2 Tb, while the size of clusters on FAT32 partitions is relatively small, which significantly saves disk space. The Microsoft WebTV Tool for Windows 98 allows the user to view television broadcasts on the screen of a computer equipped with a TV tuner card. At the time of Windows 98's release, WebTV only allows you to watch NTSC cable and broadcast TV, and support for satellite TV and other TV broadcasting standards has been announced.

17 Windows 98 supports secure remote network connections through virtual private networks (virtual private networking, VPN). To do this, Windows 98 included an adapter driver remote access with VPN support and WAN network interface protocol (network driver interface specification wide area network, NDISWAN). Multimedia support continues to improve. Windows 98 has a built-in current DirectX version- a set of APIs that allow applications to work directly with multimedia devices. Windows 98 works with TWAIN-compliant graphics input devices such as scanners and digital cameras. Support for the Image Color Matching (ICM) version 2.0 standard ensures that the original colors of the input image will be correctly interpreted by the device. input and displayed correctly on a monitor, color printer, or graphics file. So if all the advantages of the new version of Windows 98 consisted only in visual improvements, then this product was hardly worth releasing at all. But there are more important changes in the internal structure of the OS. Although the main stuffing of the OS remained the same, Windows 98 outperformed its predecessor due to the correct work with the new components of the Pentium 2 processor, AGP graphics port, USB bus, new models of video cards, motherboards, modems, and so on. Windows 98 included a host of new programs and utilities, most notably a complete set of Internet software and a utility to convert the FAT16 file system to the newer version of FAT32. Windows 2000 Operating System Basics Windows usage 2000 is an operating system that exists in the form of four various versions(Professional, Server, Advanced Server, Datacenter Server), is positioned as an operating system for corporate users. The system has less

18 support for "entertainment" and "household" tools than Windows Me, however, it has higher reliability, performance (achieved through changes in the memory management system), file protection tools from deletion, and convenient network access settings. The system supports the Plug and Play standard, which makes it easy to connect new equipment. System requirements for Windows 2000 Professional: Pentium 133 processor and 64 MB RAM, HDD 2 GB and 1 GB of additional free space. Windows 2000 uses a single unified graphical user interface, provides the ability to simultaneously perform multiple tasks and switch from one program to another Windows ME (Millennium Edition) On September 14, 2000, a new version of the Microsoft operating system was released, in 15 languages, and by the end of the year the number its localized versions reached 28, including the Russian language. intended for home users of Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me). By the time it was released, the role of the Internet had increased even more, home users began to use more than one computer, and these computers began to be used to work with audio and video information, and with various images. In order to promote Windows 2000 to the home PC market, Microsoft decided to release a new, updated version of the "home OS" line of Windows 98/ME in the last year of the second millennium. More precisely - the second revised edition of the "last representative" of this popular family. And since the class number 2000 was already used in the name of another OS, Microsoft was quick to reserve another popular "brand" associated with the new

19 Millennium Millennium. Windows ME was initially considered by analysts as just another, slightly patched-up edition of a familiar operating system. Indeed, the main innovation in Windows ME was considered a new version of the Microsoft Internet package. Explorer version 5.5, updated DirectX 7.1 driver package and some new ones additional programs(movie maker, Windows Media player). In addition, support for powerful digital devices input (photo and video cameras, scanners). And only after the official presentation of the ME, which took place on September 15, 2000, it became clear that in fact Microsoft managed to make quite dramatic changes to the new OS. In particular, Windows ME became the first "home" OS that refused to support the "MS-DOS mode" and a number of programs for it. Of course, the DOS kernel didn't go away; it was still included with Windows ME. However, loading in " command line» was no longer supported, and most of the options from configuration files downloads inherited from DOS (autoexec.bat, config.sys) migrated directly to Windows registry As expected, the speed Windows work ME, contrary to the promise of the developers, has decreased slightly. The security system of the OS itself has undergone major changes. Windows ME includes a number of new tools to ensure the safety of the configuration and system files. In set standard programs the Windows Restore complex appeared, providing the user with the opportunity to “roll back” to previous Windows configuration in case of unsuccessful installation of any Windows programs XP (Experience) Operating Microsoft system Windows XP, also known by the codename Microsoft Codename Whistler, is a new operating system in the Windows family based on NT technology. Initially in

20 plans of Microsoft Corporation included the development of two independent operating systems of the new generation. The first project received the working title Neptune, this OS was supposed to be the next update of Windows Millennium Edition, new system Windows 9X line. The second project, called Odyssey, involved the creation of an OS on Windows platform NT, which was supposed to replace Windows However Microsoft guide considered it inappropriate to disperse resources for the promotion of two different operating systems, as a result of which both areas of development were combined into one project - Microsoft Whistler. Perhaps it is because of this Windows solution XP combines the advantages of previous generations of operating systems already familiar to users: the convenience, ease of installation and operation of the Windows 98 and Windows ME families, as well as the reliability and versatility of Windows. Windows time XP for desktops and workstations comes in three flavors: Home Edition for home PCs, Professional Edition for office PCs, and finally Microsoft Windows XP 64bit Edition is the version of Windows XP Professional for PCs built on a 64-bit Intel processor Itanium clocked at over 1 GHz. To run Microsoft Windows XP, you need a personal computer that meets the following minimum system requirements: Pentium compatible processor, clock frequency from 233 MHz and above; RAM 64 MB; free disk space 1.5 GB. However, for stable and fast work It is recommended that you install this operating system on a computer with the following optimal performance: Pentium-II compatible (or higher) processor, 500 MHz or faster; the amount of RAM 256 MB; free disk space 2 GB. CD-ROM drive, modem with a speed of at least 56 Kbps. Comparing Windows XP to earlier versions of Microsoft

21 Windows, it's easy to spot many significant differences in the new operating system. Despite the fact that this OS was developed on the basis of the NT platform already well known to Russian users and, at first glance, its characteristics are largely similar to Microsoft Windows 2000, in fact, Windows XP belongs to a fundamentally different generation of operating systems of the Windows family. The traditional Main Menu, which provides access to programs installed on the computer, documents stored on disks and operating system settings, has also undergone a number of significant changes. Now, when you press the Start button, a dynamic menu appears, containing icons for only five programs that you use most often. This allows you to get started with the right applications significantly faster. Microsoft browser icons are also located here. Internet Explorer 6 and the Outlook Express 6 email client, the Log Off and Turn Off Computer buttons allow you to end the current Windows session and turn off the computer. Windows XP uses the so-called task grouping algorithm, according to which the same type of programs running on the computer at the same time are combined into a logical visual group. Windows XP includes a special mechanism - fast session switching (Fast User Switching), with the use of which you can quickly, without registration, connect new users and user groups to work with the operating system. There is also the ability to switch between multiple sessions without the need to save data or reboot the system. At the same time, each user can independently change windows settings and work with your own files and documents, create, modify and save any data independently of other Windows XP users. For each new session, the operating system allocates a special section of the upper memory in the amount of 2 MB, but this amount

23 of them are not piled in a heap, but neatly distributed over Windows groups Vista Windows Vista is latest version Microsoft Windows, a series of graphical operating systems for personal computers, is used for both home and work. Prior to its development announcement on July 22, 2005, Vista was known as Longhorn. On November 8, 2006, development of Windows Vista was completed and the version went on sale. Over the next two months, the final version was released for MSDN, TechNet Plus and TechNet, direct buyers, computer software and hardware manufacturers, and licensed program customers. On January 30, 2007, the program was released to the general public worldwide and made available for purchase and download from the Microsoft website. More than five years have passed since the release of Windows XP, its predecessor, the longest gap between two versions of Windows. Microsoft claims that Windows Vista contains hundreds of new features; some of the most significant include an updated graphical user interface, and the visual style is reminiscent of Windows Aero, improved search capabilities, new multimedia recording tools such as Windows DVD Maker, and has completely redesigned the organization of the networking, audio, printing, and display subsystems. Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between devices in home network, using peer-to-peer LAN technology, making it easy to share files and digital information between computers and devices. For developers, Vista introduces version 3.0 of the .NET Framework, which makes it much easier to write high-quality applications than with the traditional Windows API. Windows Vista security According to the manufacturer, the Vista operating system is

24 is the most protected. Such security is achieved by using a complex of hardware and software tools that do not allow an attacker or malware take control of your computer. Operating system tools constantly monitor critical areas such as: - startup, system security settings, add-ons, Internet Explorer settings and downloads, services and drivers, application execution, application registration, software Windows utilities. And if non-standard behavior is observed, then the operating system tools immediately warn Windows user 7 Windows 7 is a consumer operating system of the Windows NT family, following the release of Windows Vista and preceding Windows 8. In Windows lineup The NT system has version number 6.1 (Windows, Windows XP 5.1, Windows Server, Windows Vista, and Windows Server). The server operating system of the same family is Windows Server 2008 R2, the integrated operating system of this family (light version embedded in devices) Windows Embedded Standard 2011 (Quebec), mobile Windows Embedded Compact 2011 (Chelan, Windows CE 7.0). The operating system went on sale on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of the previous operating system, Windows Vista. Volume Licensing partners and customers were granted access to RTM on July 24, 2009. On the Internet, the original installation images of the final version of the system have been available since July 21, 2009. According to web analytics from W3Schools, as of January 2013, the share of Windows 7 among the operating systems used in the world to access

25 of the Internet accounted for 55.2%. According to this criterion, it is in first place, surpassing the previous leader Windows XP in August 2011. This operating system implements support for Unicode 5.1. The Instant Search search bar now recognizes more languages. This OS has support for multi-touch control. All OS versions include 50 new fonts. Existing fonts have been improved to correctly display all characters. Windows 7 is the first version of Windows to include more fonts for displaying non-Latin characters than for displaying Latin characters. The font control panel has also been improved by default, it will only display fonts for which the layout is installed in the system. Windows 7 supports folder aliases internally. For example, the Program Files folder in some localized versions of Windows was translated and displayed with a translated name, but remained in English at the file system level. Also, the system (except for the version of Windows 7 Starter) has about 120 background images built in, unique for each country and language version. For example, the Russian version includes a Russia theme with six unique high-definition wallpapers. An additional advantage of Windows 7 is closer integration with driver manufacturers. Most drivers are auto-detected, and are 90% backwards compatible with Windows Vista drivers. Windows 7 also improved compatibility with older applications, some of which could not run on Windows Vista. This is especially true for older games developed under Windows XP. Also in Windows 7 appeared windows mode XP Mode, which allows you to run old applications in virtual machine Windows XP, which provides virtually full support old applications.

26 Security In Windows 7, a more flexible User Account Control (UAC) setting is implemented, which, unlike Windows Vista, has two more intermediate states “Notify only when programs try to make changes to the computer” (default setting), “Notify only when attempts by programs to make changes to the computer (do not darken the desktop). Changes have been made to BitLocker encryption technology and the BitLocker to go removable media encryption feature has been added, which allows you to encrypt removable media, even if the TPM is not installed. Added the ability to protect data on USB drives using Enhanced Storage Improvements have also affected the Windows firewall: the function of notifying the user about blocking a program that tries to access the network has returned. Using Group Policy and the AppLocker feature, you can prevent the launch of certain applications. The DirectAccess feature allows you to establish a secure connection to a server in background, unlike a VPN that requires user interaction. DirectAccess can also apply group policies before a user logs on. New features of the Aero interface Windows 7 still retains GUI Aero, which was in Windows Vista. Shake Added to the Windows Aero interface new feature Aero Shake, which allows you to minimize all inactive applications with a mouse movement. To activate it, just grab the title of the window and shake it a little. Hardware requirements Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7 Architecture 32-bit 64-bit Processor 1 GHz IA-32 1 GHz x86-64

27 Random Access Memory (RAM) 1 GB 2 GB Video adapter supporting DirectX 9 and WDDM version 1.0 or higher. Video card (not an absolute necessity required only for Aero) Free hard disk space 16 GB free space 20 GB free disk space Optical drive DVD-ROM drive (Only for installation from DVD) 2.7. Windows 8 Windows 8 is an operating system belonging to the Microsoft Windows OS family, following Windows 7 in the line and developed by the multinational corporation Microsoft. Went on sale October 26, 2012. According to web analytics from W3Schools, as of January 2013, the share of Windows 8 among the operating systems used in the world for accessing the Internet was 4.8%. According to this criterion, it is in the penultimate place, bypassing Windows Vista. The server version is Windows Server Appearance and new interface Modern Windows 8, unlike its predecessors Windows 7 and Windows XP, uses a new interface called Modern (formerly Metro). This interface appears first after system startup; it is similar in functionality to the desktop, the start screen has application tiles (similar to shortcuts), by clicking on which an application is launched, a site or folder is opened (depending on which element or application the tile is linked to). Also in the system there is a "classic" desktop, as a separate application. Instead of the "Start" menu, the interface uses a "hot corner", clicking on which opens the start screen. Scrolling in the Modern interface is horizontal. Also, if you make a zoom out gesture (or click on the minus at the bottom of the screen), the entire start screen will be visible. Tiles on the Start screen can be moved and grouped, naming groups, and resizing tiles (available

28 only for tiles that were originally large). Depending on the screen resolution, the system automatically determines the number of lines for tiles on standard tablet computers three rows of tiles. The color of the start screen changes in the new control panel, and the ornament in the background also changes. Windows 8 is a reimagining of Windows 7, and the way you use your desktop is the same. Key innovations Microsoft account and settings sync: Ability to sign in to Windows with a Live ID. This will allow you to log in to your user profile and download settings over the Internet, and also adds integration with SkyDrive. Score Windows applications Store: The only way to buy and download Metro and desktop apps on Windows RT. Two new methods for user authentication: picture-password, which allows the user to log in with three touches, and a four-digit PIN, as well as native support for biometric devices. The non-local user account password matches the Microsoft account password. Internet Explorer 10. IE 10 on Windows 8 is enabled on desktop and touch options. The latter does not support plugins or

29 ActiveX, but includes Adobe Player version Flash Player, which is optimized for touch. Conductor. File Explorer includes a Ribbon ribbon (similar to the ribbon in Microsoft Office and Windows Essentials) and improvements to conflict resolution when transferring or copying files. System Restore. Added two new features: Refresh and Reset. Windows update restores everything system files v the initial state while retaining all settings, user files and applications. Resetting returns the computer to factory settings. New task manager. In Windows 8, the task manager has been completely redesigned. Added new performance graphs, optimized management of running applications, background processors and services in a single "Performance" tab. Also, the management of autoloads from the "System Configuration" was transferred to the task manager. The Family Safety feature has been built into Windows, and Family Safety is managed in the Control Panel. Added support for USB 3.0, Bluetooth 4.0, DirectX 11.1 and NET.Framework 4.5. Personalization: after launch, a picture with the current time and date appears on the screen. To get started, press any button to open the welcome screen. The image itself can be changed in the settings. Added auto color detection in desktop themes. A new Metro UI style control panel that allows you to quickly change some system settings.

30 Improved Search: From the Home screen, all you need to do is press any key to start searching through apps, settings, and more. Keyboard layout switch: You can also change your keyboard layout using the keyboard shortcuts Windows + Space or Shift + « Alt". Four editions of Windows 8 are known: Windows 8 (Windows 8 Core). Windows 8 Professional (Windows 8 Pro). Windows 8 Enterprise (Windows 8 Enterprise). Windows RT.

31 III. ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF USING WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS software package that meets all modern requirements. The optimal functioning of a personal computer is based on the choice of an operating system that meets the needs of our school. To solve problems in the gymnasium, I recommend using a bit-based hardware and software complex based on the Windows operating system, since this OS has the most convenient interface. It is most optimized for working with application programs. However, due to the large number of existing viruses, it is necessary to investigate the possibility of using Linux and MAC OS.

32 CONCLUSIONS In this work, the topic “OS of the Windows family” was considered. The types of operating systems of the Windows family were studied and compared for compliance with the following requirements: - on what hardware platforms, and at what speed the OS works; - what peripheral hardware OS supports; - how fully the OS satisfies the needs of the user, that is, what are the functions of the system; - what is the reliability of the system, that is, its resistance to user errors, equipment failures, etc. Based on this, I can conclude that the Windows bit operating system meets these requirements to the greatest extent and can be used to work in our school.

33 LIST OF REFERENCES Figurnov V.E., IBC PC for the user. Edition 6, revised and supplemented M .: Infra-M, with: ill. 3. E. Tanenbaum. modern operating systems. 2nd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, p. 4. Chekmarev, A.N. Microsoft Windows Vista for Users (CD-ROM); St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, p.

34 Windows Release Schedule Appendix 1

35 Appendix 2 Prevalence of various OS versions Currently, more than 89% of personal computers and workstations have Windows installed. As of July 2011, Windows had a market share of 87.60% according to Net Applications. Among the various versions of Windows, according to W3Schools, since August 2011, Windows 7 has been the most popular. 67.42% 65.91% Windows XP 35.27% 29.74% 26.19% 20.04% 21.37% 13.58% Windows 7 21.11% 27.84% 32.16% 38, 72% 37.11% 45.71% Windows Vista 8.62% 6.72% 5.61% 4.50% 4.78% 2.77% Windows 8 Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 Windows Server .21% 0.02% Windows 98 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.05% Windows ME 0.01% Windows CE

36 Appendix 3 Version Comparison of Windows 7 Starter \ Starter Home Basic \ Home Basic Home Premium \ Home Premium Professional \ Professional Enterprise \ Enterprise Ultimate \ Ultimate Feature / Edition Selling with OEM licenses only Retail and OEM license sales (Emerging Markets and Russia only) Retail and OEM licenses Retail, OEM and volume licenses Sales only under volume licenses Retail and OEM licenses End of support 64-bit version available No Yes (OEM license only) Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum size RAM (for 64-bit versions) 2 GB (for 32-bit version) 8 GB 16 GB 192 GB 192 GB 192 GB Center Windows Recovery No domain support No domain support No domain support Yes Yes Yes home group» (create and join a group) Join only Join only Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows interface Aero No Basic theme only Yes Yes Yes Yes Multi-monitor support No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

37 Quick switching between users Ability to change the desktop background No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Desktop manager No No WinFlip 3D support Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Mobility Center No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multitouch and enhanced recognition handwriting No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Center No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Additional Games No No Yes Disabled by Default Disabled by Default Yes Windows XP Emulator No No No Yes Yes Yes EFS (Data Encryption System) No No No Yes Yes Yes Print from Based on location information Ability to act as a Remote Desktop host No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Domain connection No No No Yes Yes Yes Ability to downgrade to Vista or XP No No No Yes Yes Yes

38 Multiple physical processor support No No No Yes Yes Yes AppLocker No No No No Yes Yes BitLocker and BitLocker To Go No No No No Yes Yes Yes Branch Cache No No No No Yes Yes DirectAccess No No No No Yes Yes Subsystem for running Unix applications Multilingual user environment Booting from VHD (Microsoft Virtual PC Image File) No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Launching snap-ins lusrmgr.msc (Local Users and Groups), gpedit.msc (Local Group Policy Editor) , secpol.msc (Local Security Policy)

39 Compare editions of Windows 8 Windows function RT Windows 8 Core Windows 8 Professional / Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise / Windows 8 Enterprise Availability Preinstalled on devices Retail and OEM licenses Retail and OEM licenses. It is possible to purchase a key through the Microsoft online store using the operating system itself. Sales only under corporate licenses Architecture ARM (32-bit) IA-32 (32-bit) or x86-64 (64-bit) IA-32 (32-bit) or x86- 64 (64-bit) IA-32 (32-bit) or x86-64 (64-bit) End of support April Compatible with existing Windows applications No Yes Yes Yes Secure boot Yes Yes Yes Yes Graphic password Yes Yes Yes Yes Start screen, Semantic Zoom, Live Tiles Yes Yes Yes Yes Touch Keyboard Yes Yes Yes Yes Language Packs Yes Yes Yes Yes

40 Updated windows explorer Yes Yes Yes Yes Standard Applications Yes Yes Yes Yes File History Yes Yes Yes Yes Reset and Update OS Yes Yes Yes Yes Play To Yes Yes Yes Yes Networked Standby Yes Yes Yes Yes Center windows updates Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Defender Yes Yes Yes Yes Enhanced multi-monitor support Yes Yes Yes Yes Advanced task manager Yes Yes Yes Yes Mounting (mounting) ISO and VHD images Mobile features broadband access Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Accounting Microsoft entry Yes Yes Yes Yes Internet Explorer 10 Yes Yes Yes Yes SmartScreen Yes Yes Yes Yes

41 Windows App Store (Windows Store) Xbox Live (includes Xbox Live Arcade) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Exchange ActiveSync Yes Yes Yes Yes Snap Yes Yes Yes Yes private network Yes Yes Yes Yes Device Encryption Yes No No No Microsoft Office Preinstalled Yes No No No Desktop Environment Partial Yes Yes Yes Storage Spaces No Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Player No Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Center No No Sold and activated separately No Remote Desktop client only client only client and host client and host Boot from VHD No No Yes Yes BitLocker and BitLocker To Go No No Yes Yes Encrypted File System No No Yes Yes

42 Join Windows Domain No No Yes Yes Group Policy No No Yes Yes AppLocker No No Yes Yes Hyper-V No No 64-bit only with SLAT Windows To Go No No No Yes DirectAccess No No No Yes BranchCache No No Yes Yes RemoteFX Virtualization Capability No No No Yes Metro Application Deployment No No

43 Appendix 4

• * the formation of a new stereotype of behavior that was not previously in the behavioral repertoire of a person (for example, a self-affirming type of behavior in a passive child, elements of a joint game in a shy child, etc.),
• * consolidation (strengthening) of a socially desirable stereotype of behavior already in the client's repertoire.
• * reduction or extinction of undesirable behavior. It is achieved with the help of methods of punishment, extinction, saturation, deprivation of all positive reinforcements, evaluation of the answer;
• * maintaining the desired stereotype of behavior in normal (natural) conditions.

Multimodal programming, or multimodal behavioral correction. In this direction, the central place is given to the impact on the integral organization of the individual. Within this latest trend (A. Lazarus, A. Bandura, T. Neylance, etc.), which includes cognitively-oriented modeling techniques, behavior formation, programs of self-regulation, cognitive self-regulation, and cognitive modification of behavior have been developed.

In recent years, this trend has found more and more supporters. One of the latest achievements of behavioral psychotherapy is the removal of post-traumatic syndrome with the help of bilateral saccodic eye movements. Discovered in 1987 (F. Shapiro), this method has proven itself well in working with Vietnam War veterans, victims of violence, etc.

Within the framework of this approach, a number of behavior modeling techniques have been developed, with the help of which the following tasks are solved:

• * building new stereotypes of behavior;
• * extinction of existing maladaptive stereotypes;
• * facilitating the manifestation of stereotypes poorly represented in the client's repertoire.

Behavioral correction is characterized by the following:

• * the desire of the psychologist to help clients so that they react to life situations in the way they want, i.e. to help increase the potential of their personal behavior or eliminate undesirable ways of responding;
• * no requirement to change the emotional relationship and feelings of the client;
• * the presence of a positive relationship between the psychologist and the client, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for effective corrective action;
• * client complaints are not considered as symptoms of the underlying problem, but as significant material on which corrective actions are focused;
• * the psychologist and the client agree on specific correction goals, understood in such a way that both the client and the psychologist know how and when these goals can be achieved.

correction goals. In accordance with the general direction of the behavioral concept, the main goal of corrective actions is to provide new conditions for learning, i.e. developing new adaptive behavior or overcoming behavior that has become maladaptive. The goals of corrective actions in behavioral psycho-correction are formulated either as teaching new adaptive forms of behavior, or as the extinction and inhibition of maladaptive forms of behavior existing in the subject. Private goals may include the formation of new social skills, mastering the psychological techniques of self-regulation, overcoming bad habits, relieving stress, getting rid of emotional trauma, etc.

In behavioral psychocorrection, the psychologist acts in a clearly defined role of a teacher, mentor or doctor. In accordance with a fixed role, he must be ready to take on the burden of a socio-psychological model, a role model, as he appears in the eyes of the client, and also be aware of the specifics of the protective mechanism of identification, which plays an important role for the client in behavioral psycho-correction.

The role of the psychologist is clearly fixed. The role of the client is also clearly defined. Activity, consciousness in setting goals, the desire to cooperate with a psychologist and improvisation with new forms of behavior are encouraged.

The most important moment is the development of readiness for the application of new forms of behavior. Since the behavior of the applicant is mainly subjected to correction, the task of correctional activity is the formation of optimal behavioral skills. And mental disorders various types considered as forms of non-adaptive behavior.

Thomas Edison once said, "To have a great idea, you need to have a lot of ideas."

Despite the fact that children are prone to creativity and fantasy, it is sometimes difficult for them to generate many ideas to solve a problem that has arisen. Often they grab the first thought that comes to their mind - a thought they borrowed from fairy tales or television. But for a creative approach to the problem, the first idea, as a rule, is not suitable, since in most cases it is associated with clichés and stereotypes.

Children, just like adults, need help to unleash their creativity and thinking potential and offer whole line ideas in response to a problem. It is for these purposes that the so-called "brainstorming" is intended.

Brainstorming is a creative process. This is the most The best way consider the problem from different angles. It can bring a lot of joy, pleasure and inspiration to the participants. Here are some tips on how to brainstorm with children:

• Brainstorming with children is a team type of work. As a parent, you take the lead in asking questions, accepting answers, encouraging enthusiasm, and stimulating imagination with leading questions like “What if?”.
• For brainstorming, it is desirable to have more participants than just you and the child. Try to involve other children in the process, and if this is not possible, then other family members.
• Get together with the children in a welcoming environment and ask a question that describes the current problem, such as: “Our grandmother's birthday is next week. What can we think of to make it special for her?"
• Take into account all ideas and encourage as much as possible large quantity answers with words such as “The more the better!”, “Good idea!”, “And if you try it differently?”, “Wow!”, “What else?”. By accepting absolutely all ideas, you help to unfold creativity.
• If someone develops their own ideas on the basis of others, this should not be considered dishonest at all. For example, if one child thinks they will cut out a card from colored cardboard and another wants to draw flowers on it, then you can combine these ideas and create beautiful postcard with the image of flowers - a wonderful gift for grandmother.
• Even if an idea obviously won't work, write it down without dismissing it, as it may be a stepping stone to another, more useful and mature answer. However, when working with children, you can remind them that when brainstorming, the team of participants has a specific goal that should be followed without much distraction from other topics. At the same time, the whole family, from 2 to 102 years old, has the opportunity to express their creative ideas and opinions.
• Visualize ideas. Children can better focus on their thoughts if they are helped in this by some image or inscription. Children can use them as a mental starting point as they wander their minds in search of new ideas. This could be the character's name on a piece of paper, or a written down idea of ​​what has already been said, or a sketch of the character being discussed.
• Use background music. For some children, music helps them focus. (Others may find it distracting.) Instrumental music can create an atmosphere appropriate to the topic under discussion without distraction.
• Help children look beyond the obvious and the banal. For example, if everyone comes up with names for a superhero gift teddy bear, the first reaction will most often be the name: “Super Bear”. Accept this answer gratefully and say, “Great idea! But what else would you call our hero? After all, you can come up with something more interesting!”.
• After the reception of ideas is over and all of them are written down on paper, proceed to their discussion. Start with the most inappropriate ideas and cross them out one by one, with respectful reasoning for such a decision, until the most competitive ones remain on the list. Consider them from different angles, weigh and consider their application.
• It is good for the children to see what progress they have made thanks to the event.
• Above all, remember that brainstorming should be fun. The amazing energy that is released in the group helps children open up and inspires them. Brainstorming, not only for children, but also for adults, should be associated with an explosion of freedom, inspiration, creativity and enthusiasm.

What gives "brainstorming" to children?

• The child will discover the pleasure of looking at a problem from different points of view. Practicing this skill will give the child a valuable tool for

V modern life often there are tasks that require creative thinking and imagination for their solution. Basically, they are faced by people who are engaged in the creation of something and who often have to make decisions. The process of finding creative solutions can be greatly simplified by using the methods listed below. They not only help in cases of creative stagnation and crises, but also allow you to go beyond the traditional and habitual train of thought.

The use of these methods trains creative thinking, which becomes habitual and gradually enters everyday life, where it is also useful, for example, when choosing an original gift.

Most methods for finding creative solutions are designed for group work. And, although some of them can be used by one person, in order to achieve greater efficiency, it is still recommended to involve people from outside, if possible, in order to see the task from a different angle and get an impetus for further thoughts. Voicing and discussing decisions is always more effective than silent reflection. Therefore, we formulate a goal or a problem, assemble a team, create a comfortable environment - and forward, in search of solutions!

Development of Creativity and Genius

Method One: Synectics

The author of the synectics method is the American scientist William Gordon, who created it in 1952. This method is based on the search for a variety of analogies that can make it possible to find A New Look to the problem. The synectic method involves the rejection of habitual thinking and the development of a new original approach, which helps to connect your unconscious, that is, feelings, associations and memories, to solving the problem.

The synectics method is used as follows. Is taken keyword(there may be several of them, depending on the task), for example, a pen. Further analogies are selected for this word. It will be more convenient to write them down in the form of a table, where the keywords will be listed in the first column, and different types of analogies will be listed in each of the subsequent ones.

There are the following types of analogies:

1) direct analogies;

This is a search for objects that perform a similar function or have a similar structure as the keyword. Also, direct analogies mean the consideration of similar problems and objects from other areas, which can later be adapted. For example, the following analogies can be chosen for the word “ pen": pen, voice recorder (records information), spine - rod, etc. You can create a pen with a voice recorder, bend the rod, make a pen in the form of a pen, etc.

2) personal analogies;

Putting yourself in the place of the object and considering your own impressions of use, construction, etc. Here it is important to try to forget about logic and listen to the sensations as much as possible. You can ask yourself questions like: If I were a pen, what pen would I like to be?“, “How would I like to be used?“, “How can I improve my efficiency?“, “What would I like to do as a pen?“. It is better if the remaining group of people will invent and ask questions. It is also worth periodically changing roles. It is not necessary to represent yourself directly as an object, you can be a part of it, a person using this object or an object related to it, this will help to expand the circle of developments.

3) symbolic analogies;

Expressing the problem through the use of symbols and metaphors. A kind of transfer of an object to the world of abstract concepts. It helps to determine the essence of the problem and formulate its ideal solution, the final point to which you need to strive. This method should not be based on appearance or the design of an object, but from its purpose, its main meaning. For example, the following characters can be matched to the word “pen”: “ information creator“, “repository of unwritten books“.

4) fantastic analogies.

Their essence lies in the introduction of fantastic creatures or objects that can help in solving the problem. These can be borrowed from fairy tales or self-invented objects. You can subsequently build on them when identifying the weaknesses of the problem and searching for its solutions. For example, imagining an invisibility cap that hides written text, you can create a pen with invisible ink.

When using analogies, there is a rejection of obvious ways to solve the problem, a broader consideration of it and a clear definition of its essence.

Stephen Johnson - Where do good ideas come from?

Method Two: Brainstorming

The most famous of the ideas generation methods, invented by Alex Osborne in the forties. This is a collective method, which is based on the fact that a group of people, firstly, has a greater potential in solving a problem than an individual person; and secondly, by creating the right environment and removing psychological barriers between participants, there is more room for modification of ideas. Therefore, before using brainstorming, you need to create the right atmosphere so that the participants can feel relaxed.

The brainstorming method has many modifications. The most common of these is the free generation of ideas by all team members. People alternately offer their options, while absolutely all of them are recorded and subsequently considered. The basic rule of brainstorming is that it is strictly forbidden to criticize other people's ideas. But you can suggest ways to modify them. The main goal of this stage is to get the largest number ideas. Everything that comes to mind is offered - even the most absurd thoughts - all ideas are written down, after which each of them is considered separately. Thus, the result remains approximately one tenth of what was at the beginning. With these ideas, further work is underway. Crossing, combining different thoughts and developing them is welcome.

This method can be made more effective by assigning a facilitator to supervise the brainstorming and encourage the thinking of the participants (but not to criticize), and divide people into two groups, one of which will generate ideas, and the second will evaluate them and look for ways to improve . You can change roles later.

Creativity technologies - an incentive for creativity

Method three: six hats

Its author is Edward de Bono. Each participant alternately tries on one of six hats, symbolizing different views on the problem and approaches to solving it. In this way, this method requires a minimum of seven participants, one of which will be the host. The essence of the six hats is to direct your thinking towards solving one specific problem, leaving the rest of the aspects to other participants. It helps to concentrate and facilitates the process of creating ideas.

The roles given to the participants are as follows:

1) white hat;

Focus on facts, figures and objective information. Rational explanation of the position, calculation of the probability of success / failure.

2) black hat;

Focus on the possibility of failure. Skeptical attitude to all proposals, search for minuses and weaknesses.

3) red hat;

Concentration on feelings and emotions. Description of own sensations and subconscious associations.

4) yellow hat;

Focus on the positive. Looking for advantages, believing in success, justifying why everything should turn out well.

5) green hat;

Focus on finding creative and original solutions. Generation of creative ideas, new approaches, search for alternative ways.

6) blue hat.

Concentration on the generalization of the received. Summing up, analysis of results.

As a result, each of the participants must try on all the roles. At the end, everyone discusses the results together.

V. Dovgan: "Conversation with Dmitry Chernyshev (Mi3ch)"

Method Four: Morphological Box

Also known as the multidimensional matrix method, its author is the American astronomer Fritz Zwicky. Its essence lies in the division of the object into components and the search for ways to modify each of them separately.

A multidimensional matrix (table) is created, on the vertical axis of which some indicators of the object are recorded (for example, material), and on the horizontal axis - others (size, color, plastic characteristics, etc.). Usually several such matrices are used at once, each of which is responsible for certain indicators. The result is a huge amount options, each of which is considered and processed separately. The main disadvantage of this method is just that there are too many of them and you have to spend a lot of time and effort on processing the results. The advantage of this method is that it does not require a large number of people and mental costs.

Method five: inversion

Another method that allows you to find a new look at the problem and its solution. It is used in cases where the use of traditional thinking leads to a dead end. It consists in finding solutions in the opposite direction. For example, instead of asking How can this be improved? the question is, how can you screw it up? . Instead How to improve the efficiency of this? - How can I lower it? etc. It is believed that the human brain works better with a direct task that does not contain denial. Therefore, instead of How to prevent product breakage? you should look for the answer to the question How to break it? etc. Thus, it will be possible to consider other aspects of the object and look for a solution to the problem based on the results obtained.

Method Six: The Focal Object Method

Invented by Charles Whiting. It is based on the transfer to the considered (focal) object of the signs of other, randomly selected objects and the further development of the resulting combinations. This method helps to open up new ways to improve something. The objects, the features of which will be considered, are best chosen from a book or newspaper (you can use any randomly encountered words), this will help to avoid direct associative links with the modified one.

The advantage of this method is that it helps to find original, sometimes even unexpected solutions.

The main disadvantage is that it cannot be used in solving difficult problems, and among the results obtained, many turn out to be unsuitable for further work.

Film Algorithm of Invention, Tsentrnauchfilm, 1974

Method Seven: Checklists

There are several options for checklists designed to help you find new solutions. One of them, compiled by Alex Osborne, goes like this:

1. Use it for other purposes?
2. Adapt it?
3. Modify it?
4. Replace it?
5. Enlarge it?
6. Reduce it?
7. Redo it?
8. Change it completely?
9. Combine it with something?

There is another, slightly more complex (but also more effective) checklist:

• What is the main function of this object?
• What other functions does this object perform, can some of them be removed?
• What other ways are there to perform the main function of this object?
• What other functions can this object perform?
• Are there other areas where objects perform a similar function? Can solutions from these areas be used?
• What is the ideal object?
• What happens if this object is destroyed?
• Can this object be divided into parts? Improve or remove any of the parts?
• Is it possible to use the weak and harmful sides of the object?
• What is redundant in the object?

Checklists determine the direction of the further course of thought and search. It combines well with the morphological box method, when with the help of control questions the sides of the object that need to be changed are identified, which are entered into the morphological box.

All these methods will be effective only if the person (group of people) is relaxed and ready to give free rein to their imagination, allow themselves to think abstractly and not be afraid of unexpected decisions.

List sources of secondary information known to you that can be used to solve the following problems:

1) determining trends in the development of the sportswear market in the Republic of Belarus;

2) determination of the manufacturer's pricing strategy in the world market of potash fertilizers;

3) determination of consumer preferences in determining the design of the packaging of beer "Krynshcha";

4) determining the capacity of the roller skate market in the Republic of Belarus;

5) selection of the most effective channels for the promotion of cosmetics;

Present your answer in the form of the following table.

Collection of secondary data. Research usually begins with the collection of secondary data. Publications of state and regional institutions, reports on the activities of enterprises, periodicals, and books are used as data sources. They use the services of commercial organizations, company profit and loss reports, traveling salesmen reports, reports on previous research. Secondary data serve Starting point research. They are more accessible and cheaper to collect.

Task 2.

2.1. Determine the selling and retail price for a hypothetical product, using the data given in Table 1 (Appendix A) and in accordance with the current legislation in the Republic of Belarus at the time of execution control work. VAT - 20%.

1. Deductions from the wage fund

(42 + 8.2) x 34.6% / 100 = CU 17.36

2 Overhead costs = 42 * 150 / 100 = CU 63

3. General business expenses \u003d 42 * 150 / 100 \u003d 63 c.u.

4. Cost

80+ 58 + 65 + 42 +8.2+17.36 + 28+63+63 +3.7 +3.9 = CU 432.16

5. Profit

432.16 x 10 /100 = CU 43.22

6. Selling price = cost + profit

CU 432.16 +43.22 = CU 475.38

7. VAT = 475.38 x 20% / 100 = CU 95.07

8. Selling price with VAT

CU 475.38 +95.07 = CU 570.45

9. Trade markup = selling price of the product without VAT x markup rate / 100 = 475.38 x 25 /100 = CU 118.85

10. Retail price

CU 475.38 +118.85 = CU 594.23

11. VAT = 594.23 x 20 / 100 = CU 118.85

12. Retail price with VAT

594.23 +118.85 = CU 713.08

2.2. Determine the elements of the free retail price for new model bicycles, profits from the sale of bicycles of industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as the profitability of the production and sale of bicycles. The free retail price of a bicycle, formed taking into account the quality and market conditions, is 2,500 thousand rubles. The trade markup is agreed upon by an industrial enterprise with a trade organization at the level of 25%. The cost of producing a bicycle is 1,000 thousand rubles.

Distribution costs, taking into account transport costs in trade - 300 thousand rubles. The VAT rate is 20%.

1. Find the retail price of the product without VAT

VAT \u003d free retail price of the product x St VAT / (100 + St VAT) =

2500x 20 / 120 = 416.7 thousand rubles

Retail price without VAT \u003d retail price - VAT \u003d 2500 -416.7 \u003d 2083.3 thousand rubles

2. Find the trade markup

TN = retail price without VAT x St. so-called. / (100 + St. t. n.) \u003d 2083.3 x 25 / 125 \u003d 416.66 thousand rubles

3. Selling price of the product

OTs \u003d retail price of the product without VAT - trade markup \u003d 2208.33 -416.66 \u003d 1791.67 thousand rubles

4.Profit from sales

416.66 -300= 116.66 thousand rubles

5. Profitability of implementation

116.66 / 2500x100 \u003d 4.67%

6. Profit from production \u003d selling price - cost price \u003d

1791.67 -1000=791.67 thousand rubles

7. Profitability of the enterprise \u003d profit from production / cost x 100 \u003d 791.67 / 1000 x 100 \u003d 79.17%